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Cell: 9952749533 WWW - Researchprojects.info: Expert Systems and Solutions

The document discusses expert systems and solutions for research projects in various engineering domains. It provides contact information including email, phone number and website for a research organization called Expert Systems Solutions located in Paiyanoor, Chennai. It calls for final year students from various engineering programs including electrical, electronics, power systems and more to undertake research projects and use the organization's labs and expertise. The rest of the document appears to be about operational amplifiers and their applications in active filters, digital to analog converters, analog to digital converters and voltage regulators.

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18 views53 pages

Cell: 9952749533 WWW - Researchprojects.info: Expert Systems and Solutions

The document discusses expert systems and solutions for research projects in various engineering domains. It provides contact information including email, phone number and website for a research organization called Expert Systems Solutions located in Paiyanoor, Chennai. It calls for final year students from various engineering programs including electrical, electronics, power systems and more to undertake research projects and use the organization's labs and expertise. The rest of the document appears to be about operational amplifiers and their applications in active filters, digital to analog converters, analog to digital converters and voltage regulators.

Uploaded by

setsindia3735
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Cell: 9952749533
www.researchprojects.info
PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI
Call For Research Projects Final
year students of B.E in EEE, ECE,
EI, M.E (Power Systems), M.E
(Applied Electronics), M.E (Power
Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Students can assemble their hardware in our
Research labs. Experts will be guiding the
projects.
OPAMP APPLICATIONS

Session-12
PRAKASH BISWAGAR
Asst.Professor, E&C Dept.
RV College of Engg.
Bangalore
AGENDA
• Recap
• Active filters
• DAC
• ADC
• Regulators
ACTIVE FILTERS
• Filters are frequency selective networks
• Used in Communications
• Can be active or passive
CLASSIFICATION OF
FILTERS
FILTERS BASED ON
FREQUENCY

(i) Low pass filter (LPF)


(ii) High pass filter (HPF)
(iii) Band pass filter (BPF)
(iv) Band stop filter(BSF)
(v) All pass filter
Frequency Response of
filters
• Ideal
• Practical
REALIZATION OF FILTERS

1. Butterworth filters
2. Chebyshev filters
3. Elliptic filters
4. Bessel filters
BUTTERWORTH FILTERS
CHEBYSHER FILTERS
BUTTERWORTH FILTERS

• Named after the inventor “BUTTERWORTH”


• No ripple in the pass/stop band
• Have large transition width
• Filter characterized by system transfer
function
• Where Pn(S) = Butterworth polynomial
• S = Complex variable = σ +jω
• Order of the polynomial indicates the order of
the filter
BUTTERWORTH POLYNOMIALS
I-ORDER LPF
BUTTERWORTH TYPE
• RC N/W used for filtering action
• R1 & R1’ used for gain adjustment
• OPAMP is configured in non-inverting model
D TO A CONVERTERS

DAC Analog o/p


Digital
I/P
DAC SPECIFICATIONS

• Resolution
• Linearity
• Accuracy
• Settling time
• Output time
Types of DAC

1.Binary weighted DAC


2.R-2R ladder type DAC
BINARY WEIGHTED DAC
LIMITATIONS OF
BINARY WEIGHTED RESISTORS

(1) As the resolution increases, the resistor value


increases
(2) The accuracy is low, since depends on
resistor values.
R-2R LADDER TYPE DAC
R-2R LADDER TYPE DAC

• Uses only two values of resistors


• Overcomes the limitations of Binary weighted
DAC
• OPAMP is connected in inverting mode
• Each digital input is applied through R-2R
network and VRef
ERRORS IN DAC

1.Linearity error
2.Offset error
3.Gain error
ADC’s
• Converts analog signal into digital data
• Used in Data acquisition systems & Digital
instruments etc
TYPES OF ADC
1.Counter type ADC
2.Successive approximation ADC
3.Flash or parallel converter type ADC
4.Integrated type ADC’s
(Single slope & dual slope)
COUNTER TYPE ADC
COUNTER TYPE ADC
• Initially the counter is cleared
• The analog signal is applied to one of the
inputs of the comparator
• Counter o/p is converted into analog, by the
DAC
• The DAC O/P is compared with the incoming
signal
• Conversion stops when digital O/P >Incoming
signal
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION
ADC
SAR ADC
• Widely used
• Similar to Counter type ADC except that ,a
SAR is used
• SAR acts as programmable Up/Down counter
• Completion of conversion , triggered by a
change in the state of the comparator
• Much faster than the counter type
FLASH ADC
FLASH ADC
• For n-bit digital word, 2n-1 comparators are
required
• The analog sample is simultaneously applied
to one input of all the comparators
• Other input to the comparator is a DC voltage
derived from the pot. divider N/W
QUANTIZATION ERRORS
REGULATORS

Block diagram of a RPS


CLASSIFICATION OF
REGULATORS
BASIC REGULATOR
MAIN PARTS OF A
MONOLITHIC REGULATOR

• Reference voltage circuit


• Error Amplifier
• Series pass element
PRACTICAL REGULATOR
3-TERMINAL REGULATORS
(FIXED O/P)
3-TERMINAL REGULATORS
(SDJUSTABLE O/P)
3-TERMINAL REGULATOR
(ADJUSTABLE)
DESIGN OF V.R.
USING 78XX

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