TRADE REMEDIES

• Three Types of Contingent Trade Remedies

– Anti-dumping
– Countervailing
– Safeguards

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 ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT

• ADA allows countries to impose anti-

dumping duties to protect their producers
from injury caused by imports of dumped
goods

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 WHAT IS DUMPING?
• When an exporter sells a product to the
importing country at a lower price than the
price at which the same (or similar) product
is sold on its own domestic market
– Domestic price of exporter > export price
– Dumping = price discrimination between
national markets

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 ANTI-DUMPING ISSUES
• What is wrong with Dumping?
• Can cause injury to local industry
• unfair trade practice
• What is wrong with Anti-Dumping?
• Methodologies for calculating margins
• sale of “like” products in ordinary course of trade
• comparison of export price to normal value etc.(see below)
• Effectiveness of Anti-Dumping Orders
• int’l distributors can easily source from other country (not
MFN)

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 ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES

• Measures
– Import Restrictions
– Temporary protection of particular industries

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 THE AGREEMENT

• Legal Basis for Anti-Dumping Actions

– Article VI of GATT 1994
– Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of
GATT 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement)

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 DDA & July Package
• Places needs and interests of Developing
and Least Developed Countries at the heart
of the negotiations
• Specifics discussed in the different
presentations during this seminar

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Substantive Elements • Normal Value
– Dumping • “Like Product”?
• Determine the “Like
– Injury
Product”
– Causal link between – Compare the following
injury and dumping aspects
• Raw material used
• Manufacturing process
• Tariff classification
• Consumer preference and
end-use
• Quality

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Comparison of Domestic Price to
• Export price to third Export Price
country – The comparison must be made at the
same level of trade, normally at the
– Use a comparable price of ex-factory level, and in respect of
the like product when sales made as nearly as possible at
the same time
exported to an appropriate
– Due allowance must be made for
third country, provided that differences which affect price
this price is representative comparability, including differences
in:
• Constructed value • Conditions and terms of sale
– Cost of production in • Taxation
• Quantities
country of origin and
• Physical characteristics
reasonable amount for • Levels of trade
administrative, selling and • Any other differences which are
general goods and for profits demonstrated to affect price
comparability
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 ANTI-DUMPING
• General Principles for • Modalities of Duties
Computing the Margin of • Ad valorem duties – 20%
Dumping ad valorem
• Specific duties – US$10 per
kilogram
• Variable duty – NV (POI)-
export price of shipment

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Meaning of “Injury” • Basic Principles for the
• Three meanings: Determination of Injury
– The determination of injury must be
– Material injury to domestic based on positive evidence and
industry (“current or present involve an objective examination of:
injury) • The volume of the dumped imports
– Threat of material injury to • The effect of the dumped imports on
prices in the domestic market for the
domestic industry (“future
like products
injury”) • The consequent impact of these
– Material retardation of the imports on domestic producers of
establishment of a domestic like products
industry

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Price Effect of Dumped • Article 3.4 Injury Factors
Imports – Actual and potential decline in sales,
productivity, profits, return on
– Price undercutting
investment, output, and market share
– Price depression – Factors affecting domestic prices
– Price suppression – The magnitude of the margin of
• Impact of Dumped Imports on dumping
Domestic Producers – Actual and potential negative effects

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Causality • Threat of Injury
– Article 3.5 – Significant rate of increase of
dumped imports indicated the
• Illustrative list of potential
likelihood of substantially increased
“other factors”
importation
– The volume and price of
imported goods – Sufficient freely disposable, or an
– Contraction in demand imminent substantial increase in the
– Respective trade practices of capacity of the exporter
and competition between – Whether imports are entering at
foreign and domestic prices that will have a significant
producers depressing/suppressing effect on
– Developments in technology domestic prices, and would likely
– Export performance and increase demand for further imports
productivity of domestic – Inventories of the exporter/importer
producers
• Shall not attribute the
injuries caused by such other
factors to the dumped
imports
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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Determination of Material • Procedural Aspects of an Anti-
Retardation Dumping Investigation
– Format of Investigation
• The Agreement does not
• Initiation
provide any guidance • Information gathering
regarding the determination of • Preliminary determination
material retardation • Further investigation
– Response to preliminary
determination
• Verification of information
• Final determination

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 Forms of Provisional Measures

– The amount of the duty may not be greater than

the margin of dumping provisionally estimated
– The security should be equal to the amount of
the provisional duty
– Provisional measures may take the form of a
provisional duty or, preferably, a security (by
cash deposit or bond)

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 ANTI-DUMPING
• Final Duty (2) • Duration of Final Duty
• If final margins are de minimis - – Only for as long as, and to
 2% of export price - no duty the extent necessary, to
can be imposed counteract injurious practice
• If the volume of dumped exports – Not longer than five years
from any given country is after imposition
negligible -  3% of imports of
– Can be reviewed upon
the subject product - no duty can
be imposed, unless all together request after a “reasonable
these countries account for 7% period” or at own initiative of
authorities

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 Review of Anti-Dumping Duties

– Assessment of Review
– Review due to changed circumstances
• Request
• Own initiative
– Dumping and/or injury
– Sunset review—five year termination
– “New shipper” review

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Special & Differential Treatment
• Article 15
– recognize special situation of developing
countries
– “Possibilities of constructive remedies provided
for by this Agreement shall be explored before
applying anti-dumping duties…”

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 AFRICAN POSITION
– The Kigali Consensus
• Introduction of more complex rules and
disciplines would be counterproductive and
will negatively affect African countries’
rights under these agreements

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AFRICAN POSITION (cont…)
– The Cairo Declaration
• Avoid introduction of more complex rules and
disciplines
• Need to provide adequate technical assistance to
African countries
• Need to address development dimension of
negotiations
• Clarification and improvement of disciplines and
procedures
• A moratorium by developed countries on contingency
measures that include anti-dumping actions against
African LDCs exports
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Thank you very much

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