NAVGUJARATCOLLEGE OF COMPUTER

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Subject:Advance visual and windows programming(BCA-205)

PRESENTATION ON
VISUAL BASIC .NET

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.NET Defined

Before getting deeply into the subject we will first know how
Businesses are related to Internet, what .NET means to them
and what exactly .NET is built upon. As per the product
documentation from a Business perspective, there are three
phases of the Internet. The First phase gets back to the early
1990's when Internet first came into general use and which
brought a big revolution for Businesses. In the First phase of
the Internet Businesses designed and launched their Website's
and focused on the number of hits to know how many
customers were visiting their site and interested in their
products, etc. The Second phase is what we are in right now
and in this phase Businesses are generating revenue through
Online Transactions. We are now moving into the Third phase
of the Internet where profit is the main priority. The focus
here is to Businesses effectively communicate with their
customers and partners who are geographically isolated,
participate in Digital Economy and deliver a wide range of
services. How can that be possible? The answer, with .NET.

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What is .NET ?

Many people reckon that it's Microsoft's way of

controlling the Internet, which is false. .NET is
Microsoft's strategy of software that provides services
to people any time, any place, on any device. An
accurate definition of .NET is, it's an XML Web
Services platform which allows us to build rich .NET
applications, which allows users to interact with the
Internet using wide range of smart devices (tablet
devices, pocket PC's, web phones etc), which allows
to build and integrate Web Services and which
comes with many rich set of tools like Visual Studio to
fully develop and build those applications.

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What are Web Services?

Web Services are the applications that run on a Web

Server and communicate with other applications. It
uses a series of protocols to respond to different
requests. The protocols on which Web Services are
built are listed below:
 UDDI: Stands for Universal Discovery and
Description Integration
 WSDL: Stands for Web Services Description
Language
 SOAP: Stands for Simple Object Access Protocol
 XML, HTTP and SMTP
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EDITIONS OF VB .NET
 Academic Edition
 Professional Edition
 Enterprise Developer Edition
 Enterprise Architect Edition

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Types Of Projects
 Windows Applications
 Class Libraries
 Windows Control Libraries
 Smart Device Applications
 Asp .Net Web Applications
 Asp .Net Web Services
 Asp .Net Mobile Web Application
 Web Control Library
 Consol Application
 Windows Services
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TYPES OF FILES AND THEIR
EXTENSIONS
 .Suo
Solution User Option File
 .Vb Any File From Following
 A Basic Window Form
 A Code File
 A Module File For Storing Functions
 A User Control
 As Data Form
 A Custom Control
 An Inherited Form
 A Web Custom Control
 An Inherited User Control
 A Window Services
 An Assembly Info File

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 .Xsd An Xml Schema Provided To Create Datasets
 .Htm An Html Document
 .Txt A Text File
 .Xslt An Xslt Stylesheet File
 .Css Cascaded Stylesheet
 .Rpt Crystal Report
 .Bmp Bitmap File
 .Js Jscript File
 .Vbs Vbscript File
 .Wsf Windows Scripting File
 .Aspx A Web Form
 .Asp An Active Server Page

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 .Asmx Web Service Class
 .Vsdisco A Dynamic Discovery Project
 .Web A We Configuration File
 .Asax A Global Application Class
 .Rex A Resource File To Store Resource
Information
 .Sln Solution File
 .Vbproj Vb Project File
 .Vbproj.User Vb Project User Option File

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VB .NET IDE
 Start Page
 Menu Bar
 Toolbars
 New Project Dilogbox
 Object Browser
 The Toolbox
 The Solution Explorer
 Class View Window
 Property Window
 Dynamic Help Window
 Component Tray
 The Server Explorer
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 The Output Window
 The Task List
 The Command Window
 Graphical Designers
 Form Designers
 Web Form Designers
 Component Designer
 Xml Designeres
 Code Designers
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MODES OF VB .NET
 Design Time Mode
 Runtime Mode
 Break Time Mode

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VB Language

Visual Basic, the name makes me feel that it is something special.

In the History of Computing world no other product sold more
copies than Visual Basic did. Such is the importance of that
language which clearly states how widely it is used for
developing applications. Visual Basic is very popular for it's
friendly working (graphical) environment. Visual Basic. NET is
an extension of Visual Basic programming language with many
new features in it. The changes from VB to VB .NET are huge,
ranging from the change in syntax of the language to the types
of projects we can create now and the way we design
applications. Visual Basic .NET was designed to take advantage
of the .NET Framework base classes and runtime environment.
It comes with power packed features that simplify application
development.

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Namespaces

A namespace is a collection of different classes.

All VB applications are developed using
classes from the .NET System namespace.
The namespace with all the built-in VB
functionality is the System namespace. All
other namespaces are based on this System
namespace

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Some Namespaces and their use:

 System: Includes essential classes and base classes for

commonly used data types, events, exceptions and so on

 System. Collections: Includes classes and interfaces that

define various collection of objects such as list, queues,
hash tables, arrays, etc

 System. Data: Includes classes which lets us handle data from

data sources

 System.Data.OleDb: Includes classes that support the

OLEDB .NET provider

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 System. Drawing: Provides access to drawing
methods

 System.IO: Includes classes for data access with

Files

 System. Threading: Includes classes and interfaces

to support multithreaded
 System. Web: Includes classes and interfaces that
support browser-server
 System.Windows.Forms: Includes classes for
creating Windows based forms

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Assemblies
• An assembly is the building block of a .NET
application.
• It is a self describing collection of code,
resources, and metadata (data about data,
example, name, size, version of a file is
metadata about that file).
• An Assembly is a complied and versioned
collection of code and metadata that forms an
atomic functional unit.

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• Assemblies take the form of a dynamic link
library (.dll) file or executable program file
(.exe)
• Assemblies are made of two parts: manifest,
contains information about what is contained
within the assembly and modules internal files
of IL code which are ready to run
 The assembly file is visible in the Solution
Explorer window of the project.

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DataTypes
Data Type Size in Bytes
Byte 1 8-bit System.Byte
Char 2 16-bit System.Char
Integer 4 32-bit System.Int32
Double 8 64-bit System.Double
Long 8 64-bit System.Int64
Short 2 16-bit System.Int16

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Contd..
Single 4 32-bit System.Single
String Varies Non-Numeric System.String
Date 8 System.Date
Boolean 2 Non-Numeric System.Boolean
Object 4 Non-Numeric System.Object
Decimal 16 128-bit System.Decimal

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Access Specifiers

1. Public: Gives variable public access which

means that there is no restriction on their
accessibility

 Private: Gives variable private access which

means that they are accessible only within
their declaration content
 Protected: Protected access gives a variable
accessibility within their own class or a class
derived from that class

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 Friend: Gives variable friend access which means that they are
accessible within the program that contains their declaration

 Protected Friend: Gives a variable both protected and friend

access

 Static: Makes a variable static which means that the variable will
hold the value even the procedure in which they are declared
ends

 Shared: Declares a variable that can be shared across many

instances and which is not associated with a specific instance of
a class or structure

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Variables
Variables are used to store data. A variable has
a name to which we refer and the data type,
the type of data the variable holds. VB .NET
now needs variables to be declared before
using them. Variables are declared with the
Dim keyword.
Dim stands for Dimension.

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Example of variable
 Dim a,b,c as Integer
'declaring three variables of type integer
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
Write("Sum of a and b is" & c)
End Sub

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Statements

A statement is a complete instruction.

It can contain keywords, operators, variables, literals, expressions
and constants.
Each statement in Visual Basic should be either a declaration
statement or a executable statement.
A declaration statement is a statement that can create a variable,
constant, data type.
They are the one's we generally use to declare our variables.
On the other hand, executable statements are the statements that
perform an action.
They execute a series of statements.
They can execute a function, method, loop, etc.

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Option Statement
 The Option statement is used to set a number
of options for the code to prevent syntax and
logical errors. This statement is normally the
first line of the code. The Option values in
Visual Basic are as follows.
 Option Compare: You can set it's value to
Text or Binary. This specifies if the strings are
compared using binary or text comparison
operators.

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Contd…
 Option Explicit: Default is On. You can set it
to Off as well. This requires to declare all the
variables before they are used.
 Option Strict: Default is Off. You can set it to
On as well. Used normally when working with
conversions in code. If you want to assign a
value of one type to another then you should
set it to On and use the conversion functions
else Visual Basic will consider that as an
error.
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Explicit Conversions
When types cannot be implicitly converted you should convert them explicitly. This
conversion is also called as cast. Explicit conversions are accomplished using
CType function.
CType function for conversion
If we are not sure of the name of a particular conversion function then we can use
the CType function. The above example with a CType function looks like this:
Imports System.Console
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim d As Double
d = 132.31223
Dim i As Integer
i = CType(d, i)
'two arguments, type we are converting from, to type desired
WriteLine("Integer value is" & i)
End Sub
End Module

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Explicit Conversions
 CBool - use this function to convert to Bool data type
 CByte - use this function to convert to Byte data type
 CChar - use this function to convert to Char data type
 CDate - use this function to convert to Date type
 CDbl - use this function to convert to Double data type
 CDec - use this function to convert to Decimal data type
 CInt - use this function to convert to Integer data type
 CLng - use this function to convert to Long data type
 CObj - use this function to convert to Object type
 CShort - use this function to convert to Short data type
 CSng - use this function to convert to Single data type
 CString - use this function to convert to String data type

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 Operators
Visual Basic comes with many built-in operators that
allow us to manipulate data. An operator performs a
function on one or more operands. For example, we
add two variables with the "+" addition operator and
store the result in a third variable with the "="
assignment operator like this: int x + int y = int z. The
two variables (x ,y) are called operands. There are
different types of operators in Visual Basic and they
are described below in the order of their precedence

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Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations
that involve calculation of numeric values. The table below
summarizes them:
 Operator Use
 ^ Exponentiation
 - Negation (used to reverse the sign of the given value, exp
-intValue)
 * Multiplication
 / Division
 \ Integer Division
 Mod Modulus Arithmetic
 + Addition
 - Subtraction

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Concatenation Operators
Concatenation operators join multiple strings
into a single string. There are two
concatenation operators, + and & as
summarized below:
Operator Use
+ String Concatenation
& String Concatenation

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Comparison Operators
 A comparison operator compares operands and
returns a logical value based on whether the
comparison is true or not. The table below
summarizes them:
 Operator Use
 = Equality
 <> Inequality
 < Less than
 > Greater than
 >= Greater than or equal to
 <= Less than or equal to

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Logical / Bitwise Operators
 The logical operators compare Boolean expressions
and return a Boolean result. In short, logical
operators are expressions which return a true or false
result over a conditional expression. The table below
summarizes them:
 Operator Use
 Not Negation
 AndConjunction
 AndAlso Conjunction
 Or Disjunction
 OrElse Disjunction
 Xor Disjunction

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Arrays
Arrays are programming constructs that store data and allow us to
access them by numeric index or subscript. Arrays helps us
create shorter and simpler code in many situations. Arrays in
Visual Basic .NET inherit from the Array class in the System
namespace. All arrays in VB as zero based, meaning, the index
of the first element is zero and they are numbered sequentially.
You must specify the number of array elements by indicating the
upper bound of the array. The upper bound is the numder that
specifies the index of the last element of the array. Arrays are
declared using Dim, ReDim, Static, Private, Public and
Protected keywords. An array can have one dimension (liinear
arrays) or more than one (multidimensional arrays). The
dimensionality of an array refers to the number of subscripts
used to identify an individual element. In Visual Basic we can
specify up to 32 dimensions. Arrays do not have fixed size in
Visual Basic.
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The following code demonstrates
arrays.
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim sport(5) As String
'declaring an array
sport(0) = "Soccer"
sport(1) = "Cricket"
sport(2) = "Rugby"
sport(3) = "Aussie Rules"
sport(4) = "BasketBall"
sport(5) = "Hockey"
'storing values in the array
WriteLine("Name of the Sport in the third location" & " " & sport(2))
'displaying value from array
End Sub
End Module

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Array Declaration
To declare a single-dimensional array variable
In your declaration, add one pair of parentheses after the
variable name, as in the following example:
Dim MySingleArray() As Integer
To declare a multidimensional array variable
In your declaration, add one pair of parentheses after the
variable name and place commas inside the parentheses to
separate the dimensions, as in the following example:
Dim My4DArray(,,,) As Short ' Four-dimensional array.
To declare a jagged array variable
In your declaration, add as many pairs of parentheses after the
variable name as there are levels of nested arrays, as in the
following example:
Dim MyJaggedArray()()() As Byte ' Array of arrays of Byte
arrays.

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Initializing Arrays

 Specify the initial length of one or more of the

dimensions in the parentheses following the variable
name, without assigning an array object to the
variable.
 Assign an array object to the variable, using the New
clause. When you use a New clause, you must follow
it with braces ({}), even if they are empty.
 Assign an array object to the variable and supply
initial lengths in the New clause.
 Assign an array object to the variable and supply
initial element values in the New clause. You can
supply both lengths and values in the same New
clause.

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Examples of initialize array
 Dim A(2) As Byte ' Currently contains Nothing (no object).
 Dim A(2) As Byte = New Byte() ' INVALID (New after length
specified).
 Dim A() As Byte = New Byte() {} ' Empty Byte array object.
 Dim A() As Byte = New Byte() ' INVALID (missing braces).
 Dim A() As Byte = New Byte(2) ' INVALID (missing braces).
 Dim A() As Byte = New Byte() {0,1,2} ' (0) through (2).
 Dim BA() As Byte = New Byte(2) {0,1,2} ' (0) through (2).

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Resizing Arrays

 You can resize an array at any time by assigning a different

array object to the same array variable, using either ReDim .
The new array object can have different dimensions, although it
must retain the same rank. For example, you can use a large
array for a short time and then ReDim it to a smaller size. This
frees up memory you no longer need.
 When you ReDim an array, its existing values are normally lost.
However, you can retain them by including the Preserve
keyword in the ReDim statement. For example, the following
statement allocates a new array,
ReDim Preserve MyArray(10, 20)
In a multidimensional array, you can change only the last
dimension when you use Preserve. If you attempt to change
any of the other dimensions, a run-time error occurs. If you do
not know the current size of a dimension, you can use the
GetUpperBound method, which returns the highest subscript
value for the dimension you specify.
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CONTROL STATEMENTS
 IF condition THEN
ELSEIF condition THEN
ELSE
END IF
 SELECT CASE expr
CASE exprlst1
CASE exprlst2
….
….
CASE exprlstN
END SELECT
 SWITCH(expr-1,value-1,expr-2, value-2,..expr-N, value-N)
 CHOOSE(index,chice-1, chice-2, chice-3…. chice-N)
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LOOPING CONSTUCTS
 DO while/until condition
Stmt
Exit do
LOOP
 for index=start to end step
Statements
Exit for
NEXT
 WHILE condition
Statements
WEND
 WITH object
Statements
END WITH

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Menus,Sub Procedures,Sub Functions

 Writing General Procedures

 Creating Menus and Menu Items
 Creating ContextMenus
 Displaying Common Dialog Boxes

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Sub procedures
 A Sub procedure is a series of Visual Basic
statements enclosed by the Sub and End Sub
statements. Each time the procedure is called, its
statements are executed, starting with the first
executable statement after the Sub statement and
ending with the first End Sub, Exit Sub, or Return
statement encountered.
 A Sub procedure performs actions but does not
return a value. It can take arguments, such as
constants, variables, or expressions, that are passed
to it by the calling code.

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Contd…
The syntax for declaring a Sub procedure is as follows:
 [accessibility] Sub subname[(argumentlist)]
' Statements of the Sub procedure go here.
End Sub
The accessibility can be Public, Protected, Friend,
Protected Friend, or Private.
 You can define Sub procedures in modules, classes,
and structures. They are Public by default, which
means you can call them from anywhere in your
application.

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Argument Declaration

 You declare each argument for a procedure the same

way you declare a variable, specifying the argument
name and data type. You can also specify the
passing mechanism, and whether the argument is
optional.
The syntax for each argument in the argument list is as
follows:
[Optional] [ByVal|ByRef] [ParamArray] argumentname
As datatype
 If the argument is optional, you must also supply a
default value in its declaration, as follows:
Optional [ByVal|ByRef] argumentname As datatype =
defaultvalue

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Calling Syntax

 You invoke a Sub procedure explicitly with a stand-

alone calling statement. You cannot call it by using its
name within an expression.
 The calling statement must provide values for all
arguments that are not optional, and it must enclose
the argument list in parentheses.
 If no arguments are supplied, you can optionally omit
the parentheses.
 The use of the Call keyword is optional also.
 The syntax for a call to a Sub procedure is as
follows:
 [Call] subname[(argumentlist)]
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Example of sub
Sub sumofnos(ByVal a as intege,b as integer)
Dim c as integer
C= a+b
MessageBox.Show(“sum of" & a & " and " & b &
“is “ &c)
End Sub
Call this procedure as
Call sumofnos(10,20)

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 Visual Basic program building blocks

 Visual Basic code is stored in project modules.

Projects are composed of files, which are compiled
into applications. When you start a project and open
the code editor, you see some code already in place
and in the correct order. Any code that you write
should follow this sequence:
 Option statements
 Imports statements
 The Main procedure
 Class, Module, and Namespace, if applicable,
statements
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Function Procedures

 A Function procedure is a series of Visual Basic

statements enclosed by the Function and End
Function statements. Each time the procedure is
called, its statements are executed, starting with the
first executable statement after the Function
statement and ending with the first End Function,
Exit Function, or Return statement encountered.
 A Function procedure is similar to a Sub procedure,
but it also returns a value to the calling program. A
Function procedure can take arguments passed to it
by the calling code, such as constants, variables, or
expressions.

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Contd…
 The syntax for declaring a Function
procedure is as follows:

[accessibility] Function
functionname[(argumentlist)] As datatype
' Statements of the Function procedure.
End Function

The accessibility can be Public, Protected,

Friend, Protected Friend, or Private.
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example
New Return statement
 Can still set function name to value
 Better to use the Return statement

Private Function CalculateSum( _

ByVal intNum1 As Integer, _
ByVal intNum2 As Integer) As Integer
Return intNum1 + intNum2
End Function
Calling the function
C=calculatesum(10,20)
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Menus
 Create a menu by
adding a MainMenu
control to the
component tray
 Great new Menu
Designer replaces the
Menu Editor

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Menus
 For Context menus, add a ContextMenu
control
 A ContextMenu uses the same Menu
Designer as a MainMenu
 Attach a context menu by setting the
ContextMenu property of a control or the form

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Messagebox Function
1. MessageBox.Show(Arguments)
Several choices for argument list
Introduces concept of Overloaded functions
Multiple signatures to choose from
MessageBox.Show(TextMessage)
MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText)
MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText, _
MessageBoxButtons)
MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText, _
MessageBoxButtons, MessageBoxIcon)

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Messagebox Function
 MessageBox Icons and buttons
 Enumeration of constants

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Button Control
 One of the most popular control in Visual
Basic is the Button Control (previously
Command Control). They are the controls
which we click and release to perform some
action. Buttons are used mostly for handling
events in code, say, for sending data entered
in the form to the database and so on. The
default event of the Button is the Click event
and the Button class is based on the
ButtonBase class which is based on the
Control class.
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Button Event
 The default event of the Button is the Click
event. When a Button is clicked it responds
with the Click Event. The Click event of
Button looks like this in code:
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
'You place the code here to perform action
when Button is clicked
End Sub
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Important Properties of Button1
 Appearance
 BackColor and Background Image properties we can set a
background color and a background image to the button.
 We set the font color and font style for the text that appears on
button with ForeColor and the Font property.
 We change the appearance style of the button with the FlatStyle
property.
 We can change the text that appears on button with the Text
property
 with the TextAlign property we can set where on the button the
text should appear from a predefined set of options.

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 Behavior
 Notable Behavior properties of the Button are the
Enabled and Visible properties.
 The Enabled property is set to True by default which
makes the button enabled and setting it's property to
False makes the button Disabled.
 With the Visible property we can make the Button
Visible or Invisible. The default value is set to True
and to make the button Invisible set it's property to
False.

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 Layout
 Layout properties are about the look of the Button. Note the
Dock property here.
 A control can be docked to one edge of its parent container or
can be docked to all edges and fill the parent container. The
default value is set to none. If you want to dock the control
towards the left, right, top, bottom and center you can do that by
selecting from the button like image this property displays.
 With the Location property you can change the location of the
button.
 With the Size property you can set the size of the button. Apart
from the Dock property you can set it's size and location by
moving and stretching the Button on the form itself.

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Creating a Button in Code
 Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object,
ByVal e_
As System.EventArgs) Handles_ MyBase.Load
Dim Button1 as New Button()
'declaring the button, Button1
Button1.Text="Creating a Button"
'setting the text to be displayed on the Button
Button1.Location=New Point(100,50)
'setting the location for the Button where it should be created
Button1.Size=New Size(75,23)
'setting the size of the Button
Me.Controls.Add(Button1)
'adding the Button that is created to the form
'the Me keyword is used to refer to the current object, in this
case the Form
End Sub
End Class
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Label
 Labels are those controls that are used to
display text in other parts of the application.
They are based on the Control class.
 Notable property of the label control is the
text property which is used to set the text for
the label.

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Creating a Label in Code
 Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs)_
Handles MyBase.Load Dim Label1 As New
Label()
Label1.Text = "Label"
Label1.Location = New Point(135, 70)
Label1.Size = New Size(30, 30)
Me.Controls.Add(Label1)
End Sub
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TextBox Control
 Windows users should be familiar with textboxes.
This control looks like a box and accepts input from
the user.
 The TextBox is based on the TextBoxBase class
which is based on the Control class. TextBoxes are
used to accept input from the user or used to display
text.
 By default we can enter up to 2048 characters in a
TextBox but if the Multiline property is set to True we
can enter up to 32KB of text. The image below
displays a Textbox

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Some Notable Properties:
 Behavior
 Enabled: Default value is True. To disable, set the
property to False.
 Multiline: Setting this property to True makes the
TextBox multiline which allows to accept multiple
lines of text. Default value is False.
 PasswordChar: Used to set the password character.
The text displayed in the TextBox will be the
character set by the user. Say, if you enter *,  the text
that is entered in the TextBox is displayed as *.
ReadOnly: Makes this TextBox readonly. It doesn't
allow to enter any text.
 Visible: Default value is True. To hide it set the
property to False
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 Appearance section
 TextAlign: Allows to align the text from three
possible options. The default value is left and
you can set the alignment of text to right or
center.
 Scrollbars: Allows to add a scrollbar to a
Textbox. Very useful when the TextBox is
multiline. You have four options with this
property. Options are are None, Horizontal,
Vertical and Both. Depending on the size of
the TextBox anyone of those can be used.
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Code to Validate User Input

 We can make sure that a TextBox can accept only characters or

numbers which can restrict accidental operations. For example,
adding two numbers of the form 27+2J cannot return anything.
To avoid such kind of operations we use the KeyPress event of
the TextBox.
Code that allows you to enter only double digits in a TextBox
looks like this:
 Private Sub TextBox1_KeyPress(ByVal sender As Object,ByVal
e As_
System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs) Handles
TextBox1.KeyPress
If(e.KeyChar < "10" Or e.KeyChar > "100") Then
MessageBox.Show("Enter Double Digits")
End If
End Sub

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Creating a TextBox in Code
 Public Class Form1 Inherits
System.Windows.Forms.Form
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
Dim TextBox1 as New TextBox()
TextBox1.Text="Hello Mate"
TextBox1.Location=New Point(100,50)
TextBox1.Size=New Size(75,23)
Me.Controls.Add(TextBox1)
End Sub
End Class

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CheckBox
 CheckBoxes are those controls which gives us an
option to select, say, Yes/No or True/False. A
checkbox is clicked to select and clicked again to
deselect some option. When a checkbox is selected
a check (a tick mark) appears indicating a selection.
The CheckBox control is based on the TextBoxBase
class which is based on the Control class. Below is
the image of a Checkbox.

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Notable Properties
 Important properties of the CheckBox in the Appearance section
of the properties window are:
 Appearance: Default value is Normal. Set the value to Button if
you want the CheckBox to be displayed as a Button.
BackgroundImage: Used to set a background image for the
checkbox.
CheckAlign: Used to set the alignment for the CheckBox from a
predefined list.
Checked: Default value is False, set it to True if you want the
CheckBox to be displayed as checked.
CheckState: Default value is Unchecked. Set it to True if you
want a check to appear. When set to Indeterminate it displays a
check in gray background.
FlatStyle: Default value is Standard. Select the value from a
predefined list to set the style of the checkbox.

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CheckBox
 Important property in the Behavior section of
the properties window is the ThreeState
property which is set to False by default. Set
it to True to specify if the Checkbox can allow
three check states than two.

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CheckBox
 Code to check a CheckBox's state
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
If CheckBox1.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.Text = "Checked"
Else
TextBox1.Text = "UnChecked"
End If
End Sub
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CheckBox
 Creating a CheckBox in Code
 Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles_ MyBase.Load
Dim CheckBox1 As New CheckBox()
CheckBox1.Text = "Checkbox1"
CheckBox1.Location = New Point(100, 50)
CheckBox1.Size = New Size(95, 45)
Me.Controls.Add(CheckBox1)
End Sub
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ComboBox
 ComboBox is a combination of a TextBox and
a ListBox. The ComboBox displays an editing
field (TextBox) combined with a ListBox
allowing us to select from the list or to enter
new text. ComboBox displays data in a drop-
down style format. The ComboBox class is
derived from the ListBox class. Below is the
Image of a ComboBox.

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Notable properties of the ComboBox
 The DropDownStyle property in the Appearance section of the
properties window allows us to set the look of the ComboBox.
The default value is set to DropDown which means that the
ComboBox displays the Text set by it's Text property in the
Textbox and displays it's items in the DropDownListBox below.
Setting it to simple makes the ComboBox to be displayed with a
TextBox and the list box which doesn't drop down. Setting it to
DropDownList makes the ComboBox to make selection only
from the drop down list and restricts you from entering any text
in the textbox.
 We can sort the ComboBox with it's Sorted property which is set
to False by Default.
 We can add items to the ComboBox with it's Items property.

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 Removing items from a ComboBox
 You can remove all items or one particular
item from the list box part of the ComboxBox.
Code to remove a particular item by it's Index
number looks like this:
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
ComboBox1.Items.RemoveAt(4)
'removing an item by specifying it's index
End Sub
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 Code to remove all items from the ComboBox
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
ComboBox1.Items.Clear()
'using the clear method to clear the list box
End Sub

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ListBox
 The ListBox control displays a list of items
from which we can make a selection. We can
select one or more than one of the items from
the list. The ListBox control is based on the
ListControl class which is based on the
Control class. The image below displays a
ListBox.

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Notable Properties of the ListBox
In the Behavior Section
 HorizontalScrollbar: Displays a horizontal scrollbar to the
ListBox. Works when the ListBox has MultipleColumns.
MultiColumn: The default value is set to False. Set it to True if
you want the list box to display multiple columns.
ScrollAlwaysVisible: Default value is set to False. Setting it to
True will display both Vertical and Horizontal scrollbar always.
SelectionMode: Default value is set to one. Select option None if
you do not any item to be selected. Select it to MultiSimple if
you want multiple items to be selected. Setting it to
MultiExtended allows you to select multiple items with the help
of Shift, Control and arrow keys on the keyboard.
Sorted: Default value is set to False. Set it to True if you want
the items displayed in the ListBox to be sorted by alphabetical
order.

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 Counting the number of Items in a ListBox
 Add a Button to the form and place the following code in it's click
event. 
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e _
As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
TextBox1.Text = ListBox1.Items.Count
'counting the number of items in the ListBox with the Items.Count
End Sub When you run the code and click the Button it will display the
number of items available in the ListBox.
 Code to display the item selected from ListBox in a TextBox
 Private Sub ListBox1_SelectedIndexChanged(ByVal sender As
System.Object,_
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles
ListBox1.SelectedIndexChanged
TextBox1.Text = ListBox1.SelectedItem
'using the selected item property
End Sub When you run the code and click an item in the

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 Code to remove a particular item
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, ByVal e _
As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
ListBox1.Items.RemoveAt(4)
'removing an item by specifying it's index
End Sub Code to Remove all items
 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As
System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles
Button1.Click
ListBox1.Items.Clear()
'using the clear method to clear the list box
End Sub
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 Example

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Code to add and remove data
Private Sub Button5_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button5.Click

Dim STR As String

STR = InputBox("ENTER DATA")
ListBox1.Items.Add(STR)

End Sub
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub Button6_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button6.Click

ListBox1.Items.RemoveAt(ListBox1.SelectedIndex)

End Sub

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Code to Shift single selected item from
one listbox to another listbox
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal
e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

ListBox1.Items.Add(ListBox2.Items.Item(ListBox2.SelectedIndex))
ListBox2.Items.RemoveAt(ListBox2.SelectedIndex)
End Sub

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Code to shift multiple items

Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As

System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles
Button2.Click
Dim I As Integer

For Each I In ListBox2.SelectedIndices

ListBox1.Items.Add(ListBox2.Items(I.ToString))
ListBox1.Items.RemoveAt(I)
Next
End Sub

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Example-checkbox and option button

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Private Sub CheckBox1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles CheckBox1.Click, CheckBox2.Click, CheckBox3.Click
If flag = True Then
If CheckBox1.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.ForeColor = Color.Red
ElseIf CheckBox2.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.ForeColor = Color.Green
ElseIf CheckBox3.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.ForeColor = Color.Yellow
End If
Else
If CheckBox1.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.BackColor = Color.Red
ElseIf CheckBox2.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.BackColor = Color.Green
ElseIf CheckBox3.Checked = True Then
TextBox1.BackColor = Color.Yellow
End If
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88

End Sub
Example-Calculator

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Code for number buttons

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal

e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click, Button2.Click,
Button3.Click, Button4.Click, Button5.Click, Button6.Click,
Button7.Click, Button8.Click, Button15.Click, Button16.Click
If flag = True Then
TextBox1.Text += sender.text
Else
TextBox1.Text = ""
flag = True
End If
End Sub

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Code for Operators buttons

Private Sub Button9_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button9.Click,
Button10.Click, Button11.Click, Button12.Click
op1 = CInt(TextBox1.Text)
sign = sender.text
TextBox1.Text = ""
End Sub

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Code for equals buttons

Private Sub Button13_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e

As System.EventArgs) Handles Button13.Click
op2 = CInt(TextBox1.Text)
Select Case sign
Case "+"
res = op1 + op2
Case "-"
res = op1 - op2
Case "*"
res = op1 * op2
Case "/"
res = op1 / op2
End Select
TextBox1.Text = res
flag = False
End Sub
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Handling Mouse Events in Forms

 We can handle mouse events such as mouse pointer movements in Forms. The mouse
events supported by VB .NET are as follows:
 MouseDown: This event happens when the mouse pointer is over the form/control and is
pressed
MouseEnter: This event happens when the mouse pointer enters the form/control
MouseUp: This event happens when the mouse pointer is over the form/control and the
mouse button is released
MouseLeave: This event happens when the mouse pointer leaves the form/control
MouseMove: This event happens when the mouse pointer is moved over the form/control
MouseWheel: This event happens when the mouse wheel moves while the form/control
has focus
MouseHover: This event happens when the mouse pointer hovers over the form/control
 The properties of the MouseEventArgs objects that can be passed to the mouse event
handler are as follows:
 Button: Specifies that the mouse button was pressed
Clicks: Specifies number of times the mouse button is pressed and released
X: The X-coordinate of the mouse click
Y: The Y-coordinate of the mouse click
Delta: Specifies a count of the number of detents (rotation of mouse wheel) the mouse
wheel has rotated

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Common Dialogs

Visual Basic .NET comes with built-in dialog boxes which allow us to

create our own File Open, File Save, Font, Color dialogs much like
what we see in all other windows applications. To make a dialog box
visible at run time we use the dialog box's ShowDialog method. The
Dialog Boxes which come with Visual Basic .NET are:
OpenFileDialog,
SaveFileDialog
FontDialog
ColorDialog
PrintDialog
PrintPreviewDialog and
PageSetupDialog.
We will be working with OpenFile, SaveFile, Font and Color Dialog's
in this section. The return values of all the above said dialog boxes
which will determine which selection a user makes are: Abort, Cancel,
Ignore, No, None, OK, Return, Retry and Yes.
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OpenFileDialog

Properties of the OpenFileDialog are as follows:

AddExtension: Gets/Sets if the dialog box adds extension to file names if
the user doesn't supply the extension.
CheckFileEixsts: Checks whether the specified file exists before returning
from the dialog.
CheckPathExists: Checks whether the specified path exists before
returning from the dialog.
DefaultExt: Allows you to set the default file extension.
FileName: Gets/Sets file name selected in the file dialog box.
FileNames: Gets the file names of all selected files.
Filter: Gets/Sets the current file name filter string, which sets the choices
that appear in the "Files of Type" box.
FilterIndex: Gets/Sets the index of the filter selected in the file dialog box.
InitialDirectory: This property allows to set the initial directory which should
open when you use the OpenFileDialog.
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 MultiSelect: This property when set to True allows to select
multiple file extensions.
ReadOnlyChecked: Gets/Sets whether the read-only
checkbox is checked.
RestoreDirectory: If True, this property restores the original
directory before closing.
ShowHelp: Gets/Sets whether the help button should be
displayed.
ShowReadOnly: Gets/Sets whether the dialog displays a
read-only check box.
Title: This property allows to set a title for the file dialog box.
ValidateNames: This property is used to specify whether the
dialog box accepts only valid file names.

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SaveFileDialog
Save File Dialog's are supported by the SaveFileDialog class and
they allow us to save the file in a specified location.
Properties of the Save File Dialog are the same as that of the Open
File Dialog. Please refer above. Notable property of Save File dialog
is the OverwritePromopt property which displays a warning if we
choose to save to a name that already exists.

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FontDialog

Properties of the FontDialog are as follows:

AllowSimulations: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box allows graphics device
interface font simulations.
Color: Gets/Sets selected font color.
Font: Gets/Sets the selected font.
FontMustExist: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box specifies an error
condition if the user attempts to select a font or size that doesn't exist.
MaxSize: Gets/Sets the maximum point size the user can select.
MinSize: Gets/Sets the mainimum point size the user can select.
ShowApply: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box contains an apply button.
ShowColors: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box displays the color choice.
ShowEffects: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box contains controls that allow
the user to specify to specify strikethrough, underline and text color
options.
ShowHelp: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box displays a help button.
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 ColorDialogs
Properties of ColorDialog are as follows:

AllowFullOpen: Gets/Sets whether the user can use the dialog box to define
custom colors.
AnyColor: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box displays all the available colors in
the set of basic colons.
Color: Gets/Sets the color selected by the user.
CustomColors: Gets/Sets the set of custom colors shown in the dialog box.
FullOpen: Gets/Sets whether the controls used to create custom colors are
visible when the dialog box is opened.
ShowHelp: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box displays a help button.
SolidColorOnly: Gets/Sets whether the dialog box will restrict users to selecting
solid colors only.

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TREEVIEW CONTROL
The Windows Forms TreeView control displays a
hierarchy of nodes, like the way files and folders are
displayed in the left pane of Windows Explorer. Each
node might contain other nodes, called child nodes.
Parent nodes, or nodes that contain child nodes, can
be displayed as expanded or collapsed. A tree view
can also be displayed with check boxes next to the
nodes, if the tree view's CheckBoxes property is set
to true. You can then programmatically select or
clear nodes by setting the node's Checked property
to true or false.

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TREEVIEW PROPERTIES
1. NODES-contains the list of top-level nodes
in the tree view
2. SELECTEDNODES-sets the currently
selected node
3. ImageList -Icons can be displayed next to
the nodes; the images are taken from the
ImageList control

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TREEVIEW-ADDING NODES
To add or remove nodes in the designer
1. Select the TreeView control or add one to the form.
2. In the Properties window, click the ellipsis () button
next to the Nodes property.
3. The TreeNode Editor appears.
4. To add nodes, a root node must exist; if one does
not exist, you must first add a root by clicking the
Add Root button. You can then add child nodes by
selecting the root or any other node and clicking the
Add Child button. To delete nodes, select the node
to delete and then click the Delete button.
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To add nodes programmatically
Use the Add method of the tree view's Nodes
property.
Dim newNode As TreeNode = New
TreeNode("Text for new node")
TreeView1.SelectedNode.Nodes.Add(newNode
)

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To remove nodes programmatically
Use the Remove method of the tree view's
Nodes property to remove a single node, or
the Clear method to clear all nodes.
TreeView1.Nodes.Remove(TreeView1.Selected
Node)
nodes.TreeView1.Nodes.Clear()

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Listview Control
The Windows Forms ListView control displays a list of
items with icons. You can use a list view to create a
user interface like the right pane of Windows Explorer
The control has four view modes: LargeIcon, SmallIcon,
List, and Details. The LargeIcon mode displays large
icons next to the item text; the items appear in
multiple columns if the control is large enough. The
SmallIcon mode is the same except that it displays
small icons. The List mode displays small icons but is
always in a single column. The Details mode displays
items in multiple columns.

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 The key property of the ListView control is Items, which
contains the items displayed by the control. The SelectedItems
property contains a collection of the items currently selected in
the control. The user can select multiple items, for example to
drag and drop several items at a time to another control, if the
MultiSelect property is set to true. The ListView control can
display check boxes next to the items, if the CheckBoxes
property is set to true.
 The Activation property determines what type of action the
user must take to activate an item in the list: the options are
Standard, OneClick, and TwoClick. OneClick activation requires
a single click to activate the item. TwoClick activation requires
the user to double-click to activate the item; a single click
changes the color of the item text. Standard activation requires
the user to double-click to activate an item, but the item does
not change appearance

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 To add or remove items in the designer
In the Properties window, click the ellipsis
button () next to the Items property.
The ListViewItem Collection Editor appears.
To add an item, click the Add button. You can
then set properties of the new item, such as
the Text and ImageIndex properties. To
remove an item, select it and click the
Remove button.

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 To add items programmatically
Use the Add method of the Items property.
ListView1.Items.Add("List item text", 3)

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To add columns in the designer
Set the control's View property to Details.
In the Properties window, click the ellipsis
button () next to the Columns property.
The ColumnHeader Collection Editor
appears.
Use the Add button to add new columns. You
can then select the column header and set
its text (the caption of the column), text
alignment, and width.
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 To add columns programmatically
Set the control's View property to Details.
Use the Add method of the list view's Columns
property.
' Visual Basic' Set to details viewListView1.View
= View.Details' Add a column with width 20
and left
alignmentListView1.Columns.Add("File type",
20, HorizontalAlignment.Left)

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Framework basics
 CLR
 CLI
 CTS
 MANAGED CODE
 ASSEMBLY
 IL

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CLR(Common language Runtime)
 Full form of CLR is common language
runtime and it forms the heart of the .net
framework.all languages have runtime and it’s
the responsibility of the runtime to take care
of the code execution of the program.

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Common Language Infrastructure
(CLI)
 At the heart of the .NET Framework is a new
mechanism for loading and running programs and
managing their interactions. This mechanism is
described in the Common Language Infrastructure
(CLI)
 The CLI is just a specification—it has to be
implemented in order to be useful. An implementation
of the CLI is known as a Common Language Runtime
(CLR). Microsoft's CLR implementation on the
Windows platform is not under ECMA's control, but it
is Microsoft's intention that the CLR be a fully
compliant implementation of the CLI.

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 Common Type System (CTS)
 In order that two language communicate
smoothly CLR has CTS .Example in VB you
have integer and in c++ you have long these
data types are not compatible so the
interfacing between the m is very
complicated. in order that two different
languages can communicate Microsoft
introduced common type system. so integer
data type in vb6 and int data type in c++ will
convert it to system .ini.int32 which is data
type of CTS .CLS is subset of CTS.
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Common Language Specification
(CLS)
 This is a subset of the CTS which all .NET
languages are expected to support.it was
always a dream of Microsoft ot unite all
different languages in to one umnrella and
CLS is one step towards that .microsoft has
defined CLS which is nothing but guidelines
that language has to follow so that it can
communicate with other .NET languages in a
seamlesls manner

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Managed code
 Managed code runs inside the environment of
CLR that is within .net runtime.in short all IL
are managed code.but if you are using some
third party software example vb6 or vc++
component they are unmanaged code as .net
runtime does not have control over the
source code execution of the language.

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Memory Management and Garbage
Collection
 In any object-oriented programming
environment, there arises the need to
instantiate and destroy
 objects. Instantiated objects occupy memory.
When objects are no longer in use, the
memory they occupy should be reclaimed for
use by other objects

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Assembly
 Assembly is unit of deployment like exe of
dll
 an assemble consists of one or more files
and represents a group of resource type
definitions and implementations of those
types.an assembnly group of resources type
definations and implementation of those
types.an assembly may also contain
references to other assaemblies .
 the manifest is part of the assembly thus
making the assembly self describing
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 Intermediate Language (IL) and
Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation
 All compilers that target the CLR compile source code
to Intermediate Language (IL), also known as Common
Intermediate Language (CIL).
 IL is a machine language that is not tied to any specific
machine. Microsoft designed it from scratch to support
the CLI's programming concepts.
 The CLI specifies that all CLR implementations can
compile or interpret IL on the machine on which the
CLR is running.
 If the IL is compiled (versus interpreted), compilation
can occur at either of two times:
 Immediately prior to a method in the application being
executed
At deployment time
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Contd…
 . The compiled code is not saved to disk, so if the
application is stopped and restarted, the compilation
must occur again. This is known as just-in-time (JIT)
compilation and is the most common scenario.
 In the second case, the application is compiled in its
entirety at deployment time. IL is saved to .exe
and .dll files. When such a file containing IL is
executed, the CLR knows how to invoke the JIT
compiler and execute the resulting code. Note that on
the Microsoft Windows platforms, IL is always
compiled—never interpreted.

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OOP-Concept
 Objects
Visual basic allows you to create object by defining
class.Class may have properties and methods.Object
is a thing which is properties and methods.
User defined class can be created in vb.and that
classes can be incorporated to projects as a
references.
Properties are the characteristic and methods are the
operation that can be performed on an object.

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OOP-Terminology
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

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CLASSES
 Instantiating an object
New class name
i.E
Dim c = new font(“arial”,12)
Lblfnt.font=c

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Creating your own classes
 Create a new application of type class library
 Create properties of the class.
 Property procedure
the way that your class allows its properties is to be accessed is
through a property procedure. it may contain a get to retrieve a
property value and a set to assign a value to the property.
Following is the example:
Property op1() As Integer
Get
op1 = no1
End Get
Set(ByVal Value As Integer)
no1 = Value
End Set
End Property
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Creating new object using classes
 Create new object using following statement
in windows application
Dim c as new class name
This class name must be add as a reference in
a project.

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ERROR HANDLING
Error messages can occur while an application is
running, either within the Visual Basic .NET
environment or as a stand-alone executable. Some of
these can also occur during design time or compile
time
 Visual Basic compiler errors occur when the compiler
encounters problems in the code. The code causing
the errors is marked with a wavy line underneath it in
the Code Editor, and when your mouse pauses over
the marked code, the error message appears. The
messages also appear in the Task List.
 Visual Basic run-time errors occur when an
application attempts to perform an action that the
system cannot execute.
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ERROR HANDLING-Types of
Errors
In Visual Basic, errors (also called exceptions) fall into one of three
categories: syntax errors, run-time errors, and logic errors.
Syntax Errors
Syntax errors are those that appear while you write your code.
Visual Basic checks your code as you type and alerts you if you
make a mistake, such as misspelling a word or using a
language element improperly. Syntax errors are the most
common type of errors. You can fix them easily in the coding
environment as soon as they occur.
Note   The Option Explicit statement is one means of avoiding
syntax errors. It forces the programmer to declare, in advance,
all the variables to be used in the application. Therefore, when
those variables are used in the code, any typographic errors are
caught immediately and can be fixed.

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Run-Time Errors
Run-time errors are those that appear only after you compile and
run your code. These involve code that may appear to be
correct in that it has no syntax errors, but that will not execute.
For example, you might correctly write a line of code to open a
file. But if the file is corrupted, the application cannot carry out
the Open function, and it stops running. You can fix most run-
time errors by rewriting the faulty code, and then recompiling
and rerunning it.
Logic Errors
Logic errors are those that appear once the application is in use.
They most often take the form of unwanted or unexpected
results in response to user actions. For example, a mistyped
key or other outside influence might cause your application to
stop working within expected parameters, or altogether. Logic
errors are generally the hardest type to fix, since it is not always
clear where they originate.
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EXCEPTION
Visual Basic supports both structured and
unstructured exception (error) handling. By
placing specific code in your application, you
can handle most of the errors users may
encounter and enable the application to
continue running. Structured and
unstructured error handling allow you to plan
for potential errors, preventing them from
interfering with the intended purpose of the
application.
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Consider using exception handling in any method that
uses operators that may generate an exception, or
that calls into or accesses other procedures that may
generate an exception.
If an exception occurs in a method that is not equipped
to handle it, the exception is propagated back to the
calling method , or the previous method. If the
previous method also has no exception handler, the
exception is propagated back to that method 's caller,
and so on. The search for a handler continues up the
call stack, which is the series of procedures called
within the application. If it fails to find a handler for
the exception, an error message is displayed and the
application is terminated.

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EXCEPTION
Structured Exception Handling
In structured exception handling, blocks of code are encapsulated, with
each block having one or more associated handlers. Each handler
specifies some form of filter condition on the type of exception it
handles. When an exception is raised by code in a protected block, the
set of corresponding handlers is searched in order, and the first one
with a matching filter condition is executed. A single method can have
multiple structured exception handling blocks, and the blocks can also
be nested within each other.
The Try...Catch...Finally statement is used specifically for structured
exception handling. For more information
Unstructured Exception Handling
The On Error statement is used specifically for unstructured exception
handling. In unstructured exception handling, On Error is placed at the
beginning of a block of code. It then has "scope" over that block; it
handles any errors occurring within the block. If the program
encounters another On Error statement, that statement becomes valid
and the first statement becomes

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Structured Exception Handling

Visual Basic supports structured exception handling,

which helps you create and maintain programs with
robust, comprehensive error handlers. Structured
exception handling is code designed to detect and
respond to errors during execution by combining a
control structure (similar to Select Case or While)
with exceptions, protected blocks of code, and filters.
Using the Try...Catch...Finally statement, you can
protect blocks of code that have the potential to raise
errors. You can nest exception handlers, and the
variables declared in each block will have local
scope.

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TRY..CATCH STATEMENT
Try [ tryStatements ]
[ Catch [ exception [ As type ] ] [ When expression ] [ catchStatements ] ]
[ Exit Try ]...
[ Finally [ finallyStatements ] ]End Try
Parts
tryStatements
Optional. Statement(s) where an error can occur. Can be a compound statement.
Catch
Optional. Multiple Catch blocks permitted. If an exception occurs while processing the Try
block, each Catch statement is examined in textual order to determine if it handles the
exception. Exception represents the exception that has been thrown.
exception
Optional. Any variable name. The initial value of exception is the value of the thrown error. Used
with Catch to specify the error caught.
type
Optional. Specifies the type of class filter. If the value of exception is of the type specified by
type or of a derived type, the identifier becomes bound to the exception object.
When
Optional. A Catch statement with a When clause will only catch exceptions when expression
evaluates to True. A When clause is only applied after checking the type of the exception,
and expression may refer to the identifier representing the exception.

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expression
Optional. Must be implicitly convertible to Boolean. Any expression that describes a
generic filter. Typically used to filter by error number. Used with When keyword
to specify circumstances under which the error is caught.
catchStatements
Optional. Statement(s) to handle errors occurring in the associated Try block. Can
be a compound statement.
Exit Try
Optional. Keyword that breaks out of the Try...Catch...Finally structure. Execution
resumes with the Finally block if present, otherwise with the code immediately
following the End Try statement. Not allowed in Finally blocks.
Finally
Optional. A Finally block is always executed when execution leaves any part of the
Try statement.
finallyStatements
Optional. Statement(s) that are executed after all other error processing has
occurred.
End Try
Terminates the Try...Catch...Finally structure.

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EXAMPLE

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Data Access Technologies

Most applications require some form of data access. If you are

creating a new application, you have three excellent data
access choices:
ADO.NET
ADO
OLE DB.
If you need to modify the data access for an existing application,
you might continue using the application's current data access
technology for maintenance convenience. However, if you
expect the application to have a long lifecycle, you should
consider reengineering to use either ADO.NET for managed
applications or ADO for native applications. In the long run, the
newer data access technologies typically reduce development
time, simplify code, and provide excellent performance.

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ADO.NET

ADO.NET is the strategic application-level interface for

providing data access services in the Microsoft .NET
Platform. You can use ADO.NET to access data
sources using the new .NET Framework data
providers. These data providers include:
 .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC.
 .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle.
These data providers support a variety of development
needs, including middle-tier business objects using
live connections to data in relational databases and
other stores.

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ADO

For applications written in native code, ADO provides a

COM-based application-level interface for OLE DB
data providers. Similar to ADO.NET, ADO supports a
variety of development needs, including the creation
of front-end database clients and middle-tier business
objects using live connections to data in relational
databases and other stores. And, like ADO.NET,
ADO can construct client-side recordsets, use loosely
coupled recordsets, and handle OLE DB's data
shaping rowsets.

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OLE DB

 OLE DB is the strategic system-level programming interface for

accessing data, and is the underlying technology for ADO as
well as a source of data for ADO.NET. OLE DB is an open
standard for accessing all kinds of data — both relational and
non-relational data including: mainframe ISAM/VSAM and
hierarchical databases; e-mail and file system stores; text,
graphical, and geographical data; and custom business objects.
 OLE DB provides consistent, high-performance access to data
and supports a variety of development needs, including the
creation of front-end database clients and middle-tier business
objects using live connections to data in relational databases
and other stores.

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ADO.NET Data Components
 Data adapter
 Data Reader
 Command
 Data connection

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Introduction to ADO.NET
Connection Design Tools
 To move data between a data store and your application, you must first
have a connection to the data store.
 Data adapters, data connections, data commands, and data readers are
the components that make up a .NET Framework data provider.
Microsoft and third-party providers can make available other .NET
Framework data providers that can be integrated into Visual Studio.
In ADO.NET you create and manage connections using connection
objects:
 SqlConnection - an object that manages a connection to a SQL Server
version 7.0 or later. It is optimized for use with SQL Server 7.0 or later
by (among other things) bypassing the OLE DB layer.
 OleDbConnection - an object that manages a connection to any data
store accessible via OLE DB.
 OdbcConnection - an object that manages a connection to a data
source created by using a connection string or ODBC data source
name (DSN).
 OracleConnection - an object that manages a connection to Oracle
databases.

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Opening and Closing Connections

 The two primary methods for connections are Open and Close. The Open
method uses the information in the ConnectionString property to contact the
data source and establish an open connection. The Close method shuts the
connection down. Closing connections is essential, because most data sources
support only a limited number of open connections, and open connections take
up valuable system resources.
 If you are working with data adapters or data commands, you do not have to
explicitly open and close a connection. When you call a method of these objects
(for example, the data adapter's Fill or Update method), the method checks
whether the connection is already open. If not, the adapter opens the
connection, performs its logic, and closes the connection again.
 Methods such as Fill only open and close the connection automatically if it is not
already open. If the connection is open, the methods use it but do not close it.
This gives you the flexibility to open and close data commands yourself. You
might do this if you have multiple data adapters that share a connection. In that
case, it is inefficient to have each adapter open and close the connection when
you call its Fill method. Instead, you can open the connection, call the Fill
method of each adapter, and then close the connection when you are done.

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 CODE TO ADD NEW RECORD
Me.BindingContext(DataSet11, "studentmarks").EndCurrentEdit()

Me.BindingContext(DataSet11, "studentmarks").AddNew()
Dim Changes As WindowsApplication12.DataSet1 = New
WindowsApplication12.DataSet1
Me.BindingContext(DataSet11, "studentmarks").EndCurrentEdit()
Changes =
CType(DataSet11.GetChanges,WindowsApplication12.DataSet1)
Me.OleDbConnection1.Open()
OleDbDataAdapter1.Update(DataSet11)
Me.OleDbConnection1.Close()
DataSet11.Merge(Changes)
DataSet11.AcceptChanges()
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CODE TO DELETE RECORD
Me.BindingContext(DataSet11,
"studentmarks").RemoveAt(Me.BindingContext(DataSet11,
"studentmarks").Position)

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ARRAY

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ARRAYLIST COLLECTION
An ArrayList is a sophisticated version of an
array.
The ArrayList class provides some features
that are offered in most Collections classes
but are not in the Array class.

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Contd…
The capacity of an Array is fixed, whereas the
capacity of an ArrayList is automatically
expanded as required.
If the value of the ArrayList.Capacity property
is changed, the memory reallocation and
copying of elements are automatically done.

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Contd…
ArrayList provides methods that add, insert, or
remove a range of elements. In Array, you
can get or set the value of only one element
at a time.
A synchronized version of ArrayList is easy to
create using the Synchronized method.
Array leaves it up to the user to implement
synchronization.

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Contd…
ArrayList provides methods that return read-
only and fixed-size wrappers to the collection.
Array does not.

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CONTD…
On the other hand, Array offers some flexibility
that ArrayList does not. For example:
You can set the lower bound of an Array, but
the lower bound of an ArrayList is always
zero.

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Contd..
An Array can have multiple dimensions, while
an ArrayList always has exactly one
dimension.
An Array of a specific type (other than Object)
has better performance than an ArrayList
because the elements of ArrayList are of
type Object and, therefore, boxing and
unboxing typically occur if storing or retrieving
a value type.

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Contd…
Array is in the System namespace; ArrayList
is in the System.Collections namespace.

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Properties

 Capacity
 count
 Isreadonly

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Methods

 Add
 Addrange
 Binarysearch
 Clear
 Copyto
 Equals
 Insert
 Insertrange
 Remove
 Reverse
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HASHTABLE COLLECTION
A Hashtable consists of buckets that contain
the elements of the collection. A bucket is a
virtual subgroup of elements within the
Hashtable, which makes searching and
retrieving easier and faster than in most
collections. Each bucket is associated with a
hash code, generated using a hash function
and based on the key of the element.

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Contd…
When an object is added to a Hashtable, it is
stored in the bucket that is associated with
the hash code that matches the object's hash
code. When a value is being searched for in
the Hashtable, the hash code is generated
for that value, and the bucket associated with
that hash code is searched.

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CONTD…
 Properties
 Count
 Keys
 Item
 values
 Methods
 Add
 Remove
 Contains
 clear

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SortedList Class
 The SortedList class is like a hybrid between
Hashtable and ArrayList.
As with Hashtable, SortedList is based on the
IDictionary interface; therefore, each element of a
SortedList is a key-and-value pair. SortedList
provides methods that return only the list of keys or
only the list of values.
As with ArrayList, a SortedList is a sequence of
elements. It is indexed, and is sorted according to a
specified comparer.
SortedList is unique among all Collections classes in
that each element can be accessed three ways:
using the key, the value, or the index.

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Contd…
 Properties
 Capacity
 Count
 Items
 keys
 Methods
 Add
 Clear
 contains
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Char class
 Char variables are stored as unsigned 16-bit
(2-byte) numbers ranging in value from 0
through 65535. Each number represents a
single Unicode character. Direct conversions
between the Char data type and the numeric
types are not possible, but you can use the
AscW and ChrW functions for this purpose.

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Contd…

 Properties
 Maxvalue
 Minvalue

 Methods
 Campareto
 Isdigit
 Isletter
 Equals
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String class
 Represents a set of unicode characters
 Properties
 Chars
 Length

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 Methods
 Compare
 Compareto
 Concate
 Copy
 Copyto
 Equals
 Indexof
 Insert
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  Join
 Lastindexof
 Remove
 Replace
 Split
 Substring
 Toupper
 tolower

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StringBuilder Class

 The String object is immutable. Every time you use

one of the methods in the System.String class, you
create a new string object in memory, which requires
a new allocation of space for that new object. In
situations where you need to perform repeated
modifications to a string, the overhead associated
with creating a new String object can be costly. The
System.Text.StringBuilder class can be used when
you want to modify a string without creating a new
object. For example, using the StringBuilder class
can boost performance when concatenating many
strings together in a loop.
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Contd…
 Properties
 Capacity
 Chars
 Length
 Methods
 Append
 Remove
 Insert
 Replace
 Tostring

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DATETIME
 Represents an instant in time, typically expressed as
a date and time of day.
 Properties
 Date
 Dayofweek
 Dayofyear
 Hour
 Minute
 Month
 Now
 Timeofday
 Today
 year
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Contd…
 Methods
 Add
 Addmonth
 addday

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