Elements of Military

Intelligence

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 MAJ Smith

• Room 157, Building 9230

• 545-5754
• All slides are on AKO

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 Admin Data

• Normal safety considerations for this class.

• The risk assessment is LOW.
• There are NO environmental considerations.
• Evaluation:
– 30 multiple choice questions. Must answer 70%
correctly to pass.

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 Rules of Engagement
• Relax - you will learn more.
• Focus on learning, not the test.
• Take notes, but don’t write everything
down.
• Don’t talk over me, but feel free to
participate in class.

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 Terminal Learning Objective

• ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the tactical

Army.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the use of references
• STANDARD: The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the Intelligence War Fighting Function (WFF), the four steps
of Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB), the eight
variables of the Contemporary Operational Environment
(COE), Every Soldier a Sensor (ES2), and Subversion And
Espionage Directed Against the Army (SAEDA).

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 Your S2 Section

• BN S2 – OIC, NCOIC, Analysts

• BDE S2 – OIC, NCOIC, S2X, Analysts
– BCT MI Companies

• Admin
• Physical Security
• Personnel Security

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 Intelligence - The Disciplines

• HUMINT - Human Intelligence

• SIGINT - Signals Intelligence
• IMINT - Imagery Intelligence
• OSINT – Open Source Intelligence
• CI – Counter Intelligence
• MASINT – Measures and Signals Intelligence
• TECHINT – Technical Intelligence
• BEI – Biometrically Enabled Intelligence

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 MI Enlisted MOSs
35F – (96B) Intelligence Analyst
35G – (96D) Imagery Analyst
35L – (97B) Counterintelligence Agent
35M – (97E) Human Intelligence Collector
35N – (98C) Signals Intelligence Analyst
35P – (98G) Cryptologic Linguist
09L – Interpreter/ Translator

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 Interpreters

• Category I
• Category II
• Category III

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 Enabling Learning Objective #1

• ACTION: Conduct Intelligence Preparation

of the Battlefield (IPB) as a leader.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the aid of
references.
• STANDARD: The student will correctly
define IPB and identify the steps of IPB IAW
FM 34-130, as well as understand their role in
conducting IPB as leaders.

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 IPB Definition

• IPB is the systematic and

continuous process of analyzing the
threat and the environment in a
specific geographic area.
• The objective of IPB is to…?

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 Objective
• Answer the commander’s questions about:
– Terrain
– Weather
– Enemy Situation (Combatants)
– Local population (non-combatants)

• IPB helps commanders selectively apply combat power

at critical points in time and space on the battlefield by -
– Describing the environment and it’s effects
– Determining the threat’s likely Course of Action (COA)

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 Who Conducts IPB?

• Conducted at all levels during Mission Analysis

– Different levels of detail are required

• S2/G2 is staff lead in IPB

• Some units don’t have Intel Sections
• Everyone in the US Army conducts IPB in some
form (Special Staff and Support Units)

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 The Four Steps of IPB

1. Define the Battlefield Environment

2. Describe the Battlefield Effects
3. Evaluate the Threat
4. Identify Threat Courses of Action

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 Define The Battlefield
Environment
• AREA OF OPERATIONS - The physical space
where your unit is authorized to conduct operations.
Given to you by your higher headquarters.
• AREA OF INTEREST - The physical area where
enemy forces or their actions may affect your unit’s
mission. Determined by the S2 and commander.

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 The IPB Process

4 1

Determine Define The

Threat Battlefield
COAs Environment

Evaluate Describe The

The Battlefield
Threat Effects

3 2
Continuous Systematic
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 Describe The Battlefield Effects

• Analyze the battlefield with regards to:

– Terrain (Four dimensions)
– Weather
• Describe the battlefield’s effects on threat /
friendly capabilities and broad courses of
action.

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 Describe The Battlefield Effects
(Terrain Analysis)

• Military aspects of terrain (OCOKA)

• Lines of communications (roads, rail,
waterways, internet cafes)
• Cross-country movement overlay
(combatants and non-combatants)
• Population centers

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 Terrain Analysis
for Dummies

• Observation and fields of fire (see and kill

from where?)
• Cover and concealment (visual and physical
protection)
• Obstacles (existing and reinforcing)
• Key terrain (mission accomplishment)
• Avenues of approach (to/from an objective)

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 Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• Classify terrain as it pertains to maneuverability into one
of three categories:
– UNRESTRICTED Free of any restriction to movement.
Units maneuver at doctrinal speeds/distances. Nothing
needs to be done to enhance mobility.
– RESTRICTED Terrain hinders movement. Units must
adjust doctrinal distances or speeds. Some effort
required to enhance mobility .
– SEVERELY RESTRICTED Terrain severely hinders
movement. Units cannot travel at doctrinal distances
and speeds.

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 Terrain Analysis - Civil
Considerations

• Areas – by OBJ
• Structures – Infrastructural, Governmental or
Religious
• Capabilities – Governance, Security, Medical,
Essential Services
• Organizations – Political and Non-Governmental
Organizations
• People - Demographics
• Events – Key historical events

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 Terrain Assessment

• Terrain favors the …

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 Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)

• MILITARY ASPECTS OF WEATHER

(FM 34-81-1)
– Visibility
– Winds
– Precipitation
– Cloud Cover
– Temperature and Humidity
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 Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• VISIBILITY
– Light data (BMNT, EENT, Sunrise, Sunset,
Moon Phases)
– Laser range finding
– Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability
• WINDS
– Smoke / Chemical dispersion
– Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
– Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
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 Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• PRECIPITATION
– Degrades mobility
– Limits visibility
– Degrades weapons effectiveness
– Affects troop morale
• CLOUD COVER
– Heavy cloud cover limits illumination and solar heating of
targets
– Degrades many target acquisition systems
– Ceiling affects aviation operations

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 Describe the Battlefield Effects
(Military Aspects of Terrain)

• TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY

– Extreme temperature reduces personnel
effectiveness
– Low temperature degrades ballistics of weapons
– Temperature can affect vehicle performance
– High humidity decreases stamina of foot soldier

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 Weather Analysis

• Weather favors the …

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 The IPB Process

4 1

Determine Define The

Threat Battlefield
COAs Environment

Evaluate Describe The

The Battlefield
Threat Effects

3 2
Continuous Systematic
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 Evaluate The Threat

• Do not underestimate the threat!

• Doctrinal Template
• Description Of Tactics And Options
• Identify High Value Target
• Identify Threat Capabilities by War
Fighting Function
– Equipment
– Capabilities
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 WFF Capabilities
(Equipment and Capabilities)
• Examples of these types of capabilities are--
– Use of CBRN weapons.
– Use of supporting air assets.
– Intelligence collection.
– Electronic Warfare.
– Engineering operations.
– Air assault or airborne operations.
– Amphibious assaults.
– Psychological operations (PSYOP).
– Deception operations.
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 Doctrinal Template
• Illustrate the deployment pattern and disposition
preferred by the threat's normal tactics when not
constrained by the effects of the battlefield
environment.
• Usually scaled graphic depictions of threat
dispositions for a particular type of standard
operation, such as a
– battalion movement to contact
– an insurgent ambush
– terrorist kidnapping

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 DOCTEMP

I I

Kill Zone

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 Description Of Tactics And
Options
• Operations of the major units or elements
portrayed on the template
• Activities of the different War Fighting
Functions.
• Listing or description of options available to
the threat should the operation fail
(branches), or subsequent operations if it
succeeds (sequels).
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 Identify HVTs

• HVTs are assets the enemy commander

requires to accomplish his mission.

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 The IPB Process

4 1

Determine Define The

Threat Battlefield
COAs Environment

Evaluate Describe The

The Battlefield
Threat Effects

3 2
Continuous Systematic
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 Determine Threat COAs

• Identify likely objectives and desired end state.

• Identify all COAs available.

• Develop COAs.

• Evaluate and prioritize COAs.

• Identify initial collection requirements.

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 I I
I Enemy SOP
Kill Zone (DOCTEMP)

Environment
(Terrain Weather)

I I
I Enemy COA
Kill Zone
(SITEMP)
down two levels
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 Identify Enemy's Likely
Objectives/Desired End State.

• What does the enemy seek to do to us?

• How does the enemy define success?

• How can we deny him success?

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 Identify Full Set of COAs
Available to the Threat.
• Develop as many potential COAs as time allows.
• Criteria for each COA
– suitability
– feasibility
– acceptability
– uniqueness
– consistency with doctrine.
• Situation templates are graphic depictions of
expected threat dispositions should he adopt a
particular COA
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 Develop Each COA in the
Amount of Detail Time Allows.
• WHAT
• WHEN
• WHERE
• HOW
• WHY

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 Enabling Learning Objective #2

• ACTION: Identify the 8 Critical Variables of the

OE.
• CONDTION: Given TRISA COE TTT TSP AUG
2007 TSP 159-D-0002 (FM 7-100) and FM 3-0
• STANDARD: The student will correctly identify
the role of intelligence personnel and leaders in
preparing soldiers to act in any operational
environment as well as identify the challenges
posed by the variables of the Contemporary
Operational Environment

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 COE Defined
•Operational environments are a composite of the conditions,
circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (FM
3-0).

•Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) is the

synergistic combination of all the critical variables and actors
that create the conditions, circumstances, and influences that can
affect military operations today and in the near- and mid-term
(FM 7-100). 

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Doctrinal “Cultural Awareness”

“Who cares?”
aka The Ugly American
They aren’t Americans
They all look alike
We’ll be gone in a few months
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