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Series

This article summarizes techniques for solving ordinary differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order separable differential equations by separating the variables and integrating both sides. Methods include solving equations of the form y' = f(x)g(y) by making substitutions to separate the variables and solving equations of the form x2y' = (ax + b)y by taking the logarithm of both sides.

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53 views2 pages

Series

This article summarizes techniques for solving ordinary differential equations. It provides examples of solving first order separable differential equations by separating the variables and integrating both sides. Methods include solving equations of the form y' = f(x)g(y) by making substitutions to separate the variables and solving equations of the form x2y' = (ax + b)y by taking the logarithm of both sides.

Uploaded by

tempinbox4198
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ordinary Differential Equations

Lam Meng Hwee


National University of Singapore
September 30, 2010

Abstract
This article gives a summary of the various techniques to solve ordinary differential equations.

1 First Order Differential Equations


1.1 Separable Equations
Example
Solve y 0 = −2xy, y(0) = 1.

1 dy
= −2x
y dx
Z Z
1
dy = −2xdx + c
y
ln y = −x2 + c
2
y = Ce−x

By substituting the intial values, we get C = 1.


2
Therefore, the equation is y = e−x .

Example
Solve 2xyy 0 + x2 − y 2 = 0.

dy y 2 − x2
=
dx 2xy
y 2

x −1
= y

2 x

1
Let u = xy . Then y 0 = u0 x + u, and thus

u2 − 1
u0 x + u =
2u
du u2 + 1
x=−
Z dx Z 2u
1 1
=⇒ − u2 +1
du = dx
2u
x
Z
2u
− du = ln |x|
u2 + 1
2
−ln u + 1 + c = ln |x|
c1
2
=x
u +1
c1  y 2
= u2 + 1 = +1
x x
∴ c1 x = y 2 + x2

Example
Solve x2 y 0 = (5x + 1) y.

x2 y 0 = (5x + 1) y
1 dy 5x + 1
=
y dx x2
5 1
ln |y| = ln |x| − + c
2 x
5 1
|y| = C|x| 2 e− x

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