AMAR PRASHANT,EIE,7TH SEM(348074006)

 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data  SCADA refers to the combination of

Acquisition) has been around as long as telemetry and data acquisition.
there have been control systems.
 SCADA encompasses the collecting of
 The first “SCADA” systems utilized data the information, transferring it back to
acquisition by means of panels of meters,
the central site, carrying out any
lights and strip chart recorders.
necessary analysis and control and
BY-AMAR PRASHANT Supervisory control was exercised by the
then displaying that information on a


EIE-7TH SEM operator manually operating various

control knobs. number of operator screens or
348074006. displays. The required control actions
 These devices were and still are used to do
supervisory control and data acquisition are then conveyed back to the process.
on plants, factories and power generating
facilities.

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• The system is more complicated than  A SCADA System consists of a number of

Remote Terminal Units (or RTUs) collecting
the sensor to panel type. field data and sending that data back to a
master station via a communications system.
• Different operating skills are required,  The master station displays the acquired data
such as system analysts and and also allows the operator to perform remote
programmer. control tasks.

• With thousands of sensors there is On a more complex SCADA system there are
still a lot of wire to deal with. essentially five levels or hierarchies:
• Field level instrumentation and control devices
• The operator can see only as far as • Marshalling terminals and RTUs
the PLC. • Communications system
• The master station(s)
• The commercial data processing department
computer system

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 SCADA Software can be divided into two • Input/Output Task. This program is the interface between
types, Proprietary or Open.Companies the control
and monitoring system and the plant floor.
develop proprietary software to
communicate to their hardware. • Alarm Task. This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm
points and comparing the values of analog alarm points to alarm
 SCADA and Local Area Networks thresholds.
 To enable all the nodes on the SCADA
• Trends Task. The trends task collects data to be monitored
network to share information, they over time.
must be connected by some
transmission medium. • Reports Task. Reports are produced from plant data. These
reports
 The method of connection is known as can be periodic, event triggered or activated by the operator.

the network topology. • Display Task. This manages all data to be monitored by the
 Ethernet is the most widely used LAN operator
and all control actions requested by the operator.
today because it is cheap and easy to
use.
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 A Protocol controls the message format  HDLC has been defined by the
common to all devices on a network. International Standards Organization for
 Common protocols used in radio use on both multipoint and point-to-point
communications and telemetry systems include
the HDLC, MPT1317 and Modbus protocols. The links. HDLC is a bit based protocol. The
CSMA/CD protocol format is also used. two most common modes of operation of
 Introduction to Protocols HDLC are:
 The transmission of information (both
directions) between the master station and  Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM):
RTUs using time division multiplexing This is used with only one primary (or
techniques requires the use of serial digital master) station initiating all transactions.
messages.
 These messages must be efficient, secure,  Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM):
flexible, and easily implemented in hardware In this mode each node has equal status
and software.
and can act as either a secondary or
 Efficiency is defined as: primary node.
 Information Bits Transmitted ÷ Total Bits
Transmitted
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  The CSMA/CD protocol is not as
comprehensive as HDLC and is
concerned with the method used to
get data on and off the physical
medium.
 HDLC and CSMA/CD can be
incorporated together for a more
complete protocol.

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Typical considerations when putting a SCADA system

The rapid advances in communications together are:
technology are an important driving  Overall control requirements
force in the new SCADA system. • Sequence logic
• Analog loop control
• Rapid Improvement in LAN • Ratio and number of analog to digital points
Technology for Master Stations • Speed of control and data acquisition
 Master/Operator control stations
• Man Machine Interface • Type of displays required
• Remote Terminal Units • Historical archiving requirements
 System consideration
• Communications • Reliability/availability
• Speed of communications/update time/system scan
rates
• System redundancy
• Expansion capability
• Application software and modeling

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Obviously a SCADA system's initial cost has to be justified. A

few typical reasons for implementing a SCADA system are:

• Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in

savings due
to optimization of the system
• Increased productivity of the personnel
• Improved safety of the system due to better information and
improved control
• Protection of the plant equipment
• Safeguarding the environment from a failure of the system
• Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant
• Improved and quicker receipt of data so that clients can be
invoiced
more quickly and accurately

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