This document discusses various methods for dewatering excavation sites and controlling groundwater levels. It defines dewatering and groundwater, and describes approaches like cutoff walls, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, slurry trenches, grouted membranes, contiguous piling, freezing, grouting, sump pumping, wellpoint systems, deep bored wells, horizontal drains, and electro-osmosis. Each method is suitable for different soil types and conditions, with the appropriate technique depending on factors like the effective grain size of the soil and the required depth of water level lowering.
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This document discusses various methods for dewatering excavation sites and controlling groundwater levels. It defines dewatering and groundwater, and describes approaches like cutoff walls, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, slurry trenches, grouted membranes, contiguous piling, freezing, grouting, sump pumping, wellpoint systems, deep bored wells, horizontal drains, and electro-osmosis. Each method is suitable for different soil types and conditions, with the appropriate technique depending on factors like the effective grain size of the soil and the required depth of water level lowering.
This document discusses various methods for dewatering excavation sites and controlling groundwater levels. It defines dewatering and groundwater, and describes approaches like cutoff walls, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, slurry trenches, grouted membranes, contiguous piling, freezing, grouting, sump pumping, wellpoint systems, deep bored wells, horizontal drains, and electro-osmosis. Each method is suitable for different soil types and conditions, with the appropriate technique depending on factors like the effective grain size of the soil and the required depth of water level lowering.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses various methods for dewatering excavation sites and controlling groundwater levels. It defines dewatering and groundwater, and describes approaches like cutoff walls, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, slurry trenches, grouted membranes, contiguous piling, freezing, grouting, sump pumping, wellpoint systems, deep bored wells, horizontal drains, and electro-osmosis. Each method is suitable for different soil types and conditions, with the appropriate technique depending on factors like the effective grain size of the soil and the required depth of water level lowering.
Copyright:
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~Dewatering/Ground Water Control~
1 Definition Ground water can be defined as water which is held temporarily in the soil above the level of water table
Dewatering is a process to lower down the water table
to give reasonably dry working conditions especially for excavations activities.
2 Control of Ground Water Can be divided into two groups:
Permanent exclusion of ground water (cut-off wall to
the flow of ground water) Temporary exclusion of ground water by lowering down the water table
3 Control of Ground Water
4 5 Methods which have been developed for cutting off groundwater flow fall into several categories:
1. Steel Sheet Piling
• Structural, • Permanent – act as structural wall • Temporary – enclosure excavation to form cofferdam • Act as a partially effective cut off and as ground support • Driven into place before excavation • Produce vibration and noise due to driving process
6 Cofferdam Basic Principle
7 8 Diaphragm Wall Suitable for all types of soil structural, permanent In-situ reinforced concrete using bentonite slurry method Low installation noise and vibration Can be used in restricted spaces and can be installed close to existing foundations highly effective cutoff as well as ground support Un economic 9 Diaphragm Wall
10 Slurry Trench Cut-Off non structural thin cast in situ unreinforced diaphragm wall Suitable for silts, sand and gravel trench excavated with bentonite and backfilled with impermeable material
11 Thin Grouted Membrane Thin Grouted membranes - these are permanent curtain or cut-off non structural walls or barriers inserted in the ground to enclose the proposed excavation area cement, chemicals or bentonite is injected into the soil (to make the soil impermeable) They are suitable for sands and can be installed rapidly but they must be adequately supported by earth an both side The only limitation is the depth to which the formers can driven and extracted.
12 THIN GROUTED MEMBRANE 13 Contiguous Piling Alternative method to the reinforced concrete diaphragm wall consisting of a series of interlocking reinforced concrete bored piles Usual range diameter – 300mm and 600mm Faced with reinforced rendering or covered with a mesh reinforcement sprayed with concrete to give smooth finish (shotcrete/Gunite)
14 Contiguous Piling
15 Freezing Suitable method for all types of subsoils with a moisture content in excess of 8% of the voids Insert freezing tubes into ground and circulate a freezing solution around the tubes to form ice in the voids Thus creating a wall of ice to act as impermeable barrier Circulating solution – magnesium chloride/calcium chloride at -15 and -25 c Suitable for excavating deep shafts and driving tunnels
16 Freezing
highly effective cutoff and ground support
17 GROUTING METHOD CEMENT GROUT - form a curtain. Mixture of neat cement and water CLAY/CEMENTS GROUT - suitable for sand and gravels where soil particles are too small for cement grout. Bentonite with additive (portlansd cement/soluble silicates) CHEMICAL GROUTING - for medium to coarse sands and gravels. The chemical form a permanent gel RESIN GROUTING - for silty fine sand, similar application of chemical grouts BITUMINOUS GROUT - For fine sand to decrease permeability not increase the strength thus unsuitable for underpinning works GROUT INJECTION - Grouts of all kinds are usually injected into the subsoil by pumping in the mixture at high pressure through tubes.
18 19 SUMP PUMPING Pumping from sumps is the most widely used since it can be applied to all types of ground conditions and is economical to install and maintain. The only problem is the settlement: the ground is likely to move as the water flows towards the sump area. There is also a risk of instability at the formation level in supported excavations, owing to the upward movement of water. These problems can be partially overcome by positioning the sump at a corner of the excavation at a level below the formation level
20 SUMP PUMPING OPEN PUMPING / SUMP PUMPING
• pumping from sumps and ditches
• least expensive method: • from the standpoint of direct dewatering cost • if conditions are wrong, it can result in delays, cost overrun or catastrophic failures • must identify those conditions that are not favorable to open pumping before deciding to proceed with it: • impairing the foundation of proposed structure or of existing structure nearby • delaying the project or escalating cost of excavation • endangering workers 21 SUMP PUMPING
sump below formation level in corner of
excavation 22 SUMP PUMPING
23 Jetted Sump Detail
24 WELLPOINT SYSTEM
• has been used> 50 years, most versatile
method and effective in all type of soil • may not be the most economical method for a given job due to advances in other pre drainage tool • most suitable for shallow aquifer (water level need to be lowered < 6 m) • multi stages will be used for lowering > 6 m
25 26 well points 27 28 29 30 DEEP BORED WELLS
• Each with individual pump (involve a high unit cost)
• Advances in well design (aquifer analysis) and construction techniques, and pump technology have made it practical to utilise deep well • Best suited to homogeneous aquifers that extended well below the excavation level • Can be installed to greater depth (up to 12 m) • Volume pumped by each well is high thus wider spacing is practical • Careful exploration, including a pump test, must be carried out before undertaking this method
31 DEEP BORED WELL
32 Horizontal Ground Water Control Installing into the ground 100mm diameter PVC perforated suction pipe covered with a nylon filter sleeve to prevent the infiltration of fine particles Using special mechine which excavate a narrow trench, lays the pipe and bacfill the excavation
33 Horizontal Ground Water Control
34 Electo-osmosis Uncommon method Costly Cohesive soils- clay and silts On the principles that soils carry a nagative charge. Insert two electrodes and passing electric charge between them, anode and cathode (well point) Electric current is passed between the asnode and cathode causes the positively charged water molecule to flow the well point.
