.

Loops are resolved by Alias Table.

-
SQL> select abs(2343) from dual;

ABS(2343)
----------
2343

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select abs(-2343) from dual

SQL> /

ABS(-2343)
----------
2343

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select sign(324) from dual

SQL> /

SIGN(324)
----------
1

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select sign(-324) from dual

SQL> /

SIGN(-324)
----------
-1

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* select sign(-0) from dual
SQL> /

SIGN(-0)
----------
0

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select sqrt(4) from dual

SQL> /

SQRT(4)
----------
2

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select mod(4,2) from dual

SQL> /

MOD(4,2)
----------
0

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select power(4,2) from dual

SQL> /

POWER(4,2)
----------
16
 STRING
SQL> select upper('rajesh') from dual;

UPPER(
------
RAJESH

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select lower('rajesh') from dual

SQL> /

LOWER(
------
rajesh

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select initcap('rajesh') from dual

SQL> /
INITCA
------
Rajesh

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select length('rajesh') from dual

SQL> /

LENGTH('RAJESH')
----------------
6

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select reverse('rajesh') from dual

SQL> /

REVERS
------
hsejar

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select concat('rajesh','polasu') from dual

SQL> /

CONCAT('RAJE
------------
rajeshpolasu

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select 'rajesh'||'
2* skker' from dual
SQL> /
'RAJESH'||'S
------------
rajesh
skker

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select 'rajesh'||'skker' from dual

SQL> /

'RAJESH'||'
-----------
rajeshskker

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select replace('rajareddy','a','$') from dual

SQL> /

REPLACE('
---------
r$j$reddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select replace('rajareddy','a','$$') from dual

SQL> /

REPLACE('RA
-----------
r$$j$$reddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* select replace('rajareddy','aj','$$') from dual
SQL> /

REPLACE('
---------
r$$areddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select translate('rajareddy','aj','$$') from dual

SQL> /

TRANSLATE
---------
r$$$reddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select translate('rajareddy','aj','a') from dual

SQL> /

TRANSLAT
--------
raareddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select translate('rajareddy','aj','ar') from dual

SQL> /

TRANSLATE
---------
rarareddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* select replace('rajareddy','aj','ar') from dual
SQL> /

REPLACE('
---------
rarareddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select substr('rajareddy',5) from dual

SQL> /

SUBST
-----
reddy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select substr('rajareddy',5,2) from dual

SQL> /

SU
--
re

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select instr('rajareddy','a',1,1) from dual

SQL> /

INSTR('RAJAREDDY','A',1,1)
--------------------------
2

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* select instr('rajareddy','a',1,2) from dual
SQL> /

INSTR('RAJAREDDY','A',1,2)
--------------------------
4

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select instr('rajareddy','a',3,2) from dual

SQL> /

INSTR('RAJAREDDY','A',3,2)
--------------------------
0

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select instr('rajareddy','a',3,1) from dual

SQL> /

INSTR('RAJAREDDY','A',3,1)
--------------------------
4

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select lpad('sai',10,'$') from dual

SQL> /

LPAD('SAI'
----------
$$$$$$$sai

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* select rpad('sai',10,'$') from dual
SQL> /

RPAD('SAI'
----------
sai$$$$$$$

SQL> select length(' rajesh') from dual;

LENGTH('RAJESH')
----------------
7

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select length(trim(' rajesh')) from dual

SQL> /

LENGTH(TRIM('RAJESH'))
----------------------
6

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select length(ltrim(' rajesh')) from dual

SQL> /

LENGTH(LTRIM('RAJESH'))
-----------------------
6

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select length(rtrim(' rajesh')) from dual

SQL> /

LENGTH(RTRIM('RAJESH'))
-----------------------
7

SQL>

GROUP FUNCTIONS

SQL> select sum(sal) from emp;

SUM(SAL)
----------
29025

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select min(sal) from emp

SQL> /

MIN(SAL)
----------
800

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select max(sal) from emp

SQL> /

MAX(SAL)
----------
5000
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select count(sal) from emp

SQL> /

COUNT(SAL)
----------
14

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select avg(sal) from emp

SQL> /

AVG(SAL)
----------
2073.21429

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select count(*) from emp

SQL> /

COUNT(*)
----------
14

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select count(empno) from emp

SQL> /

COUNT(EMPNO)
------------
14
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select count(comm) from emp

SQL> /

COUNT(COMM)
-----------
4

SQL>
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* select sum(comm) from emp

SQL> /

SUM(COMM)
----------
2200

SQL>

DATE
SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM EMP;

SYSDATE
---------
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07
12-JAN-07

14 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

SYSDATE
---------
12-JAN-07

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* SELECT SYSDATE + 1 FROM DUAL

SQL> /

SYSDATE+1
---------
13-JAN-07

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* SELECT SYSDATE + 1 FROM DUAL

SQL> SELEECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,10) FROM DUAL;
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "SELEECT AD..." - rest of line ignor
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* SELECT SYSDATE + 1 FROM DUAL

SQL> SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,10) FROM DUAL;

ADD_MONTH
---------
12-NOV-07

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
 1* SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,-10) FROM DUAL
SQL> /

ADD_MONTH
---------
12-MAR-06

SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE) FROM EMP;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)
--------------------------------
312.855646
310.758871
310.694355
309.339517
303.500807
308.371775
307.11371
236.791129
301.855646
304.145968
235.662097
301.307258
301.307258
299.662097

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM EMP

SQL> /

LAST_DAY(
---------
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07
31-JAN-07

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1* SELECT LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) FROM EMP

SQL> /

LAST_DAY(
---------
31-DEC-80
28-FEB-81
28-FEB-81
30-APR-81
30-SEP-81
31-MAY-81
30-JUN-81
30-APR-87
30-NOV-81
30-SEP-81
31-MAY-87
31-DEC-81
31-DEC-81
31-JAN-82

14 rows selected.

1* SELECT NEXT_DAY(HIREDATE,'MONDAY') FROM EMP

SQL> /

NEXT_DAY(
---------
22-DEC-80
23-FEB-81
23-FEB-81
06-APR-81
05-OCT-81
04-MAY-81
15-JUN-81
20-APR-87
23-NOV-81
14-SEP-81
25-MAY-87
07-DEC-81
07-DEC-81
25-JAN-82

14 rows selected.