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EEFL Backlight Technology

The document discusses End-Cap Type External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps (EEFLs) as an alternative to Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFLs) for backlighting. EEFLs have higher brightness and efficiency than CCFLs. Key aspects that enable this include a switching inverter that generates AC square pulses to drive the lamps, self-discharge synchronization methods, and an external electrode formation using metal-glass melt-bonding technology. The document compares the I-V characteristics and operation of CCFLs and EEFLs, and shows how EEFL brightness increases with power when driven by a switching inverter unlike CCFLs. It also discusses different switching

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
625 views33 pages

EEFL Backlight Technology

The document discusses End-Cap Type External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps (EEFLs) as an alternative to Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFLs) for backlighting. EEFLs have higher brightness and efficiency than CCFLs. Key aspects that enable this include a switching inverter that generates AC square pulses to drive the lamps, self-discharge synchronization methods, and an external electrode formation using metal-glass melt-bonding technology. The document compares the I-V characteristics and operation of CCFLs and EEFLs, and shows how EEFL brightness increases with power when driven by a switching inverter unlike CCFLs. It also discusses different switching

Uploaded by

paddu_iitm
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Confidential

EEFL-Backlight
EEFL-Backlight Technology
Technology
(End-Cap
(End-Cap Type
Type External
External Electrode
Electrode Fluorescent
Fluorescent Lamp)
Lamp)

KDT m&s Co.,Ltd., Korea


Basic Characteristics of CCFL & EEFL Confidential

I-V Characteristics 19″ Lamp(2.6 mm / 393 mm)

CCFL CCFL
20 EEFL EEFL
50000

EFL
E
CCFL
Current [mA] (RMS)

40000

Brightness [cd/m2]
15
Cathode
EEFL
fall Voltage
Operation 30000 Operation FL
10
CC
EEFL
20000

5
CCFL 10000
Operation Starting
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Power [W]
Voltage [V] (RMS)
Basic Characteristics Confidential

Multi-CCFLs Multi-EEFLs

Co

• Co : Ballast Capacitor • Good Uniformity


for the Uniformity
EEFLs for the High Brightness & High Efficiency Confidential

Key Issues ;

1st. Switching Inverter generating AC-Square Pulses

2nd. Driving Methods of Self-Discharge Synchronizing

3rd. New External Electrode Formation Scheme


: Metal-Glass Melt-Bonding Technology provides
High Capacitance
Lamp Operation Confidential

CCFL (LC-Resonance Inverter) EEFL (Switching Inverter)

V
V t
t
I
t
I t
- Self-Discharge Synchronized for high Efficiency
- V-I Phase Synchronized (Zero Crossing)
(i) Rising Voltage
Current

[+] [-]
Direct
Current
[+] [-]
(ii) Sustaining Voltage Wall Charge
Current

[+] [-]
v

Direct
Current (iii) Falling Voltage
[-] [+] Self-Discharge Current

[G] [G]

v
Switching Inverter Confidential

• Full-Bridge Circuit • Half - Bridge Circuit

Multi lamps
Multi lamps

Vcc Vcc
A C
A C

B D
B C

• Push-Pull Circuit • AStable Multi - Vibrator


Multi lamps
Multi lamps

Vcc

Vcc
A B
amp amp
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- 19″Lamp - EEFL(Switching Inverter)

50000
EEFL(Switching DUty = 50%
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
Inverter)
40000
25µs
CCFL(LC-Resonance Vp 12.5µs
(40 kHz)
Brightness [cd/m2]

Inverter)
30000
EEFL(LC-Resonance
Inverter)
20000 Main & Self 5µs
ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Discharge
Overlapped

10000
iii) Optical Signal

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Power [W]
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

Duty = 24% Duty = 40%


i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
25µs 25µs
(40 kHz)
Vp (40 kHz) Vp
6µs 10µs

12.5µs 10µs
Main
ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Main ii) Current (100mA/Div.) Discharge
Discharge Self
Self Discharge
iii) Optical Signal Discharge iii) Optical Signal
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

a) Rising Voltage Main-discharge Current Self-discharge Synchronizing Point

- +
(+) (-) VP
Voltage
Vp
tP
t
tr tf

Current
(Synchronize)
b) Sustaining Voltage
Wall charge Wall charge
Wall charge Vw t
- ++
--- Vw
+
(+) -- +++ (-)
Current
(Delayed)
t
Delayed

c) Falling Voltage Self-discharge Current Current


(Over Current) Over Current
- - + +
- +
- - + + t
EEFL Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

Self-Dischage Synchronized Wave Formulas

a) Rounded Wave b) Over-Shot


Synchronizing Point
V V Synchronizing Point

t t

I I

t
t

C) Sloped d) Sawtooth
Synchronizing Point Synchronizing Point
V V
VP
t t

I
I

t
t
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

Electrode Length

L • Optimum Electrode Length

5
45000 ℓ = 1cm
ℓ = 1.5cm ℓ = 2.5cm
40000 ℓ = 2cm 4.0
4

Optimum Length [cm]


ℓ = 2.5cm
Brightness [cd/m2]

35000 ℓ = 3cm ℓ = 3cm


ℓ = 3.5cm
ℓ=3.5cm 3.0
30000 3
ℓ = 2cm
25000
ℓ = 1.5cm
20000 2 1.8
15000
ℓ = 1cm

10000 1
5000 Lamp length : 375mm
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 20 40 60 80 100
Power [w] Lamp Length [cm]
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

▶ Electrode Formation Methods


1) Metal Cap ( Copper Cap )
2) Metal Foil Taping
3) Metal Plating
4) Metal–Glass Melt-Bonding

Copper Cap Cu-Taping Al-Paste

Metal-Bonding Metal-Bonding
EEFL Electrode Structure Confidential

50000 60
45000 Ag melt-bonding
Al melt-bonding 45000
40000 Al-taping 50
Cu-taping 40000
35000

Brightness [cd/m2]
35000
Brightness [ cd/m2]

40
30000

Efficiency [lm/w]
Bonding 30000
25000
25000 30
20000
20000

15000 20
Taping 15000

10000 10000
10
EEFL (Ag melt-bonding)
5000 5000
conventional CCFL

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 10

Power [W] Power [W]


Metal–Glass Melt–Bonding Technology Confidential

• Metal–taping • Metal–glass melt–bonding


(Low Capacitance) (High Capacitance)

(+) (+)
Metal-tape

metal
Irregular space
(high field)
Glass
Glass polarization
polarization

Wall charge
Wall charge

Wall charge Wall charge

+
+
Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential

-Color EEFL Lamps


Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential
Various EEFL-Lamps Confidential

450 mm

393 mm

355 mm

314 mm

291 mm

1000 mm
EEFL–Edge Lighting Backlight Confidential

1) Elongated Bottom Electrode 2) Bended Electrode

Dead Zone(~0.8cm)

Lamp Lamp
LGP Reflector
LGP
Reflector
EEFL–Backlight ( Edge–Lighting ) Confidential

17″Panel 19″Panel

Reflector

Full-Bridge Switching Inverter Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)
EEFL–Direct Lighting Backlight Confidential

Type1 : Electrodeless Lamps Type2 : Elongated EEFLs Type3:Bended EEFLs

Electrodeless Lamp Elongated


Lamp Lamp Lamp
Hole Hole Hole

Lamp Connector Lamp Connector Lamp Connector


(Conductive Lubber Inside Hole) (Copper Inside Hole) (Copper Inside hole)

- Simple Connection - Narrow Dead Zone - Narrow Dead Zone


- Low Efficiency ~50 lm/W - High Efficiency ~ 60 lm/W - High Efficiency ~ 60 lm/W
EEFL–Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

20.1″ Panel Diffusion Plate Opened

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)
( 9.5 * 4.8 * 1 ) (cm)
EEFL–Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

Full bridge Switching Inverter Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)

12 - EEFLs 12 - EEFLs
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (40mA/Div.)

iii) Optical Signal


iii) Optical Signal
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

Cu-Taping Electrode
64

17 Inch panel 12000 20 Inch panel 8000


63
62
Efficiency
11000
60
Efficiency
60

10000

Brightness [ cd/ m ]
7500

Brightness [ cd/ m ]
Efficiency [ lm/W ]
Efficiency [lm/W]

Brightness
57 58

9000

56
54
8000 7000

2
54
51
Brightness 7000

52
48 6500
6000

50

45 5000
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Frequency [kHz] Frequency [kHz]


EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

20.1 Inch (Input : 12V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

82
11000 s
es
Maximum
80
t n
gh 78
Bri

Ef
10000 76

Efficiency [lm/W]
fic
Brightness [cd/m ]
74

ie
2
9000

nc
72

y
8000 70
68
12V
7000 66
6.5 64
6.0 6000 62
60
5.5
12V 5000 58
Input Current [A]

5.0 56
4.5 4000 54
4.0 52
3000
3.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
3.0 Power [w]
2.5
2.0
9 10 11 12 13 14
Input Voltage [V]
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

20.1 Inch (Input : 24 V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

Maximum
84
10500
82

Ef
fi
10000

ci

Efficiency [lm/W]
en
Brightness [cd/m 2 ]
80

cy
9500
24V 78
9000

76
8500
2.6
24V 8000 s 74
es
2.5
n
2.4 ht 72
7500 ir g
Input Current [A]

2.3 B
7000 70
2.2
2.1 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

2.0 Power [W]


1.9
1.8
20 21 22 23 24 25
Input Voltage [V ]
EEFL-Backlight ( Direct –Lighting ) Confidential

17 Inch (Input :12V) : Metal-Bonding Electrode

Frequency

14000 74
Maximum

12V s
72
E ff es
12000 ici t n
en gh

Efficiency [lm/W]
cy Bri
70

Brightness [cd/m ]
2
68
10000

66

8000
4.5 64

62
4.0 6000
12V
Input Current [A]

60
3.5
4000 58
20 30 40 50 60
3.0
Power [W]
2.5

2.0
9 10 11 12 13 14
Input Voltage [V]
EEFL–Backlight specification Confidential

- Metal Bonding External Electrode

Conventional
Direct Lighting
Edge-Lighting
17 inch 17 inch 20.1 inch
panel
38.4*28*2(cm) 38.4*28*2(cm) 44.5*31*2(cm)

Tubes 4- lamps 12 - lamps 14 - lamps

Inverter LC-Resonance Full Bridge Full Bridge


size 16*4.5*1 (cm) 12*2.8*1(cm) 9.5*4.8*1(cm)

Input 12V/ 1.7A 12V/ 3.61A 12V/ 4.68A 24V/ 2.48A

Input
20 W 43 W 56 W 59 W
Power
Frequency 50 KHz 56 KHz 53 KHz 59 KHz

Brightness 3,500 cd/m2 11,000 cd/m2 8,650 cd/m2 10,300 cd/m2

Efficiency 50 lm/W 70 lm/W 64 lm/W 73 lm/W


A large Area Backlight about 40 inch in diagonal Confidential

A Section

Phase Synchronized B Section


Gate Signal Generator

C Section
Multi-CCFLs Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- Self Discharge Synchronizing provides a high Efficiency


a) Rising Voltage : Charging Capacitor
Vr-Vc
Vc
+ - + -
+ - + -
Co Q=CoVc Q=Cℓ(Vr-Vc)
Vp
Vr

b) Rising & Sustaining : Main discharge ( Vr – VC 〉Vf )


Q=CoVP Main-discharge Current
+ -- - -
+
+ -- + +
+
VP
Vp

c) Falling Voltage : Charging Lamp


+ + -- - - +
+
+ - - +
Q/Cℓ=Vℓ
VP→0

d) Falling Voltage ( Vℓ〉Vf ) : Self-discharge


Self-discharge current
+ - - -
• Co : Synchronizing Capacitor + +
VP→0
for the Uniformity
Multi-CCFLs Driven by a Switching Inverter Confidential

- Self-discharge in Multi-CCFLs
with an optimum Ballast Capacitor

(a) Co = 47 pF (Without Self-discharge) (b) Co = 18 pF (With Self-discharge)

i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) Duty = 24 % i) Voltage (2kV/Div.) Duty = 24 %

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (100mA/Div.)

Main
Discharge
iii) Optical Signal
Main Self
Discharge Discharge
iii) Optical Signal
CCFL Backlight ( Direct–Lighting ) Confidential

1) Full bridge Switching Inverter 2) Multi-Vibrator Switching Inverter

( 12 * 3 * 1 ) (cm) ( 15 * 3 * 1 ) (cm)

• 12 – CCFLs : 17 inch Panel • 12 – CCFLs : 17inch Panel

i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)
i) Voltage (2kV/Div.)

ii) Current (100mA/Div.) ii) Current (40mA/Div.)

iii) Optical Signal iii) Optical Signal


Conclusions Confidential

1. High Brightness & High Efficiency EEFLs ;


- External Electrode Formulated by Metal-Glass Melt-Bonding
- A Self-Discharge Synchronizing Operation
- By a Switching Inverter

2. Edge-Lighting EEFLs-Backlight Panels ;


- A good Uniformity obtained with single Transformer
on a single Stage Inverter.

3. Direct-Light EEFLs-Backlight Panels of 17 & 20.1 inch in Diagonal


- High Luminance of 7,000 ~ 10,000 cd/m2
- High Efficiency of 70 ~ 80 lm/w
(With single Transformer on a single Stage Inverter.)
Confidential

EEFL-Backlight & Switching Inverter promise


a new generation of LCD Backlight & Operation
- Low Power consumption
- Long Life Time
- High Brightness Backlight Up to ~ 10,000 cd/m2
- High Efficiency Up to ~ 70 lm/W
- Application to a Large Size Backlight Up to 1m×1m inch LCD
- Low Cost
- Simple Assembly

< Ref from Presentation at SID’02 Boston by KDT >

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