PRESENTATIO

N
ON
FUNDAMENTA
LS
COMPUTER ACCESS TO THE DIGITAL WORLD
DEFINITION

Computer is programmable
machine that receives input,
stores and manipulates
data/information and
provides output in a useful
format.
HISTORY : GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
 First Generation
 Second Generation
 Third Generation
 Fourth Generation
 Fifth Generation
FIRST GENERATION
1946 – 1955
Used Vacuum tubes for circuitry and Magnetic drums for memory
Relied on Machine Language
Used Punched cards and Paper tapes for Input
Output in Printed form
UNIVAC I, EDSAC are first generation computers
Characteristics
Occupies more space and clumsy
Consumes more electricity
Dissipates more heat and hence requires large air conditioners for
cooling
Very low reliability
Batch Processing
SECOND GENERATION
1956 – 1964
Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes
Moved from Magnetic drum to Magnetic core technology for memory
Moved from Machine language to Assembly Languages, which allowed the programmers
to write instructions in words.
Used Punched cards and Paper tapes for Input
Output in Printed form
Magnetic tapes are used for Secondary storage
High level languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN.
IBM System/360 (Mainframe) , PDP – 8 (Minicomputer) are second generation
computers
Characteristics
Computers became smaller in size
Consumes less electricity
More reliable and faster
Time sharing processing
THIRD GENERATION
1965 – 1974
Integrated circuits (SSI, MSI, LSI)
Integrated circuits are miniaturized Transistors placed on
small silicon chip
Instead of punch cards and Printouts, user interacted with
computer through keyboard and Monitor
Characteristics
Drastically increased speed and efficiency
Smaller and Cheaper than predecessors
FOURTH GENERATION
1975 – 1998
Microprocessors (VLSI)
Development of GUI (Graphical user Interface), mouse and hand
held devices
Development in Data communication i.e. Networking, Internet
Development of Micro computers such as Intel 8088 (16 bit),
Intel 80386 (32 bit)
Development of Embedded computers - Intel 8048, Intel 8051
Development of Personal Computers (Desktops, Laptops,
Portable computers, PDAs,Tablet PC)
Different types of Secondary memory with high storage capacity
and fast access are developed Ex: Floppy Disc, Hard disc
FIFTH GENERATION
1998 – PRESENT
 Based on Artificial Intelligence
Problem solving, Expert Systems, Natural Language
Technological Advances that could make development
of fifth generation computers:
Parallel processing – Many processors are grouped to
function as one large processor
Super conductors – is a conductor through which electricity
can travel without any resistance, resulting in faster transfer
of data/information between components of a computer.
Applications – Speech Recognition, Robotics, Quantum
computer, DNA computing, etc.,
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Classification by Size and Power
Micro Computers (Personal Computers)
Mini Computers (Midrange Computers) – A multi user
computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users
simultaneously)
Mainframe Computers - A powerful multi user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously)
Super Computers – Are fastest and very expensive
computers employed for specialized applications that
require immense amount of Mathematical calculations. For
Ex: Weather forecast, Scientific Simulations, Fluid
dynamics etc.,
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Classification by Function
Servers – Usually refer to a computer that is dedicated to
provide a service. Ex: Database server, File server, Web
server etc.,
Workstations – A powerful single user computer (personal
computer) with some hardware enhancements
Embedded Computers (are computers that are usually part
of a device or machine. Embedded computers generally
execute a program that is stored in Non-volatile memory
and is only intended to operate a specific machine Ex:
Washing Machine, DVD Player etc.,)
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

HARDWAR
E

• SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
SOFTWAR • APPLICATIO
E N
SOFTWARE
 HARDWARE
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

SECONDARY
STORAGE

CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT
MEMORY
INPUT OUTPUT

AL CU
U
 INPUT DEVICES

Web cam
Key board & Mouse

Scanner

Microphone
Joystick
OUTPUT DEVICES

Printer
Monitor

Plotter
Head phones Speakers
 CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
CONTROL
REGISTERS UNIT
ARECOORDINATES
SUPERFASTALL THE OPERATIONS
STORAGE DEVICES.OF THE
ARITHMETIC LOGICFLOW
COMPUTER AND GUIDES UNITOF PERFORMS
DATA FROM ONE SUBSYSTEM
ARITHMETIC
TO ANOTHER.S ARE(ADDITION,
FOLLOWING SUBTRACTION,
USED FOR STORING PURPOSES
•MULTIPLICATION,
THE DATA REQUIRED
ARITHMETIC FOR EXECUTION
DIVISION)
LOGIC AND OF ALOGICAL
SINGLE
IT GETS INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTION FETCHEDFROM MEMORY
FROM MEMORY , DECODES THEM AND
(TRUE
•THEN OR
THESENDS FALSE)
UNIT
THE
ADDRESS THEOPEARTIONS
REQUEST
OF TO APPROPRIATE
CURRENT INSTRUCTIONUNIT FOR
•COMPLIANCE OF THE
INTERMEDIATE INSTRUCTION.
RESULTS OBTAINED WHEN THE DATA ARE
THE CONTROL UNIT
MANIPULATED ASALSO CONTRLS THE TIMING OF ACTIVITIES
PER INSTRUCTION
•SOTHE
THAT THEY ARE
ADDRESS OFPERFORMES IN A SYNCHRONISED
THE NEXT INSTRUCTION MANNER.
TO BE FETCHED
FOR EXAMPLE,
FROM MEMORYIF THE INSTRUCTION INVOLVES SOME
REGISTERS
ARITHMETIC OPERATION, IT INFORMS THE ARITHMETIC LOGIC
UNIT ABOUT THE OPERATION TO BE PERFFORMED, THE
ADDRESS FROM WHERE DATA TO BE EXTRACTED AND THE
ADDRESS WHERE THE DATA ARE TO BE STORED
CPU >> REGISTERS
TYPE OF FUNCTION
REGISTER
The computer evaluates arithmetic
The Instruction The Instruction fetched from memory
expressions
Register
by breaking
is stored
down complex
operations. For example multiplication is
The Program Counter Addresses of Instructions will be
treated as repeatedstored
addition. Ex: The product
of
The5Data
andRegister
6 will be The
obtained
addressesbyof initializing
data required for
operand to 0 and processing
adding 5 instructions
to it six are
times
ACCUMULATOR temporarily stored
The Accumulator The intermediate results of the
process are stored.
CPU >> REGISTERS
TYPE OF REGISTER FUNCTION
The Temporary Stores Intermediate results obtained
Register during the processing of data performed
in a single instruction
The Memory Data Is a buffer between the CPU and
Register Memory. Before some data are
transferred from CPU to memory , these
are temporarily stored in the MDR
The Input Register Is a buffer between Input device and the
computer. The character, read by input
device is temporarily stored in the Input
Register
The Output Register Is a buffer between the computer and the
Output device . It stores the character
before it is transferred to the output
device.
MEMORY
PRIMARY MEMORY

 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

SECONDARY STORAGE
DIFFERENCES
RAM ROM
Random Access Memory Read only Memory
Volatile (Losses data when Non-Volatile and Permanent
power switches off) and Memory
hence temporary memory
User can access RAM for User can read but he/she can not
reading or writing change its contents
Is used to store the basic boot
Is the memory , that computer strapping (booting) firmware for
programs retrieve and load the main processor , as well as the
data during processing various firmware needed to
Faster access as the time for internally control self contained
retrieving data is independent devices like Graphic cards, Hard
of physical location disk, DVD drives , TFT Screens
etc.
Slower than RAM
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
ANATOMY OF HARD
DISC

MY
TO PY
NA OP
A FL C
F
O DIS FLOPPY
DISC
USB PEN
MAGNETIC
DRIVE HARD
TAPES DISC
SOFTWARE
 The set of programs through which the user interacts with the computer
is known as software
 Software may broadly classified into two types.
 System software
 Is software designed to operate the computer hardware and to
provide and maintain a platform for running application software
 The components of system software include
 Operating system
 Language translators
 Loaders & linkers
 Utility programs
 System software stored on non-volatile memory is usually termed
as firmware ex: BIOS
 Application software
 Is software designed to help the user to perform singular or
multiple related specific tasks.
Examples of Application software
Time & Resource Management
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, Accounting
Software
Data management : Spread sheet, Personal Database
Documentation : Word Processing, Presentation, Desktop
publishing
Content Access
Web Browsers, Media Players
Entertainment Software
Digital Pets, Video Games
Enterprise Infrastructure
DBMS (Data Base Management System)
GIS (Geographical Information System)
Examples of Application software
Product Engineering
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
FEA (Finite Element Analysis)
CAE (Computer Aided Engineering)
Software Engineering
Compiler Software
IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Game creation software
Program Testing Tools
Media Development Software
Animation
Video & Audio editing
Web Development
 CREDITS

VEGESNA
SIRISHA

MEMBER 2

MEMBER 3