The Internet

Every machine
transparently connected to
every other
Internetworking : terms of art

? An Internet: A network of networks of

computer hosts able to seamlessly
communicate - usually through the
Internet Protocol (IP) and services

Enterprise Internet: An The Internet:

Internet within an More than
organization 50,000
Internets
connected
Public Data Internet: together
Internet services
made available to the
public
 Who Uses The Internet ?

? Institutions of all kinds - academic, government and

commercial
? to allow their staff to collaborate with peers
? to rapidly coordinate complex, dispersed worldwide activities
? to gather and share information
? by interconnecting their enterprise networks via Internet backbone
providers
? Professional communities of all kinds - especially
research and development organizations
? Business enterprises which specialize in providing or
collecting information
? General public via local access providers and gateways
to commercial public e-mail carriers and other kinds of
networks
 Internet Maintenance and
Development
?1979 Internet Configuration Control
Board
(ICCB)
• to guide the technical evolution

?1983 Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

IETF IRTF
to explore current trouble looks long term usability
areas and offer possible and explores the
solutions development of new technologies
Internet Maintenance and
Development

?1993 Cooperative management

• INTERNIC (Internet Network Information Centre)

Consortium

• Registration Services

• Assignment of IP addresses
Internet Standard Domain
Names
The NIC has specified a set of standard top-
level domain names that form the basis of
both a geographical and non-geographical
naming system
– com commercial organisations
– edu educationall organisations
– gov government institutions
– mil military groups
– net major network support centres
– org organisations other than the above
– int international organisations
– country code two character identifier for a
country in the geographical scheme
Domains and Sub Domains
?A Domain represents a country name ,
network , organisation etc.
.in
.edu
.jp
.gov

?A Sub Domain indicates a sub

categorisation as a province ,
subnetwork , department etc.
nic.in
harvard.edu
isoc.org
Host Names & Internet
Address

?In order to uniquely identify a host on the

Internet, each host is assigned a unique IP
address. The IP address is a 32-bit code,
divided into four parts : eg, 164.100.1.16
?A host name is made up of domain names,
separated by periods : eg, www.nic.in
?A Domain Name System (DNS) service
translates a host name to an IP address.
Domain & IP addresses for NICNET
sites

?Domain nic.in
?Class B Internet Address
164.100.x.y

Possible Internet Hosts on NICNET ~ 65,000

Expanding Internet : New
Frontiers

•IPv6

•Internet 2
The mail through Internet
(done by Mail Transfer Agent)

Some common protocols for email delivery :

?SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

?IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol)
?POP (Post Office Protocol)
?UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol)
POP (Post Office Protocol)

is a store-and-forward protocol. With

POP, the dial-up IP user obtains an
account on a system with dedicated
connection (POP Server) and then
connects this system with their own
machine (POP Client) and transfers
mail for the client.
E-Mail : Other Possibilities

Apart from the normal mail

transactions, it is also possible to have
access to other Internet tools like archie, ftp
and gopher through email.

The email facility may also be used

more effectively by harnessing the world of
mailing lists, discussion groups or
LISTSERVs on almost any subject.
Internet Connectivity

?Mail only connection

The simplest way to get Internet E-mail
link is through UUCP connectivity to any
of the NICNET nodes on dial-up. The
‘mail only connections’ are links that
enable you to send and receive
electronic mail and Bulletin Board
Services
Internet Connectivity

?Shell Account
Dial-up terminal connection links you
to an Internet node of NICNET as a
terminal and set up a shell account
which uses a UNIX command line . The
Internet access / navigation softwares
(telnet , ftp, gopher, archie, etc.) are
run on the NICNET node .
 Internet Connectivity

?SLIP / PPP
On demand direct connection - A variant of
TCP/IP designed for PCs connected through
telephone lines is called the Serial Line
Interface Protocol (SLIP) or the Point to
Point Protocol (PPP) . With one of these a
high speed ( 9600 baud or preferably 14,400
baud ) modem connection to an internet site
of NICNET node one can have a link that
makes one’s computer a full Internet
participant .
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

?SLIP, Serial Line IP, is currently a de facto

standard, commonly used for point-to-
point serial connections running TCP/IP.
?It is merely a packet-framing protocol
?It provides no addressing, packet type
identification, error detection/correction or
compression mechanisms.
?Easy to implement.
SLIP (Cont’d.)

? commonly used on dial-up links and

sometimes for dedicated serial links
?usually used with line speeds between
1200bps and 19.2Kbps
?useful for allowing mixes of hosts and routers
(host-host, host-router or router-router) to
communicate with one another
?max. packet size : 1006 byte datagrams
(including IP# + headers) - Berkeley Unix
specification [no standard SLIP specs. Av.]
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

?A standard method for transporting

multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-
point links
?PPP provides a common solution for
easy connection of a wide variety of
hosts, bridges and routers.
?Provides error detection/correction and
data compression and allows higher
speeds
The growth of Internet is not
a fluke or a fad, but the
consequence of unleashing
the power of individual
creativity.
Internet