lysis Questions

Explain how mitosis leads to two daughter cells, each of which is diploid and genetically
entical to the original cell. What activities are going on in the cell during interphase?
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How does mitosis differ in plant and animal cells? How does plant mitosis accommodate a
rigid, inflexible cell wall?
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. What is the role of the centrosome (the area surrounding the centrioles)? Is it necessary for
mitosis? Defend your answer.
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Procedure
It is hard to imagine that you can estimate how much time a cell spends in each phase of cell
division from a slide of dead cells, yet this is precisely what you will do in this part of the lab.
Since you are working with a prepared slide, you cannot get any information about how long
it takes a cell to divide. What you can determine is how many cells are in each phase. From
this, you can infer the percentage of time each cell spends in each phase.
1. Observe every cell in one high-power field of view and determine which phase of the
cell cycle it is in, This is best done in pairs. The partner observing the slide calls out the
phase of each cell while the other partner records. Then switch so the recorder becomes the
observer and vice versa. Count at least two full fields of view. If you have not counted at
least 200 cells, then count a third field of view.
2. Record your data in Table 3.1.

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.••• [lkilse II. Place the chromosomes at opposite sides of the dividing cell. At this time a
_i"'IIi>- •.,. envelope forms and, in our simulation, the cytoplasm divides.

(a)
1 1 1 1

(b)

• ..,'5is and Investigation

three major differences between the events of mitosis and meiosis.

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are mitosis and meiosis with respect to each of the following in Table 3.2:

Mitosis Meiosis
me Number of Parent Cells

of DNA Replications
4
1
of Daughter Cells Produced

CII_osome Number of Daughter Cells

3. How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?
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EXERCISE 38.2: Crossing Over during Meiosis'in Sordaria
Sordaria fimicola is an ascomycete fungus that can be used to demonstrate the results of
crossing over during meiosis. Sordaria is a haploid organism for most of its life cycle. It
becomes diploid only when the fusion of the mycelia (filamentlike groups of cells) of two
different strains results in the fusion of the two different types of haploid nuclei to form a
diploid nucleus. The diploid nucleus must then undergo meiosis to resume its haploid state.
Meiosis, followed by one mitotic division, in Sordaria results in the formation of eight
haploid ascospores contained within a sac called an ascus (plural, asci). Many asci are
contained within a fruiting body called a perithecium (ascocarp). When ascospores are mature
the ascus ruptures, releasing the ascospores. Each ascospore can develop into a new haploid
fungus. The life cycle of Sordaria fimicola is shown in Figure 3.13.
Analysis of Results
1. Using your data in Table 3.3, determine the distance between the gene for spore color and
the centromere. Calculate the percentage of crossove!:!:'by dividing the number of crossover
asci (2:2:2:2 or 2:4:2) by the total number of asci X 100. To calculate the map distance,
divide the percentage of crossover asci by 2. The percentage of crossover asci is divided
by 2 because only half of the spores in each ascus are the result of a crossover event
(Figure 3.15). Record your results in Table 3.3.

2. Draw a pair of chromosomes in MI and Mil and show how you would get a 2:4:2
arrangement of ascospores by crossing over. (Hint: refer to Figure 3.15).
 • .:.11: :

3. Calculate the percentage of cells in each phase, and record in Table 3.1.

Consider that it takes, on average, 24 hours (or 1,440 minutes) for onion root tip cells to
complete the cell cycle. You can calculate the amount of time spent in each phase of the cell
cycle from the percentage of cells in that stage.

Percentage of cells in stage x 1,440 minutes = minutes of cell cycle spent in stage

Table 3.1

Number of Cells Percent of Total Time in

SCA.M?\e.. \" \ Me.. Cells Counted Each Stage
; V1. E CAe:. '" c.. e.\.\ Field l. Field 2 Field 3 Total

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~\V) Interphase
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!.:..6.....yV\;Y\ Metaphase
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Telophase
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Questions
1. If your observations had not been restricted to the area of the root tip that is actively
dividing, how would your results have been different?
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2. Based on the data in Table 3.1, what can you infer about the relative length of time an onion
root tip cell spends in each stage of cell division?
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