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Why All Poles Lie Inside The Unit Circle For Causal LTI Systems

1) For an LTI system to be causal, its region of convergence (RoC) must be exterior to the outermost pole of its Z-transform. 2) For an LTI system to be stable, its RoC must include the unit circle |z|=1. 3) Therefore, for an LTI system to be both causal and stable, all its poles must lie inside the unit circle, as this ensures the RoC is both exterior to the outermost pole and includes the unit circle.

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Jayant Chourasia
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107 views7 pages

Why All Poles Lie Inside The Unit Circle For Causal LTI Systems

1) For an LTI system to be causal, its region of convergence (RoC) must be exterior to the outermost pole of its Z-transform. 2) For an LTI system to be stable, its RoC must include the unit circle |z|=1. 3) Therefore, for an LTI system to be both causal and stable, all its poles must lie inside the unit circle, as this ensures the RoC is both exterior to the outermost pole and includes the unit circle.

Uploaded by

Jayant Chourasia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Why All Poles Lie Inside the Unit Circle for

Causal LTI Systems

B. H. Sri Hari

December 30, 2008


Region of Convergence (RoC)

The Z transform of x[n] is defined as


∞
X
X (z) = x[n]z −n
n=−∞

RoC −→ Region in Z − plane in which X (z) “converges”.


Example: Let x[n] = an u[n]. Its Z transform is
∞
X ∞
X
X (z) = an z −n = (az −1 )n
n=0 n=0

The summation converges only if |az −1 | < 1 or |z| > |a|.


Thus RoC of X (z) is |z| > |a|.
LTI Systems

A system is LTI if it satisfies


• Linearity
• Time-Invariance
properties
Causality of LTI Systems

An LTI system with impulse response h[n] is causal if


• RoC of its Z transform H(z) is exterior of the outermost pole
and if
• H(z) is rational then order of the numerator polynomial in z
is less than the order of the denominator polynomial.

Example:
1+z −1
Let H(z) = (1−z −1 )(1+ 21 z −1 )
. The poles are at p1 = 1 and
p2 = − 21 .
For the system to be causal, RoC should be |z| > 1. In
z 2 +z
powers of z, H(z) = (z−1)(z+ 1 . Numerator order is equal to
) 2
denominator order. Hence given system is causal.
Stability of LTI Systems

• An LTI system with impulse response h[n] is stable if and only


if RoC of its Z transform H(z) includes unit circle |z| = 1.
• This is same as stating that “If RoC includes |z| = 1 then
Fourier transform of the h[n] exists”.
• Thus we can say that, given that system is stable then FT of
its impulse response exists. Or
• If the FT of impulse response exists then the system is stable.
Stability Contd..

Example:
1+z −1
Let H(z) = (1−z −1 )(1+ 21 z −1 )
. The poles are at p1 = 1 and
p2 = − 21 . For the system to be stable, RoC should include |z| = 1.
Thus the RoC of the system is 12 < |z| < 2. Note that the system
is not causal as RoC is not the exterior of the outer most pole.
But for the causal RoC i.e., |z| > 2, RoC does not include |z| = 1.
Thus the system is unstable. Thus this system with RoC
• 12 < |z| < 2, is stable but not causal.
• |z| > 2, is causal but not stable.
Causal and Stable LTI Systems

Let the poles of the system be located at a, b, c, d, e with


|a| > |b| > |c| > |d| > |e|, ie., e is the outermost pole.
• For this system to be causal, we require RoC to be |z| > |e|.
• For this system to be stable, we require RoC to include
|z| = 1.
• So, for the system to be causal and stable, we require |e| < 1.
That is, all poles should lie inside the unit circle.

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