2.

10
UNDERSTADING
WORK, ENERGY,
POWER AND
EFFICIENCY
Learning Outcome
 Define work(W) as W = Fs
 State that when work is done, energy is transferred

from one object to another.

 Define kinetic energy , Ek= ½ mv2
 WORK DONE
Work is done in each of these situations.

What common characteristics can you observed?

A force is applied and the object moves
through a distance in the direction of the force.
 DEFINATION OF WORK
Work is defined as the product of the applied
force and the displacement of an object in
the direction of the applied force.
Work done = Force x displacement in the
direction of the force.

W=Fxs
where W = work done
F = force
s = displacement in the direction of force
 Worked Example 1

If the car is pushed with a force of 3000 N

and it moves through a distance of 0.5 m ,
calculate the work done.
Solution
Work done = F x s in the direction of force

= 3000 x 0.5
= 1500 J Nm = J
 Worked Example 2

Disp. and force

to lift the weight
are in the same
directrion

The man lift a box of mass 8 kg through a

height of 3 m. What is the work done by
the man ?
Solution
Work done = F x s in the direction of force

= 80 x 3
= 240 J
 OBJECT DOES NOT MOVE IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE APPLIED FORCE
The component of the force in the direction of the
displacement is used to calculate the work done.
F sin 
F


F cos 

Work done = F x s in the direction of force

= ( F cos  )x s
 Worked Example 3 pg 59
A woman pulls a suitcase with
a force of 25 N at an angle of
60o with the horizontal.

What is the work done by the woman if the suitcase

moves a distance of 8 m along the floor ?
Solution
Horizontal component of force = 25 cos 60o
Work done = F x s in the direction of force

= ( 25 cos 60o ) x 8
= 12.5 x 8
= 100J
 No work done
No work is done when Work done
 A force is applied but no = force x
displacement occurs, displacement
in the direction of
Reading
 An object undergoes a
force
displacement with no
applied force acting on
it. Walking a few
steps forward
 The direction of motion
is perpendicular to the Moves with
applied force. constant velocity
without any force
 Determine whether work is done
Think it over in each of the situations below

 Pulling a crate
 Boxes are
 Pushing a car X Pulling a pushed up a
locked door ramp

X Waiting  Pushing a patient

X Carrying begs of
cement
 Climbing up
X Carrying food a ladder X
and walking Orbiting in space
 ENERGY TRANSFER
(When work is done)
A librarian
pushing a trolley A bow is drawn
of books

Chemical energy Chemical energy

kinetic energy Elastic potential energy

Climbing up a Weight lifting

flight of stairs

Chemical energy
Chemical energy
Gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
 KINETIC ENERGY
 Kinetic energy is the energy of an object
due to its motion.
 Kinetic energy is given by Ek = ½ mv2 m=mass
v=velocity
Example

What is the kinetic energy of a man of mass

50 kg jogging at a velocity of 4 m s-1 ?
solution

Ek = ½ mv2
= ½ (50)(4)2
= 400 J
 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY
 Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an
object due to its higher position in the gravitational
field. m=mass, h=heigh
g= acc due to gravity

 Gravitational potential energy is given by Ep = mgh

Example The mass of the basketball is 1.5 kg.
What is the gravitational potential energy
when it is 2.7 m above the ground ?
solution
Ep = mgh
= (1.5)(10)(2.7)
= 40.5 J
 ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
 Elastic potential energy is the energy of an object
due to its state of compression or extension.
 Elastic potential energy is given by Ee= ½ Fx or
Ee= ½ kx2 k = Force constant F= force
x = extension x = extension
Example
The boy uses a force of 10 N to extend the elastic
cord of the catapult by 12 cm. Calculate the
elastic potential energy stored in the elastic cord.

solution Ee = ½ Fx
= ½ (10)(0.12)
= 0.6 J
 Exercise
Mastery Practice 2.10
pg 65
Questions : 1, 2, 3
 2.10
UNDERSTADING
WORK, ENERGY,
POWER AND
EFFICIENCY
Learning Outcome
 State the principle of conservation of energy
 Define power and state that P = W/t
 Explain what efficiency of a device is
 Solve problems involving work, energy, power and
efficiency.
 ENERGY TRANSFER
(From one form to another)
Water fall from
A gymnast
a height
bounces on a
trampoline
Gravitational potential energy
kinetic energy
Elastic potential energy
kinetic energy
Gravitational potential energy
A roller coaster

Arrow is
released from
the bow
Gravitational potential energy
kinetic energy Elastic potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
kinetic energy
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
 The principle of conservation of energy
states that energy can be transferred from
one form to another , but it cannot be
created or destroyed.

 Total amount of energy always remains

the same.
 Worked Example 4( Exploring pg 127)

A durian falls from a height of 20 m. What is the

velocity of the durian just before it hits the ground ?
Solution

Gravitational potential energy is transformed to

kinetic energy.
mgh = ½ mv2
m(10) 20 = ½ mv2
200 m = ½ mv2
v2 = 400
v =  400 = 20 m s-1
 Worked Example 5

In a softball game, a ball was miss hit and flew

vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 15 m s -1.
What is the maximum height attained by the ball ?
(Assume g= 10 m s-2)
Solution

Kinetic energy is transformed to gravitational

potential energy.
½ mv2 = mgh
½ m(15)2 = m(10)(h)
112.5 = 10h
h = 11.25 m
 Worked Example 6
A bow is extended 0.3 m by applying a
force of 45 N. When the bow is released,
the arrow shoots out with a velocity 2 m s-1.
What is the mass of the arrow ?

Solution

Elastic potential energy is transformed to kinetic

energy.
½ Fx = ½ mv2
½ (45)(0.3) = ½ m(2)2
m = 3.375 kg
 POWER
When the weight is lifted
quickly, the power
Same
generated is higher. work
done
When the weight is lifted
slowly, the power
generated is lower.

Power is defined as the rate at which work is done

Power = work done P=W 1 W = 1 J of work is
done in 1 s
Time taken T
 Worked Example 6 pg 63
A weightlifter lifts 160 kg of weights
from the floor to a height of 2 m above
his head in a time of 0.8 s. What is the
power generated by the weightlifter
during this time ? (g = 10 m s-2)

Solution
Work done , W = F x s
= 1600 x 2
= 3200 J
Power = W = 3200 = 4000 W
t 0.8
 Worked Example 7
A boy with mass 60 kg climbs up
a flight of 20 stairs in 15 s. If the
height of each stair is 0.18 m,
what is the power generated by
the boy ?
Solution
Work done , W = F x s
= 600 x (20 x 0.18)

= 2160 J
Power = W = 2160 = 144 W
t 15
 EFFICIENCY
Not all the energy given is
transformed into useful
energy. energy output is
always less than
energy input
Some energy is
transformed into unwanted
energy and is wasted.

Efficiency is defined as the percentage of the

energy input that is transformed into useful energy
Efficiency = useful energy output x 100%
Energy input