.
NET Summer Rally 2009
Introduction to C# and the
Object Oriented Programming
Firstly: about us and about you
• Instructors:
– Timotei Dolean
– Octavian Hasna
– Mihai Cornean
– Vlad Precup
About the course
• Intensive study:
– 4-5 hours/day -> lectures and practical work
– 1-3 hours/day -> individual study
• 5 days:
– Today: Introduction to C#, .NET Fw., VS 2008, OOP
– Tuesday: OOP in-depth, inheritance and polymorphism
– Wednesday: Value/reference types, working w/ interfaces
– Thursday: C# constructs, more on Win. Forms
– Friday: Exception handling, collections, generics
Course 1
Introduction to C#, .NET Framework
and Visual Studio 2008
Lecturer: Vlad Precup
[email protected] Contents
• C#
• .NET Framework and its building blocks
• .NET Assemblies
• Common Intermediate Language
• Data Types supported by .NET
• .NET Platform independence
C#
• Appeared in 2000, high-level language
• Syntax – based on C++
• Has roots in C, C++, Delphi and Java => a product
that is as syntactically clean—if not cleaner—
than Java, is about as simple as VB6, and provides
just about as much power and flexibility as C++.
• Designed specifically for the .NET Platform
• Object-oriented
C# - Core Features
• No pointers required
• Automatic memory management (GC)
• Formal syntactic constructs for different data
types
• The ability to overload operators
• Support for attribute-based programming
Before the .NET
• C/Win32 API
• C++/MFC
• Visual Basic 6.0
• Java/J2EE
• COM
• Windows DNA
And there was the .NET initiative
• A new vision for embracing the Internet and
the Web in the development and use of
software
• The solution proposed by .NET is “Change
everything”.
• Programming-language independent
(developers can create a .NET application in
any .NET-compatible language)
The .NET Framework
• A completely new model for building systems
on the Windows family of operating systems,
as well as on
– Mac OS X
– Unix/Linux.
• Web-based applications can be distributed to
a great variety of devices (even cell phones)
and to desktop computers.
The .NET Framework
Features:
• manages and executes applications and Web
services
• contains a comprehensive class library (FCL)
• enforces security
The .NET Framework
• Provides a high level of language
interoperability
• common runtime engine shared by all .NET-
aware languages
• Programs written in different languages are all
compiled into MSIL (CIL) => language
independence
.NET-compliant languages
• http://www.dotnetlanguages.com/
APL Pascal RPG
C# Component Pascal DotLisp
Mondrian Curriculum Scheme
COBOL Forth Smalltalk
Eiffel Fortran Standard ML
Java Haskell Visual Basic
JScript Mercury Visual C++
Managed Jscript Oz IronPython
Oberon Perl IronRuby
The .NET Framework – Building blocks
Base Class Libraries
Common Language Runtime
Common Type System
Common Language Specification
The CLR
• Central part of the
.NET Fw. that executes
.NET programs
• Shared by all
compliant languages
• Provides:
– Memory management
– Exception handling
– Garbage collection
– Security
.NET Assemblies
• Code targeting the .NET runtime – managed
code
– Ex: C# produces code that executes only within
the .NET runtime
• The binary unit containing the code –
assembly
.NET Assemblies
• Same file extensions as COM servers & Win32
binaries (*.dll & *.exe)
• Different structure though
• An assembly contains:
– CIL code
– Metadata
– Manifest
The Assembly/Namespace/Type
Distinction
• Namespace = grouping of semantically related
types contained in an assembly
– Ex: System.IO, System.Collections
• The predefined .NET assembly: mscorlib.dll
• Object Browser
• Any language targeting .NET makes use of the
same namespaces and same types.
The role of the CIL (aka MSIL)
• Sits above any platform-specific instruction set
• Is emitted by all .NET-compliant language
compilers
– C# compiler
– VB compiler
– IronPython compiler a.s.o
• ildasm
Benefits of CIL
• Language integration
• Platform independence
• Further compiled into machine-specific
language using a just-in-time compiler that is
optimized for the underlying platform (ex.
Handheld device vs. back-end server)
The CTS
• describes all possible data types and programming
constructs supported by the runtime
• specifies how these entities can interact with each
other
• details how they are represented in the .NET metadata
format
• In the world of .NET, type is simply a general term used
to refer to a member from the set {class, interface,
structure, enumeration, delegate} + intrinsic types.
CTS Class Types
• The class type is the cornerstone of OOP.
• A class may be composed of any number of
members (such as properties, methods, and
events) and data points (fields).
• In C#, classes are declared using the class
keyword:
class Calc
{
public int Add(int x, int y)
{ return x + y; }
}
CTS Interface Types
• Interfaces – a named collection of abstract
member definitions, which may be supported
(i.e., implemented) by a given class or
structure.
• In C#, interfaces are defined using the
interface keyword:
public Interface IDraw
{
void Draw();
}
CTS Structure Types
• The user-defined types (UDTs) have survived in the world of .NET
• A structure can be thought of as a lightweight class type having
value-based semantics.
• Typically, structures are best suited for modeling geometric and
mathematical data, and are created in C# using the struct keyword:
struct Point
{
// Structures can contain fields.
public int xPos, yPos;
// Structures can contain parameterized constructors.
public Point(int x, int y)
{ xPos = x; yPos = y;}
// Structures may define methods.
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("({0}, {1}", xPos, yPos);
}
}
CTS Enumeration Types
• Enumerations – handy programming constructs
that allow you to group name/value pairs.
• Rather than keeping track of raw numerical
values to represent each possibility, you could
build a custom enumeration using the enum
keyword:
enum CharacterType
{
Wizard = 100,
Fighter = 200,
Thief = 300
}
CTS Delegate Types
• Delegates – the .NET equivalent of a type-safe C-style
function pointer.
• The key difference is that a .NET delegate is a class that
derives from System.MulticastDelegate, rather than a
simple pointer to a raw memory address.
• In C#, delegates are declared using the delegate
keyword:
delegate int BinaryOp (int x, int y);
• Delegates are useful when you wish to provide a way
for one entity to forward a call to another entity, and
provide the foundation for the .NET event architecture.
The CLS
• A related specification that defines a subset of
common types and programming constructs
that all .NET programming languages can
agree on.
• For example, the CLS describes
– how a given language must represent text strings,
– how enumerations should be represented
internally (the base type used for storage),
– how to define static members, a.s.o.
The Platform-Independent Nature of
.NET
• .NET assemblies can be developed and
executed on non-MS operating systems
• Open-source .NET Distributions:
– The Mono project (various Linux distributions,
Win32, Mac OS X)
• www.mono-project.com
– Portable.NET (Win32, AIX, BeOS, Mac OS X, Linux)
• www.dotgnu.org
Summary
• C#
• .NET Framework and its building blocks
• .NET Assemblies
• Common Intermediate Language
• Data Types supported by .NET
• .NET Platform independence
Bibliography
• Deitel & Associates: Visual C#® 2005: How to
Program, Second Edition. Prentice Hall, 2005
• John Sharp: Microsoft Visual C#® 2008 Step by
Step. Microsoft, 2008
• Andrew Troelsen: Pro C# 2008 and the .NET
3.5 Platform, Fourth Edition Apress, 2008
• www.wikipedia.org
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Thank you!
