PROGRAM:-

UNIT STEP SIGNAL

t=0:1:3;

x=ones(1,4);

subplot(2,3,1);

plot(t,x);

xlabel('t');

ylabel('u(t)');

title('unit step signal');

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
u(t)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t

UNIT RAMP SIGNAL

t=0:0.01:03;

x=t;

subplot(2,3,2);

plot(t,x);

xlabel('t');
ylabel('r(t)');

title('unit ramp signal');

unit ramp signal

2.5

1.5
r(t)

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t
 UNIT EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

t=0:0.01:03;

x=exp(-t);

subplot(2,3,2);

plot(t,x);

xlabel('t');
ylabel('e(t)');

title('exponential signal');
 exponential signal
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
e(t)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t

SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

t=0:0.01:03;

x=sin(2*pi*t);

subplot(2,3,4);

plot(t,x);
xlabel('t');

ylabel('x(t)');

title('sinusoidal signal');

sinusoidal signal
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
x(t)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t
RESULT:-

Thus the generation of input signal was executed successfully using MATLAB.

PROGRAM:-

UNIT STEP SIGNAL

n=0:1:3;

x=ones(1,4);
subplot(2,3,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('u(n)');

title('unit step signal');

unit step signal

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
u(n)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
n
 UNIT RAMP SIGNAL

n=0:1:19;

x=n;

subplot(2,3,4);

stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');

ylabel('u(n)');

title('unit ramp signal');

18

16

14

12
u(n)

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
n
 UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

n=0;

x=ones(1,1);

subplot(2,3,3);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('u(n)');

ylabel('delta(n)');

title('unit impulse sequence');

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
delta(n)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
n
 SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

n=0:1:19;

x=sin(2*pi*n/13);

subplot(2,3,2);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('u(n)');

title('sinusoidal signal');
 sinusoidal signal
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
u(n)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
n
RESULT:-

Thus the generation of input signal was executed successfully using MATLAB.
PROGRAM:-

x=input('ENTER THE INPUT SEQUENCE');

h=input('ENTER THE IMPULSE RESPONSE SEQUENCE');

y=conv(x,h);

disp('output');

disp(y);

N1=length(x);

n=0:1:N1-1;

subplot(3,2,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x(n)');

title('INPUT SEQUENCE');

N2=length(h);

n=0:1:N2-1;

subplot(3,2,2);

stem(n,h);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('h(n)');

title('IMPULSE RESPONSE SEQUENCE');

n=length(y);

n=0:1:N1+N2-2;

subplot(3,2,3);

stem(n,y);

xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');

title('OUTPUT SEQUENCE');
 INPUT SEQUENCE IMPULSE RESPONSE SEQUENCE
3 2

2 1
x(n)

h(n)
1 0

0 -1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
n n
OUTPUT SEQUENCE
10

5
y(n)

-5
0 2 4 6
n
RESULT:-

Thus the linear convolution of discrete signals was executed successfully using MATLAB.

PROGRAM:-

x=input('enter the input sequence');

h=input('enter the impulse response sequence');

N1=length(x);

N2=length(h);

if(N1>N2)

h=[h zeros(1,N1-N2)];

else

x=[x zeros(1,N2-N1)];

end

N=length(x);

X=fft(x,N);

H=fft(h,N);

y=X.*H;
Y=ifft(y);

display(Y);

n=0:1:N-1;

subplot(2,2,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x(n)');

title('input sequence');

n=0:1:N1-1;

subplot(2,2,2);

stem(n,h);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('h(n)');

title('impulse response sequence');

n=0:1:N-1;

subplot(2,2,3);

stem(n,Y);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('y(n)');

title('output sequence');
 input sequence impulse response sequence
2 4

1.5 3
x(n)

h(n)
1 2

0.5 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
n n
output sequence
20

15
y(n)

10

0
0 1 2 3
n
RESULT:-

Thus the circular convolution of discrete signals was executed successfully using MATLAB.

PROGRAM:-

SAMPLING

clc;
clear all;

close all;

f1=1/128;

f2=5/128;

n=0:255;

fc=50/128;

x=cos(2*pi*f1*n)+cos(2*pi*f2*n);

xa=cos(2*pi*fc*n);

xamp=x.*xa;

subplot(2,2,1);

plot(n,x);

title('x(n)');

xlabel('n.....>');

ylabel('amplitude....>');

subplot(2,2,2);

plot(n,xa);

title('xa(n)');

xlabel('n.....>');

ylabel('amplitude....>');

subplot(2,2,3);

plot(n,xamp);

title('xamp(n)');

xlabel('n....>');

ylabel('amplitude...>');
 EFFECTS OF ALIASING

n=0:127;

n1=128;

f1=1/128;

f2=5/128;

fc=50/128;

x=cos(2*pi*f1*n)+cos(2*pi*f2*n);

xa=cos(2*pi*fc*n);

xamp=x.*xa;

xam=fft(xamp,n1);

subplot(2,2,4);

stem(n,xam);

title('xamp(n)');

xlabel('n...>');

ylabel('amplitude..>');
 x(n) xa(n)
2 1

1 0.5
amplitude....>

amplitude....>
0 0

-1 -0.5

-2 -1
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
n.....> n.....>
xamp(n) xamp(n)
2 40

1
20
amplitude...>

amplitude..>

0
0
-1

-2 -20
0 100 200 300 0 50 100 150
n....> n...>
RESULT:-

Thus the program of sampling and effects of aliasing of signals was executed successfully using
MATLAB.

PROGRAM:-

BAND PASS FILTER

clear all;

wc1=0.25*pi;

wc2=0.75*pi;

N=25;

a=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc2*(n-a+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-a+eps)))./(pi*(n-a+eps));

wr=boxcar(N);

hn=hd.*wr';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency

BAND REJECT FILTER

clear all;

wc1=0.25*pi;

wc2=0.75*pi;

N=25;
a=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc1*(n-a+eps))-sin(wc2*(n-a+eps))+sin(pi*(n-a+eps)))./(pi*(n-a+eps));

wr=boxcar(N);

hn=hd.*wr';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency
 LOW PASS FILTER

clear all;

wc=0.5*pi;

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N);

hn=hd.*wr';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

1
magnitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency

HIGH PASS FILTER

clear all;

wc=0.5*pi;

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps)))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N);

hn=hd.*wr';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency
RESULT:-

Thus the design of FIR FILTER using rectangular window was executed successfully.

PROGRAM;-

BAND PASS FILTER

clear all;

wc1=0.25*pi;

wc2=0.75*pi;

N=25;

a=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc2*(n-a+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-a+eps)))./(pi*(n-a+eps));

wh=hamming(N);

hn=hd.*wh';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency

BAND REJECT FILTER

clear all;
wc1=0.25*pi;

wc2=0.75*pi;

N=25;

a=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc1*(n-a+eps))-sin(wc2*(n-a+eps))+sin(pi*(n-a+eps)))./(pi*(n-a+eps));

wh=hamming(N);

hn=hd.*wh';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency

LOW PASS FILTER

wc=0.5*pi;

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wh=hamming(N);

hn=hd.*wh';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency

HIGH PASS FILTER

clear all;

wc=0.5*pi;

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps)))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wh=hamming(N);

hn=hd.*wh';

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

alpha=(N-1)/2;

plot(w/pi,abs(h));

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('magnitude');
 1.4

1.2

0.8
magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency
RESULT:-

Thus the design of FIR FILTER using hamming window was executed successfully.

PROGRAM:-

clear all;

rp=input('Enter the passband ripple');

rs=input('Enter the stopband ripple');

fp=input('Enter the passband frequency');

fs=input('Enter the stopband frequency');

fsamp=input('Enter the sampling frequency');

wp=2*pi*fp/fsamp;

ws=2*pi*fs/fsamp;

[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');

[num,den]=butter(n,wn,'s');

[b,a]=impinvar(num,den);

w=0:0.01:pi;

[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);

plot(om/pi,m);

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('gain in db');

title('magnitude response');

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(om/pi,an);

xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('phase in radian');

title('phase response');
 magnitude response
0

-20
gain in db

-40

-60

-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency
phase response
4

2
phase in radian

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised frequency
RESULT:-

Thus the design of low pass butterworth IIR filter using impulse invariant transformation was
executed successfully using MATLAB.

PROGRAM:-

N=input('ENTER THE VALUE OF N:');

x=input('ENTER THE INPUT RESPONSE:');

L=length(x);

if(L>N)

X=[X zeroes(1,N-L)];

else

if(L<N)

disp('invalid sequence (the number of samples should be equal to N)');

break;

end

end

X=fft(x,N);

disp('x(k)=');

disp(X);

disp('mag[x(k)]=');
disp(abs(X));

disp('phase[x(k)]=');

disp(phase(X));

n=0:1:N-1;

subplot(2,2,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('INPUT SEQUENCE');

K=0:1:N-1;

subplot(2,2,2);

stem(K,abs(X));

xlabel('K');

ylabel('abs[x(k)]');

title('magnitude spectrum');

K=0:1:N-1;

subplot(2,2,3);

stem(K,phase(X));

xlabel('K');

ylabel('ang[x(k)]');

title('phase spectrum');
 magnitude spectrum
1 6
INPUT SEQUENCE

abs[x(k)]
0.5
2

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
n K
phase spectrum
2

1
ang[x(k)]

-1

-2
0 2 4 6 8
K
RESULT:-

Thus the DFT of the signal is calculated using fast fourier transform and frequency response &
phase response was plotted using MATLAB successfully.

OUTPUT:-

ENTER THE VALUE OF N:8

ENTER THE INPUT RESPONSE:[1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0]

x(k)=

Columns 1 through 4

6.0000 -0.7071 - 1.7071i 1.0000 - 1.0000i 0.7071 + 0.2929i

Columns 5 through 8

0 0.7071 - 0.2929i 1.0000 + 1.0000i -0.7071 + 1.7071i

mag[x(k)]=

Columns 1 through 7

6.0000 1.8478 1.4142 0.7654 0 0.7654 1.4142

Column 8

1.8478

phase[x(k)]=
 Columns 1 through 7

0 -1.9635 -0.7854 0.3927 0 -0.3927 0.7854

Column 8

1.9635

OUTPUT:-

Enter the passband ripple 0.5

Enter the stopband ripple 50

Enter the stopband frequency 1200

Enter the passband frequency 2400

Enter the sampling frequency 10000

Enter the input sequence [2 1 2 1]

Enter the impulse response sequence [1 2 3 4]

Y=

14 16 14 16
OUTPUT:-

ENTER THE INPUT SEQUENCE [1 2 3 1]

ENTER THE IMPULSE RESPONSE SEQUENCE [1 2 1 -1]

output

1 4 8 8 3 -2 -1