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SQL

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data in databases. It can perform functions like querying data, inserting records, updating records, and deleting records from database tables. SQL code can be used to build a dynamic website that pulls data from a database. Key elements of SQL include clauses like SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and JOIN which are used to query data and the DML and DDL which define the data manipulation and definition language aspects.

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46 views

SQL

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data in databases. It can perform functions like querying data, inserting records, updating records, and deleting records from database tables. SQL code can be used to build a dynamic website that pulls data from a database. Key elements of SQL include clauses like SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and JOIN which are used to query data and the DML and DDL which define the data manipulation and definition language aspects.

Uploaded by

vickyactiva
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

SQL stands for Structured Query Language


SQL is a database language
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
SQL was initially called as SEQUEL (Structure English QUEry Language)
SQL was first designed and implemeted at IBM as an interface for an experimental
relational database system called SYSTEM R

SQL can execute queries against a database


SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can create stored procedures in a database
SQL can create views in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data
Definition Language (DDL).

Using SQL in Your Web Site


To build a web site that shows some data from a database, you will need the following:
• An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)
• A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
• SQL
• HTML / CSS

RDBMS

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.


RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM
DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
SQL
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)


FROM table_name

SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

SELECT * FROM Persons


ORDER BY LastName

SELECT * FROM Persons


ORDER BY LastName DESC

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

SELECT * FROM Persons


WHERE City='Sandnes'

SELECT * FROM Persons


WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'

SELECT * FROM Persons


WHERE FirstName='Tove'
OR FirstName='Ola'
(DOW)
SQL
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

INSERT INTO table_name


VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

INSERT INTO Persons


VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)


VALUES (value1, value2, value3,... )

INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)


VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob'

DELETE FROM table_name


WHERE some_column=some_value

DELETE FROM Persons


WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

DELETE FROM table_name


or
DELETE * FROM table_name (UID)
SQL
Operator

> Greater than


SELECT firstname FROM person.contact WHERE firstname > 'C'

IN If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns

LIKE OPERATOR
SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE 's%'

SELECT firstname
FROM person.contact
WHERE firstname LIKE 's%'
(Here we select only firstname that starts with s)

Substitutes
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for exactly one character
[charlist] Any single character in charlist
[!charlist] Any single character in charlist here it doesn't start with

Now we want to select the persons with a last name that starts with "b" or "s" or "p" from the
"Person.contact" table.
SELECT * FROM Person.contact
WHERE LastName LIKE '[bsp]%'
Next, we want to select the persons with a last name that do not start with "b" or "s" or "p" from
the "Person.contact" table.
SELECT * FROM Person.contact
WHERE LastName LIKE '[!bsp]%'

BETWEEN OPERATOR

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2

SELECT *
FROM person.contact
WHERE contactid between 1 and 50

To display the persons outside the range in the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN:
NOT BETWEEN '400' AND '800'
SQL
SELECT TOP number *
FROM table_name

SELECT TOP 2 *
FROM person.contact

(Here it can be noted that only first 2 is selected)

SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT *


FROM person.contact

(The above is to select 50 percent of the table)

MySQL Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number

Oracle Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number

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