MBA-IT

Networking
 What is Networking ?
Definition
• In the world of computers, networking is the
practice of linking two or more computing
devices together for the purpose of sharing
data and other resources. Networks are built
with a mix of computer h/w and computer
s/w.
 Concept of Network
• What is network ?
A generic term “network” refers to a group of
entities (people , objects, etc.) which are
connected to one another. A network,
therefore, allows material or immaterial
elements to be circulated among all of these
entities, based on well defined rules.
• Network : A group of computers and
peripheral devices connected to each other.
Note that the smallest possible network is two
computers, connected together.

• Networking: Implementing tools and tasks for

linking computers so that they can share
resources over the network.
Network Layout (Connectivity) i.e. Network
Topologies
Topologies refer to the shape of a network, or
the network’s layout . How different nodes in
a network are connected to each other and
how they communicate are determined by
the logical, there are five most common
topologies: -
 1. Bus Topology :

In which all the nodes(machines/client ) are

interconnected through single line(Bus) which
is attached to the server.

Server
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Linear Bus
Topology
 Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.
 Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
• Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down.
• Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large
building.
 2.Star Topology
• A star topology is designed with each node
(machines) connected directly to a central
network hub, switches or server.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Star
Topologies
Advantages of a Star Topology
• Easy to install and wire.
• No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing
devices.
• Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
• If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are
disabled.
• More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost
of the hubs, etc
 Tree or Expanded Star

Hub,
Routers

A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star

topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations
connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow
for the expansion of an existing network, and enable
organizations to configure a network to meet their needs.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Tree
Topology
Advantages of a Tree Topology
• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
• Supported by several hardware and software venders.
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology
• Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of
cabling used.
• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes
down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies.
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY

A network topology is the way in which hardware devices and cables are connected. A
hybrid topology (sometimes called a mesh or mixed topology) connects network
components by combining the features of two or more other topologies (such as star,
bus, ring and token-ring). The resulting hybrid topology exhibits features (and
limitations) of its comprising network components. Examples of hybrid topologies
include the star-wired ring and star-wired bus
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Hybrid
Technology
Advantages of a Hybrid Topology
• It provides a better result by it.
• It can be designed in many ways for various
purposes.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
• It is costly.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire
network shuts down.
 Mesh Topology
Nodes

In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated

point-to-point link to every other device. The term
dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects. Here, if we
have n nodes, then we need to connect to n-1
nodes and n(n-1) physical links.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh
Topology
Advantages of a Mesh Topology
• Eliminates traffic problems in links sharing.
• If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire
system. Thus, act as robust.
• It has privacy and security.
• Point-to-point link make fault identification and fault isolation easy.
Disadvantages of a Mesh Topology
• Installation and reconnection are difficult.
• The hardware required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable) is
expensive.
• It is generally too costly and complex for practical networks.
 HUB
• This is a hardware device that is used to network multiple
computers together. It is a central connection for all the computers
in a network, which is usually Ethernet-based. Information sent to
the hub can flow to any other computer on the network.
• It is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are
commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains
multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to
the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
• This network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at
one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for
transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed
to a broadcast address. It works on the Physical Layer of the OSI
model.
 Bridges
• A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer
2) of the OSI model. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the
broadcast was received. However, bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all
ports, as hubs do, but learn which node’s IP addresses are reachable through
specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic
for that address to that port only.
• Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source
address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a
port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that IP address is
associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination
address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on
which the frame arrived.
• Bridges come in three basic types:
• Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
• Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between
LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks,
largely have been replaced with routers.
• Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.
 Switches
•A network switches is a device that forwards and filters OSI Layers (chunk of data
communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the IP addresses in the packets. A
switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved in the
communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the collision domain but
represents itself as a broadcast domain. Switches make forwarding decisions of frames on the
basis of IP) addresses. A switch normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for
devices, and cascading additional switches. Some switches are capable of routing based on
Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels; these are called multi-layer switches. The term
switch is used loosely in marketing to encompass devices including routers and bridges, as well
as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL
identifier).

•A switch that also performs routing operations. Usually a switch operates at layer 2 (the Data
Link layer) of the OSI Reference Model while routers operate at layer 3 (the Network layer).
Routing switches, however, perform many of the layer 3 functions usually reserved for routers.
And because the routing is implemented in hardware rather than software, it is faster. The
downside of routing switches is that they are not as powerful or as flexible as full-fledged
routers. Because they perform some layer 3 functions, routing switches are sometimes called
layer-3 switches.
 Routers
• A device that forwards data packets along networks. A
router is connected to at least two networks,
commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places
where two or more networks connect. Routers use
headers and forwarding tables to determine the best
path for forwarding the packets, and they use
protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each
other and configure the best route between any two
hosts.
• Very little filtering of data is done through routers.
 Gateway
• A network gateway is an internetworking system capable of
joining together two networks that use different base
protocols(configuration of s/w & h/w). A network gateway
can be implemented completely in software, completely in
hardware, or as a combination of both. Depending on the
types of protocols they support, network gateways can
operate at any level of the OSI Model.
• This device that converts one protocol or format to another.
A network gateway converts packets from one protocol to
another. An application gateway converts commands and/or
data from one format to another. An e-mail gateway
converts messages from one mail format to another
 Uses of Network
• There are three most common benefits of using
LAN :
1) Increased efficiency,
2) Improved communications,
3) Lowered Costs.
• LAN’s increase the efficiency of workers by letting
exchange data and by eliminating redundant
effort. The most common means of sharing
information on LAN is the corporate database.
 Corporate commonly have several
departments performing different tasks, but
the departments generally working with the
same type of information:
- File sharing i.e. sharing the same info or data.
- Improves communications having own mail server.
- Lowers the cost of stationeries & labors .
- Quicker than manual.
- Examples : Education system, Online shopping
websites, production company etc.
 Types of Area Network
• LAN : A local area network (LAN) supplies
networking capability to a group of computers
in close proximity to each other such as in an
office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is
useful for sharing resources like files, printers,
games or other applications. A LAN in turn
often connects to other LANs, and to the
Internet or other WAN.
• MAN : A metropolitan area network (MAN) is
a large computer network that spans a
metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic
scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs
provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a
metropolitan region, and connect them to
wider area networks like the Internet.
WAN: A wide area network (WAN) is a
telecommunications network, usually used for
connecting computers, that spans a wide
geographical area. WANs can by used to connect
cities, states, or even countries. WANs are often
used by larger corporations or organizations to
facilitate the exchange of data, and in a wide
variety of industries, corporations with facilities
at multiple locations have embraced WANs.
Increasingly, however, even small businesses are
utilizing WANs as a way of increasing their
communications capabilities.
 TCP/IP Model & OSI Reference Layers
TCP/IP Model OSI Model TCP/IP Model
(Before OSI)(in CUI) (when GUI came in network) (in GUI)
1. Application 1.Application Layer 1.Application
2. Transportation 2.Presentation Layer 2.Transportation
3. Network 3.Session Layer 3.Internet
4. Data Link 4.Transport Layer 4.Point-to-Point
5. Physical 5.Network Layer (Host – to - network)
6.Data Link Layer
7.Physical Layer
 Protocols along with OSI Layers
OSI Layers Protocols
1. Application
2. Presentation Layer HTTP, FTP, SMTP,MIME,POP3,IMAP

3. Session Layer
4. Transport TCP UDP
5. Network Layer
6. Data Link Layer IP
7. Physical Layer
 Protocols on Computer Network
1)HTTP : HTTP is an application protocol which
defines how files on the world wide web are
transferred. HTTP is the framework for how
browsers will display and use file formats.
When you enter in a URL with HTTP at the
beginning, you are requesting a web page
which can contain other elements (such as
pictures) and links to other resources.
2) FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a standard
Internet protocol, is the simplest way to
exchange files between computers on the
Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages
and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), which transfers e-mail.
3) Telnet : Telecommunication network- This
protocol is used for remote login. Through this
protocol one can control the other machine
(computer) from a far distance(remote).
4) SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocols –As the name says ,
this protocol is used specifically for simple text format e-
mails. In case of special effects like attached files of
pictures, multimedia files then this protocol uses MIME.
5) MIME : Multi-Purpose Mail Extension – Through this
protocol all the other multi-media files are being
transferred by e-mail used by SMTP.
6) POP3 : Post office Protocol – For e.g. Outlook Express
mails or IMAP (Internet Mail Access Point). These two
protocols are used for secure office purposes in
exchanging some business information between two
organizations. These two is being utilized by SMPT.
7) TCP : Transmission Control Protocol – Protocol which ‘controls’ the
transmission of data / info. on the computer network . Through this
protocol data are being transmitted in frames from source and
acknowledgement of each frame is received properly to the
destination. If either frame is corrupted or contains any errors
while transmission then it is rectified through error control (check)
methods or that frame is resend . TCP is used in sending &
receiving critical and sensitive data and information within or
outside organization for serious business purposes . This is also why
TCP is known as connection –oriented protocol/services.
8) UDP : User Datagram Protocol – When huge data/information are
to be transmitted via computer network then instead of TCP UDP is
used. For e.g. audio/video files which needs no acknowledgement
to sender nor any error check control methods for repairing on
frames to retransmit . Because of this it is know as connectionless
protocol.
9) IP : Internet Protocols- Two most important
rules & regulations of this protocols are first
IP addresses through which source and
destination are recognized among whom data
has to be transmitted(exchanged) either wired
or wireless.
 Physical layer
• Physical layer defines the means of transmitting
raw bits rather than logical data packets over a
physical link connecting network nodes. The bit
stream may be grouped into code words or
symbols and converted to a physical signal that
is transmission medium. The physical layer
provides an electrical , mechanical and
procedural interface to the transmission
medium.
 The Transmission Medium
• Magnetic Tape
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic
 1.Magnetic Tape
• Magnetic Tape is a thin tape to which one can
record or store information such as audio, video
and data from the computer. It is an external
storage device (backup) usually for both readable
and writable, consisting of a loop of flexible
celluloid like material that can store data in the
form of tiny magnetic fields that can only be
accessed. A drawback of that it can only be
accessed by starting at the beginning and rolling
through the tape until the desired data is located.
 2. Twisted Pair
• Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that
connects home and many business computer to the
telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or
electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires,
two insulated copper wires are twisted around each
other. For some business locations, twisted pair is
enclosed in a shield that functions as a secure
(shielded them electromagnetic interferences). This
is known as shielded twisted pair (STP). Ordinary
wire is unshielded twisted pair(UTP).
 3.Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial Cable is a copper wire in the center of
a cable which is surrounded by insulation and
then a grounded shield of braided wire. The
shield minimizes electrical & radio frequency
interference. Primary use was started by the
cable television industry than widely used in
computer network. Lesser susceptible of
interference but can carry much more data
than twisted pair.
 4.Fiber Optic
• A technology that uses glass (or plastics)
threads(fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic
cable consists of a bundle of glass threads ,
each of which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated into light waves.