Syntax2d Manual
Syntax2d Manual
Syntax2d Manual
Version 1.2
6.01.07
For questions,corrections, or more information:
Please email us at s2d‐info <at> umich.edu
Introduction
Syntax2D is an open source spatial analysis program developed at the University of Michigan. It is
intended as a platform for Space Syntax research that will evolve over time to better serve the
community. Syntax2D features Isovist, grid, and axial analysis as well as path analysis and
counting features intended to assist with field research.
Users are free to download the program and the source code from our website
(http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/archdoc/syntax2d/), provided they adhere to the software license
agreement.
System Requirements
Syntax2D requires a Windows PC.
There are currently no plans for a Mac version.
Syntax2D has not been tested on Intel Macs running virtualization.
Basic requirements are minimal (essentially the requirements of the OS):
500 MHz processor
128MB RAM
SVGA Display
Three‐button mouse
2MB Hard drive space (more for source files)
Syntax2D relies on some computationally intensive routines, so more processing power and RAM
will improve performance and are recommended.
Installation
Syntax2D currently has no installer, but the process is not difficult. Simply download the file from
the website, unzip to a new folder, and run the file S2D.EXE
Import a File
File Requirements:
Syntax2D currently requires AutoCAD 2000 .DXF formatted files.
From these files, Syntax2D imports only line and polyline entities (including shapes). External
references, hatches, or other proprietary data types will not be imported.
Prior to importing, all drawings should have a boundary line. This surrounds the drawing area
and indicates the extents of the analysis. The boundary should be a closed polyline on its own
layer (default: “BOUNDARY”) and no larger than is necessary. Interior walls or other partitions
separate from the boundary line should be on a separate layer (default: “WALLS”). Finally,
reference lines may be placed on a layer (default: “GLINES”) if the user wants to have visible lines
which do not contribute to the spatial analysis.
NOTES:
Overlapping lines within the boundary line or wall lines can cause problems for the analysis. Be
sure to clean up your file before importing.
Paths must be polylines. Paths can also be imported into a drawing from external files.
Instructions:
To import a file, go to File, Import, .DXF
Navigation
Zoom
There are many different ways to zoom in Syntax2D. The easiest is to use the scroll wheel on the
mouse. Scroll up to zoom in, scroll down to zoom out. This is similar to how the scroll works in
AutoCAD.
You can also Zoom using the Zoom Extents button or View, Zoom Extents.
Pan
Panning is accomplished with the arrow keys or the Pan button .
Isovist
1. To create a point Isovist, click in the space where you want it to appear. Alternately, you can
also go to Isovist, Point Isovist At and enter in coordinates. You should see a black visibility
polygon extending from the point.
If an Isovist does not appear, check the following:
• Are Isovists visible? (is the checkbox at the top checked?)
• Is there a boundary line around the drawing?
2. To obtain data from the Isovist, go to Isovist, Point Isovist Properties.
Grid Isovist (visibility graph analysis)
1. Prior to creating a Grid Isovist, the grid parameters must be setup. Go to Grid, Grid Setup/
Options.
2. Adjust the Span Size or X/Y Count to see the number of cells that will be created. More cells
will increase the resolution of the results, but will also increase the processing time.
To restrict the grid to a specific area, use the Offset box to define coordinates.
IMPORTANT: If you want all graph measures in the analysis, you must check the box.
You may also edit the Integration depth here.
3. When you are satisfied with the Grid Options, go to Grid, Initialize Grid. This will draw the
grid to the screen. If you are unsatisfied with how it looks, you can go back to the Grid Setup
and repeat the process.
4. When you are ready, go to Grid, Create Grid Isovist. Syntax2D will now process the grid; this
may take a while if you have Calculate Graph Measures checked.
5. To visualize a Grid measure, go to Grid, Show Grid Properties.
6. When the program is finished, you can export the data using Grid, Export, Comma
Separated Values. Excel should be able to read this file type and convert it to a spreadsheet.
To check the measures of an individual cell, click on a cell with the left mouse button and go
to Grid, Isovist Properties. NOTE: This screen will not show data on Path or Point Counts
unless an analysis was run with this information.
Path Isovist
Setup
Paths must be polylines contained in .DXF files. You can import them along with your drawing or
later from an external file.
It is advisable to put your paths on a layer called “PATH” or something easy to remember. Upon
import, all polylines on layers called “PATH” will be converted to numbered path objects.
Otherwise, you can import them from Path, Import Path.
Processing
1. Like a Grid Isovist, you need to set your options first. To do this, go to Path, Path Options.
From the “Current path” dropdown, chose the path you want to process.
2. Next, go to Path, Create Observation Points. This will set the points from which Isovist will
be generated. You can do this for a set number of points or derive points from a spacing
interval. If you want to change the point spacing, go back to Path, Path Options.
3. Now you are ready to process the path. Go to Isovist, Create Path Isovist (this may take a
while).
4. To view the properties of each point, go to Isovist, Show Point Properties, and then choose
the measure you want to view.
Using Path, Path Options, you can change options of the visualization.
5. You can also view this data as a table by going to Isovist, View Path Data. To export this
data, go to Isovist, Export (the one next to the other path functions), Comma Separated
Values.
Path Count
Path Count is a useful feature for correlating the movement of people with other spatial
measures. For example, recording the tracings of pedestrians in a plaza in relation to the
Integration of the space. Path count is found under the Grid Isovist menu.
Note: Path Count does not take into account direction—it only calculates paths in a cell. If path
crosses over itself, it will be counted again within that cell.
Refer to the CAD requirements for the proper way to construct paths for Syntax2D.
If you have already loaded a file with Paths and have created a Grid Isovist, go to Path Count
under Show Grid Properties.
Otherwise, follow this procedure:
1. Load a file that contains paths or go to Path, Import Paths to add them to a file that is
already open.
2. Next, create a Grid Isovist. (as above: Grid, Grid Setup; Initialize Grid, Create Grid Isovist)
3. Under Grid, Show Grid Properties, go to Path Count.
Point Count
Point count is used to correlate the number of points in cells against other spatial data. For
example, points can be used to sample the locations of people standing in a room.
Syntax2D defines a point as the center of a circle CAD object—radius doesn’t factor into the
calculation. Place all points on a layer separate from other Syntax2D elements (i.e. a layer called
“POINTS”).
Point count works similarly to Path Count, using the Grid Isovist.
1. First, load your drawing file. Then load the points into your file using Grid, Import
Custom Points.
2. Set up and run the Grid Isovist (see above section).
3. Under Grid, Show Grid Properties, go to Point Count.
Point Count can be saved and compared with other Grid Isovist data using Grid, Export, Comma
Separated Values or by selecting a cell and using Grid, Isovist Properties.
Axial Line Analysis
Draw your axial lines in a CAD program. They should all be on the same layer separate from the other
object types in the file.
1. Load your file. Go to Axial, Import Axial Lines to add them to the file.
2. Next, go to Axial, Run Analysis.
3. To visualize the analysis, go to Axial, Show Axial Line Properties.