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Exponential Function e ST: Richard Baraniuk

This document discusses exponential functions with complex variables. It defines the exponential function f(t) = est where s is a complex number σ + iω. This results in f(t) = eσt(cos(ωt) + i sin(ωt)), which is a complex sinusoid. The real part R{f(t)} is plotted for σ > 0, resulting in an exponential decaying cosine waveform. Examples of using complex exponentials to represent sinusoids are also provided.

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52 views5 pages

Exponential Function e ST: Richard Baraniuk

This document discusses exponential functions with complex variables. It defines the exponential function f(t) = est where s is a complex number σ + iω. This results in f(t) = eσt(cos(ωt) + i sin(ωt)), which is a complex sinusoid. The real part R{f(t)} is plotted for σ > 0, resulting in an exponential decaying cosine waveform. Examples of using complex exponentials to represent sinusoids are also provided.

Uploaded by

pnkc80
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Connexions module: m12610 1

Exponential Function e^st ∗

Richard Baraniuk
This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License †

f (t) = est (1)

such that s∈C

s = σ + iω (2)

f (t) = est = e(σ+iω)t


= eσt+iωt (3)

σt
= (e (cos (ωt) + isin (ω (t))))

note: e is the exponential magnitude and cos (ωt) + isin (ω (t)) is a complex sinusoid

Exercise 1 (Solution on p. 4.)


Plot R {f (t)} for σ>0

∗ Version 1.1: Jan 27, 2005 2:14 pm US/Central


† http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0

http://cnx.org/content/m12610/1.1/
Connexions module: m12610 2

1 Frequency Units

Figure 1

ei2πfo t = cos (2πfo t) + isin (2πfo t) (4)

2πfo = ωo (5)

note: See the applets and VIs!

s
It is convenient to view " " in est as a point in the complex frequency plane: the s-plane.

http://cnx.org/content/m12610/1.1/
Connexions module: m12610 3

Figure 2

http://cnx.org/content/m12610/1.1/
Connexions module: m12610 4

Solutions to Exercises in this Module


Solution to Exercise 1 (p. 1)
R {f (t)} = eσt cos (ωt)

Figure 3

σ>0

http://cnx.org/content/m12610/1.1/
Connexions module: m12610 5

Figure 4

note: What about if σ < 0? What will i {f (t)} look like?

http://cnx.org/content/m12610/1.1/

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