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335 views21 pagesZumdahl - Zumdahl - Decoste: World of
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Zumdahl • Zumdahl • DeCoste
World of
CHEMISTRY
Chapter 8
Reactions in
Aqueous
Solutions
8.2 Reactions in Which a Solid Forms
precipitate - solid
precipitation reaction - reaction in which
a precipitate forms
salt - ionic compound
Figure 8.1, p. 214
When an ionic compound dissolves in water,
the ions dissociate. This means that the ions
separate from each other and move freely in
the water. This is why solutions containing ionic
compounds conduct electricity
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Figure 8.2: Pure water does not conduct an electric
current.
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Figure 8.2: When an ionic compound is dissolved in
water, current flows.
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strong electrolyte - ionic compound that
dissociates completely in water
Example: NaCl is a strong electrolyte.
When it dissolves in water, each NaCl unit
dissociates into Na+ cations and Cl- anions.
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) yellow solid
How do we determine what the precipitate is?
We need to determine which ions are involved.
Ba2+ + NO3- + K+ + CrO42- KNO3 + BaCrO4
Next we need to look at solubility rules.
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Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) 2KNO3 + BaCrO4
(aq) (s)
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Figure 8.3:
Solubilities
of common
compounds.
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Ex. 8.1, p. 219
AgNO3 (aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl + KNO3
(s) (aq)
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Figure 8.5: Each HCl molecule dissociates in
water.
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8.3 Describing Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions
molecular equation - shows the complete
formulas of all reactants and products
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + BaCrO4(s)
complete ionic equation - shows the actual
ions that are involved in the reaction
Ba2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2K+ + CrO42- 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
+ BaCrO4 (s)
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spectator ions - ions that are present before
and after the reaction and do not directly
participate in the reaction
net ionic equation - shows only the
components that are involved in the reaction
Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) BaCrO4 (s)
* Example 8.3, p. 225
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8.4 Reactions That Form Water: Acids and
Bases
Svante Arrhenius - first to understand the
essential nature of acids
Arhennius Definition of Acids and Bases
Acid - substance that produces H+ ions when
dissolved in water
Strong acids dissociate completely in water, so
they are strong electrolytes.
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Base - substance that produces hydroxide ions
when dissolved in water
Strong bases are strong electrolytes.
Strong Acids Strong Bases
HCl KOH
HNO3 NaOH
H2SO4
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Acid-Base Reaction (Neutralization Reaction)
strong acid + strong base a salt + water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O(l)
H+ + OH- H2O(l)
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8.5 Reaction of Metals With Nonmetals
Oxidation-Reduction reactions
- reactions that involve the transfer of one or
more electrons
- also called redox reactions
Figure 8.8: The space shuttle Discovery.
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Figure 8.9: Assembly of a solid-fuel rocket.
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Figure 8.11: Classes of reactions.
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Figure 8.12: Summary of classes of
reactions.
