Frequency Division Multiple Access

n Individual channels (frequency) to individual users

FDMA/TDMA/CDMA n On demand channel assignment

Code

森 川 博 之
東京大学新領域創成科学研究科基盤情報学専攻
[email protected]
2002.5.10 1 2 N
Frequency

Time
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FDMA Features Time Division Multiple Access

n If channel not in use, sits idle n Divide radio spectrum into time slots
n Channel bandwidth relatively narrow (30kHz), ie, usually
narrowband systems
Code
n Symbol time >> average delay spread ⇒ little or no

equalization required N
n Simplest
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n Best suited for analog links 1
n Continuous transmission implies no framing or synchronization
bits needed
n Requires tight filtering to minimize interference
n Usually combined with FDD for duplexing Frequency

Time

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Time Division Multiple Access TDMA: Features

n Advantages:
n Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users
n Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler (mobile
assisted handoff possible)
n Slots can be assigned on demand (concatenation and re-
assignment): bandwidth supplied on demand
n Less stringent power control due to reduced interuser interference

n Disadvantages:
n Higher synchronization overhead
n Only 1 user allowed to either transmit or receive in a slot n Equalization necessary for high data rates
n Slots assigned cyclically n Frequency/slot allocation complexity
n Non-continuous transmission: buffer and burst
n Pulsating power envelop: interference with other devices
n Digital data and modulation must be used
n Guard time allows for different prop delays bet mobile and BS
n 20∼30 % of data rate is overhead
n Tradeoffs in overhead, size of data payload, and latency
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FDD & TDD Code Division Multiple Access
n Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) n All users use same frequency and may transmit simultaneously
n Two distinct frequencies for uplink and downlink n Narrowband message signal multiplied by wideband spreading
n Frequency separation must be coordinated signal, or codeword
n Each user has its own pseudo-codeword (orthogonal to others).
n Time Division Duplex (TDD) n Receivers detect only the desired codeword. All others appear
n Two distinct sets of time slots on the same frequency for as noise.
uplink and downlink n Receivers must know transmitter’s codeword.
n No need for RF duplexer Code

n Can combine with FDMA/TDMA

n FDD/TDMA/FDMA: PDC
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n TDD/TDMA/FDMA: PHS
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Frequency
N
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Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence SS

n Techniques known since 1940s and used in military n Direct Sequence SS
communications systems since 1950s n Bits sampled (“chipped”) at higher frequency

n Signal energy “spread” over wider frequency

n “Spread” the radio signal over a wide frequency range several

magnitudes higher than minimum requirement
n Processing gain: Gp = Rchip / R

n Rchip: code (chipping rate), R: information rate

n Better interference immunity and multiple access ability

n Bandwidth efficient for multi-user systems.
n Two main techniques: frequency hopped (FH) and direct
sequence (DS) or CDMA.

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DS-CDMA Signal Frequency Hopping SS

n Pseudo-random frequency changes randomizes channel
occupancy
n At any given time, FH signal occupies only a single, narrow
channel; makes MA possible
n FHMA is a fast (channel) changing FDMA
n Slow hopping: multiple bits before frequency hop
n Fast hopping: multiple frequency hops per bit

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 CDMA CDMA

Wrong key
Recovery yields noisy
of A channel output
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Code Sample Correlation

10111100011001101001110001110001011110001100110100111000111000

1 for i=j
Spi(t)pj(t) =
0 otherwise
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DS-SS: Direct Sequence Spread

Delay Lock Loop(DLL) Spectrum
R(t) ()()()cos()cstKmtpttwq=+
1 m(t) Baseband s(t)
R(t)
2
n m(t) = ±1 over symbol time Ts
X BPF X
R(t)
n p(t) = ±1 over chip time Tc is
1 -Tc Tc
the pseudo-random sequence. PN Code Oscillator
1 ｔ p(t) can be generated using a Generator fc
- m
Tc linear feedback shift register
- Tc Auto-Correlation Function 2 clocked by the chip clock. DS-SS Transmitter
2 R(t)
1 ｔ n Ts = Gp Tc
ｔ
1 1 n To demodulate, multiply s(t) by
- m - m p(t) at receiver. Since p2(t) = 1, r(t) Ts
> m(t)
Tc
Correlation Function with Late-Code 2 Correlation Function with Early-Code the signal is recovered. Note X X Ú (•)dt <
t =0
ｔ that receiver must know p(t)
Tc and correct timing information. cos(wct+q)
- p(t)
2
Ｓ curve
DS-SS Receiver
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 FH-SS: Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum CDMA System
n Power-Limited System: Cocktail party analogy
m(t) s(t) n Band playing “random noise” while people talking
Modulator X FH-SS Transmitter
n Need to extract conversation from the background din
n If people speak in different languages, Gp is high, easier to distinguish
individual speakers
Oscillator Frequency n If Gp is low, more difficult to distinguish between individuals
Synthesizer n Now image that the Band starts playing even louder!
p(t) n If becomes too loud, nobody can speak

n Speakers try to talk more loudly, increasing the noise

n Near-far problem
m(t) Wideband s(t) n How to increase the # of attendees (capacity) at party:
Bandpass
Filter X Filter
Demodulator n Band agrees to play at low level (background noise)

n Participants agree to speak MORE softly as new guests arrive

n Host (base station) centralizes all conversations, requiring all guests to

Frequency Synchronization speak to him/her at the same relative sound level, no matter how far
FH-SS Receiver Synthesizer System they are from the host (power control)
p(t)

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CDMA: Features Soft Handover

n Soft capacity limit: system performance degrades for all users n Mobile moves towards edge of cell
as number of users increase n BS detects low RF power
n Wide frequency spectrum reduces fading n MTSO assigns mobile’s spreading code to adjacent BS
n Rake receiver: Separate multipath signals of different delays n Both BS transmit same data to mobile
by “chip” unit n Rays from both BSs are combined by the rake receiver
n Cell frequency reuse 1 : No frequency planning n Mobile moves further into new cell
n Soft Handover increases capacity n All fingers correlate with rays from new site
n “make before break” vs “break before make” n MTSO instructs old BS to drop mobile’s spreading code
n Utilization of voice activity (talkspurts)

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CDMA: Features (cont.) Space Division Multiple Access

n Power control necessary for mitigating near-far problem n Controls radiated energy in space
n Tradeoff between precision of power control and capacity n Use spot beam antennas
n Different areas may be served by same frequency: TDMA or
n Complex network support for implementing soft handoff CDMA; or different frequencies: FDMA
n Adaptive antennas dynamically adapt to number of users, etc
n Self-jamming problem due to spreading sequences not being n Reverse link may be a problem: limited battery capability,
exactly orthogonal. interference problems

n Inappropriate for ultra high rate wireless access

n Tremendous width of BW necessary

n Hardware complexity

n Synchronization problem

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