AIRFIELD GROUND LIGHTING DESIGN

Engr. Esperedion A. Acorda II

Electrical Engineer/AFL Consultant
 FROM DESIGN

DESIGN PHASE

COMMISSIONING AND
TRAINING

CONSTRUCTION AND
INSTALLATION TO CONCRETE
REALITY
OPERATIONAL FACILITY
 4 Cs

4 Cs
• CONFIGURATION – location of components, spacing of lights & markings
 4 Cs

4 Cs
• COLOUR – helps identify different lighting systems, to convey instruction & to
increase conspicuity
 4 Cs

4 Cs
• CANDELAS – illumination at the observer's eye
 4 Cs

4 Cs
• COVERAGE- light characteristics; light intensities (reflectors, lenses or
prisms)
 CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS

• AIRFIELD LIGHTING STANDARDS ARE THE
MOSTWELL DEVELOPED STANDARDS IN THE
WORLD
• ICAO - A MEMBER ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
• WORLDWIDE COUNTRIES ARE MEMBERS
• ALL COUNTRIES HAVE ACCEPTED THE SAME
SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
• ALL ENGINEERS/AGENTS INVOLVED IN AVIATION
SHOULD BE AWARE OF ANNEX 14
 CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS

• INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY - ICAO

• FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY - FAA
• LOCAL CODES OF COUNTRIES –DIFFERENCES ARE
PUBLICIZED BY ICAO
 CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS ICAO

• ANNEX 14 – INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
• ANNEX 10 – AERONAUTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS
• DESIGN MANUAL PART 4 – ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
• DESIGN MANUAL PART 5 – VISUAL AIDS
 PROJECT DEVLOPMENT STRATEGY

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY
 PROJECT DEVLOPMENT STRATEGY

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
• CONCEPT DESIGN
• PRELIMINARY DESIGN
• TENDER DOCUMENTS
• INSTALLATION DRAWINGS - SUBMITTALS
• CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
• AS-BUILT DOCUMENTATIONS
 DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN OPTIONS
• CONVENTIONAL DESIGN OF FACILITIES
• VERY OFTEN DONE BY CONSULTANTS
• PACKAGED AND SEND OUT FOR TENDER TO
CONTRACTORS e.g. SAFEGATE
• DESIGN – BUILD (OPTION 1)
• SCHEMATIC DESIGN BY CONSULTANT
• DETAIL DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR
• DESIGN – BUILD (OPTION 2)

• SCHEMATIC DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR

• DETAIL DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR
 DESIGN PROCESS

GENERAL

• INFORMATION ON DESIGN BASES

• APPROACH ON THE DESIGN
• TYPICAL DESIGN ISSUES
• EXAMPLES OF DESIGNS
 DESIGN PROCESS

RUNWAY CLASSIFICATION

• NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
• INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
 DESIGN PROCESS

NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

• A RUNWAY INTENDED FOR THE OPERATION

OF AIRCRAFT USING VISUAL APPROACH
PROCEDURES
• EXAMPLE
USING PAPI OR VASI ONLY
 DESIGN PROCESS

INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

• NON-PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY I
• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY II
• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY III
 DESIGN PROCESS

NON PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

• AN INSTRUMENT RUNWAY SERVED BY VISUAL
AIDS AND A NON VISUAL AID PROVIDING AT
LEAST DIRECTIONAL GUIDANCE ADEQUATE
FOR A STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH
• EXAMPLE
• NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON
• SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING OR PAPI
 DESIGN PROCESS

PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

• SERVED BY ILS OR MLS
• VISUAL AIDS AS PER ANNEX 14 – CAT I
• OPERATION DECISION HEIGHT NOT LOWER THAN
60 MTS
• VISIBILITY NOT LESS THAN 800 MTS
• RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE NOT LESS THAN 550 MTS
• EXAMPLE
•INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM OR MLS
•APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
 DESIGN PROCESS

POINT OF DECISION
WITHIN A CATEGORY

DECISION HEIGHT
5 0m
>5

<60m but >30m

R 0 m
R V 5 m

60 m
– > 3 0
TI VR R>2 0
A R
C II– R V
50m
T –
CA IIIA VR> VR
T R R
CA IIB
–
– No
I
T IIIC

<30m
CA T
CA
 DESIGN PROCESS

CAT III CAT II CAT I

 DESIGN PROCESS

ICAO RECOMMENDATIONS ON SYSTEMS

NON PRECISION PRECISION PRECISION PRECISION

APPROACH APPROACH CAT I APPROACH CAT II APPROACH CATIII
Approach Lighting Recommend Required Required Required
VASI / PAPI Required Required Required Required
Runway Threshold Identification Not required Not required Not required Not required
Runway Edge Recommend Required Required Required
Runway Threshold Recommend Required Required Required
Runway End Recommend Required Required Required
Runway Centre Not required Not required Required Required
Runway TDZ Not required Not required Required Required
Rapid Exit Taxiway Indicator Not required Not required Not required Required
Taxiway Centreline lights Not required Not required Not required Required
Stop bars Not required Not required Required Required
 DESIGN PROCESS

MAIN COMPONENTS

• APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS
• TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS
• APRON SYSTEMS
• MISCELLANEOUS
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

APPROACH LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

GENERAL

IN ACCORDANCE TO ICAO THE FOLLOWING

APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM EXIST:

• SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

• PRECISION APPROACH CATEGORY I LIGHTING
SYSTEM
• PRECISION APPROACH CATEGORY II AND III
LIGHTING SYSTEM
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

• SINGLE SOURCE SYSTEM

• BARRETTE SYSTEM
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

SIMPLE SINGLE SOURCE SIMPLE BARRETTE SYSTEM

SYSTEM
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

SIMPLE (420m) SINGLE SIMPLE (300m) SINGLE

INTERLEAVED INTERLEAVED
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

CAT I CALVERT TYPE W/O SFL CAT I BARRETTE TYPE W/O SFL
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

CAT II AND III SINGLE LIGHT CAT I SINGLE LIGHT SOURCE

SOURCE
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

SEQUENCE FLASHING LIGHTS

• IS RECOMMEND FOR BARRETTE SYSTEM
CAT II - III
• LOCATED BETWEEN 900m AND 300m
BARRETTE
• FLASHING TOWARDS THRESHOLD
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

PAPI AND VASI

 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM

T. VASIS AT. VASIS

NOTE: IS STILL COVERED IN ICAO ANNEX 14

WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION HAS STOPPED
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM

PAPI SYSTEM WITH LEFT WING BAR ONLY

APAPI SYSTEM WITH LEFT WING BAR ONLY

 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT LEFT BAR ONLY

 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

CALCULATION LOCATION OF PAPI

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT USING AIRPORT
• GLIDE SLOPE IS NORMALLY 3
• LOCAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS RUNWAY AND
THRESHOLD LEVELS
• WHEEL CLEARANCE FOR MOST DEMANDING
AIRCRAFT
• IF ILS HARMONIZATION WITH GP SIGNAL REQUIRED
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

PAPI SYSTEM

WHEEL CLEARANCE VALUES

RECOMMENDED BY ICAO
Eye to wheel Wheel clearance Minimum wheel
height (EWH) over the threshold clearance*
of the aircraft (m) (m)
up to 3 m 6 3

from 3 to 5 m 9 4

from 5 to 8 m 9 5

from 8 to 14 m 9 6

* Those minimum wheel clearance values are only applicable if an aeronautical study
• WHEEL CLEARANCE
proves that such a reduction is acceptable
 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM

 RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM

 RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

• RUNWAY THRESHOLD LIGHTS
• RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTS
• RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN LIGHTS
• RUNWAY END LIGHTS
 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

GENERAL

• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR RW INTENDED FOR

USE AT NIGHT
• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR PRECISION
APPROACH RUNWAY INTENDED FOR USE BY
DAY AND NIGHT
• RECOMMENDED FOR RUNWAY INTENDED FOR
OPERATING BELOW RVR 800m BY DAY
 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

• LIGHTS UNIFORMLY SPACED AT INTERVALS NOT

EXCEEDING 60 METERS FOR AN INSTRUMENT
RUNWAY
• FOR A NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY NOT
EXCEEDING 100 METER
• INSET LIGHTS COULD BE USED
• ELEVATED LIGHTS ON BREAKABLE COUPLING
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS
 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

INSET RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT ELEVATED RUNWAY

EDGE LIGHT
 RUNWAY TRANSPORT LIGHTS

RUNWAY THRESHOLD AND WINGBAR LIGHTS

• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR A RUNWAY EQUIPPED

WITH RW EDGELIGHT
• EXCEPT ON NON INSTRUMENT OR NON PRECISION
APPROACH RUNWAY WHERE THRESHOLD IS
DISPLACED AND WING BARS PROVIDED
 RUNWAY TRANSPORT LIGHTS

WHY A DISPLACED THRESHOLD ?

RUNWAY THRESHOLD RW THRESHOLD DISPLACED

AT EXTREMITY FROM EXTREMITY

LOCATION OF THRESHOLD
 RUNWAY TRANSPORT LIGHTS
• THRESHOLD LIGHTS AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO RW AXIS
• NEAR THE EXTREMITY OF RW AS
POSSIBLE
• IN ANY CASE NOT MORE THAN 3m
OUTSIDE THE EXTREMITY
• AT LEAST 6 LIGHTS
• EQUALLY SPACED
• 2 GROUPS OF 3 LIGHTS

THRESHOLD LIGHTING NON-INSTRUMENT/ NON PRECISION RUNWAY

 RUNWAY TRANSPORT LIGHTS

OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3

THRESHOLD LIGHTING CONFIGURATIONS

 RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS

RUNWAY THRESHOLD
IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS
 RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS

RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS

• SHOULD BE FLASHING WHITE LIGHTS FLASH

FREQUENCY BETWEEN 60 AND 120 PER MINUTE
• AT A THRESHOLD OF A NON PRECISION APPROACH
RUNWAY WHEN ADDITIONAL THRESHOLD
CONSPICUITY IS RECOMMENDED
• WHERE A RUNWAY THRESHOLD IS PERMANENTLY
OR TEMPORARY IS DISPLACED
RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS
RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS
 THRESHOLD WINGBAR LIGHTS

THRESHOLD WINGBAR LIGHTS

 THRESHOLD WINGBAR LIGHTS

• SHOULD BE PROVIDED ON A PRECISION

APPROACH RUNWAY WHEN ADDITIONAL
CONSPICUITY IS RECOMMENDED.
• SHALL BE RECOMMENDED ON A NON
INSTRUMENT OR NON PRECISION APPROACH
RUNWAY WHERE THRESHOLD IS DISPLACED
THRESHOLD WINGBAR LIGHTS
 RUNWAY CENTRELINE

RUNWAY CENTRELINE
 RUNWAY CENTRELINE

RUNWAY CENTRE LINE LIGHTING

• SHALL BE PROVIDED CAT II – III

• OVER FULL LENGTH OF RW
• WHITE LIGHTS
• FROM THRESHOLD – 900M RW END WHITE
• FROM 900 – 300 – RW END RED – WHITE
• FROM 300 – END RED ONLY
 RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE

LIGHTING SYSTEM
 RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING

TOUCHDOWN LIGHTING
• SHALL BE PROVIDED APPROACH RUNWAY
CATEGORY II OR III
• EXTEND FROM THRESHOLD FOR A
LONGITUDINAL DISTANCE OF 900 METER
• ON RUNWAYS LESS THAN 1800 METER
SYSTEM IS SHORTENED. SHALL NOT BE
BEYOND MIDPOINT RUNWAY
 RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING

• SHALL BE COMPOSED OF AT LEAST 3 LAMPS

• SHOULD BE NOT LESS THAN 3 METERS
• SHOULD BE NOT MORE THEN 4.5 METERS
• LENGTH OF SRB AND TDZ BARRETTES SHOULD BE THE
SAME
RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING
RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING
 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING
• TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING
• STOP BARS
• RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS
• INFORMATION SIGNS
• MANDATORY SIGNS
• INTERMEDIATE HOLDING BARS
 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING

 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING

TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

STOP BARS
 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS

 TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

CLEARANCE BARS
SIGNS

SIGNS
 SIGNS

• MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS

• INFORMATION SIGNS
• VOR AERODROME CHECKPOINT SIGNS
• AERODROME IDENTIFICATION SIGN
• AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION SIGN
• ROAD HOLDING POSITION SIGN
 SIGNS

GENERAL
• MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGN
- PROVIDES INSTRUCTION TO BE FOLLOWED BY
AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLE
- INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING
- RUNWAY DESIGNATION
- RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION SIGNS
- NO ENTRY SIGNS
• NO AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLE SHALL PROCEED
UNLESS AUTHORIZES BY THE CONTROL TOWER
 SIGNS

GENERAL INFORMATION SIGN HEIGHT

• GENERAL LOCATION AND HEIGHT AS PER ICAO

• SIGN HEIGHT DEPENDS ON CODE NUMBER
RUNWAY
 SIGNS

LOCATION MANDATORY SIGN HOLING POSITION

 SIGNS

TYPICAL MANDATORY SIGN

LOCATION-RUNWAY DESIGNATION
 SIGNS

LOCATION MANDATORY SIGN HOLDING POSITION

 APRON SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS
 APRON SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS

• APRON EDGE LIGHTING

• AIRCRAFT MANEUVERING LIGHTING
• APRON FLOOD LIGHTING
• VISUAL DOCKING SYSTEMS
 APRON SYSTEMS

APRON EDGE LIGHTING

 APRON SYSTEMS

APRON STAND MANEUVERING

LIGHTING
 APRON SYSTEMS

APRON FLOOD LIGHTING

 MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS
 MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS

• POWER SUPPLY
• CONTROL SYSTEM
• CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS
• SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND
CONTROL SYSTEM
 POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES

BACK UP POWER SOURCES

- BATTERY SUPPLY
- CENTRALIZED BACK-UP POWER
•SECOND EXTERNAL SOURCE
• DIESEL DRIVEN GENERATOR
- START TIME 10-15 SECONDS
•DYNAMIC NO BREAK SET
- LESS THAN ONE SECOND
- DIESEL DRIVEN
•STATIC NO BREAK SET
- LESS THAN ONE SECOND
 POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES

POWER SUPPLY VISUAL GROUND AIDS

 POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES

SINGLE EXTERNAL SUPPLY

• IS NOT RELIABLE
• DOES NOT MEET ICAO

FROM EXTERNAL SOURCE

POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES
POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES

CENTRAL POWER SUPPLY

POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

CONTROL
OF
AIRFIELD LIGHTING
SYSTEM
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

CONTROL SYSTEM
• CONVENTIONAL
• SAFE CONTROL
• ASP SYSTEM
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

CONTROL OF AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM

• CONTROLLED BY ATC IN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM

CONTROL TOWER.
• CONTROLLED BY FSS IN CONTROL ROOM
• LOCAL CONTROL IN AIRFIELD STATION
• PILOT CONTROL FROM AIRCRAFT
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

• BY USING MIMIC CONTROL PANEL IN VISUAL
CONTROL ROOM
• BY USING COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM
- TOUCH SCREEN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM
- KEYBOARD AND MONITOR IN VISUAL CONTROL
ROOM
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

FUNCTIONS TO BE CONTROLLED

• MIMIC PANEL SHOWING AIRPORT CONFIGURATION

• STATUS INDICATION BY LAMPS
• PUSH BUTTONS TO CONTROL INTENSITY OF
CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

FUNCTIONS TO BE CONTROLLED

• ON/OFF STATUS EACH CCR

• INTENSITY LEVEL OF CCR (3 OR 5 LEVELS)
• BACK INDICATION THAT CCR IS ON FAULT
 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

MIMIC CONTROL PANEL

 AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

CONTROL SYSTEMS DIAGRAM

 CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR

CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

 CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR

CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

POWER DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NUMBER OF CCR’S

 SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM

SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE

AND CONTROL SYSTEM
 SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM

SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM

• INCLUDES INSTRUCTIONS ON GUIDANCE, CONTROL

AND REGULATIONS OF ALL MOVEMENT IN THE
OPERATIONAL AREAS
• PREVENT INCUSIONS OF VEHICLES IN AIRCRAFT –
BY SIGNS AND COMMUNICATION (CAR TRACKING)
• GUIDE AIRCRAFT IN ADVERSE WEATHER
CONDITION BY TAXING ON TW.
• SMART TW CTR LIGHTING CONTROL
 SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM

INTALLATION DETAILS

• HAS CONSIDERABLE INPACT ON COST

• PRIMARY CABLE DIRECT BURRIED OR IN PVC DUCT
BANK SYSTEM
• DEEPCANS OR SHALLOW CANS
• CIRCUITS INTERLEAVED
SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM
END