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    ASTM D 2434 (Contant Head Method)

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    jawad
    This document describes ASTM D 2434, which is the standard test method for determining soil permeability using the constant head method. It defines permeability, outlines Darcy's Law which governs water flow through porous media, and describes the specific equipment, procedures, and calculations used in the constant head permeability test. This test is important for calculating seepage rates through soils.

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    ASTM D 2434 (Contant Head Method)

    Uploaded by

    jawad
    5K views31 pages
    This document describes ASTM D 2434, which is the standard test method for determining soil permeability using the constant head method. It defines permeability, outlines Darcy's Law which governs water flow through porous media, and describes the specific equipment, procedures, and calculations used in the constant head permeability test. This test is important for calculating seepage rates through soils.

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    ASTM D 2434(Contant Head Method)

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    This document describes ASTM D 2434, which is the standard test method for determining soil permeability using the constant head method. It defines permeability, outlines Darcy's Law which governs water flow through porous media, and describes the specific equipment, procedures, and calculations used in the constant head permeability test. This test is important for calculating seepage rates through soils.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    5K views31 pages

    ASTM D 2434 (Contant Head Method)

    Uploaded by

    jawad
    This document describes ASTM D 2434, which is the standard test method for determining soil permeability using the constant head method. It defines permeability, outlines Darcy's Law which governs water flow through porous media, and describes the specific equipment, procedures, and calculations used in the constant head permeability test. This test is important for calculating seepage rates through soils.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    ASTM D 2434

    ASTM D 2434 - Standard


    Test Method for Permeability
    of Granular
    Soils (Constant Head)
    PRESENTED BY
    • JAWAD BASHIR(Thunder)

    • HAMMED(Hami)

    • SHUFQAT(Shafu)

    • KHALIL(Menanak)

    • MOHSIN MUJHTABA(Mianwali)
    Definition
    Permeability is a soil property indicating the ease
    with which water will flow through the soil.
    Permeability depends on  the following factors:

    1) the size of soil grains

    2) the properties of pore fluids

    3) the void ratio of the soil

    4) the shapes and arrangement of pores

    5) the degree of saturation


    Darcy’s Law
    The coefficient of permeability, k, is a product of Darcy’s Law.
    In 1856, Darcy established an empirical relationship for the flow
    of water through porous media.

    Q = kiA
    Where:
    Q = flow rate (volume/time)
    i = hydraulic gradient (unitless)
    A = cross-sectional area of flow (area)
    k = coeff. of permeability (length/time)

    It should be noted that the coefficient of permeability is often referred to as


    hydraulic conductivity by hydrologists and environmental scientists. In their
    notation, permeability has a entirely different definition.
    CONSTANT HEAD TEST
    • The purpose of this test is to determine the
    permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of a
    sandy soil by the constant head test
    method. There are two general types of
    permeability test methods that
    arecroutinely performed in the laboratory

    • (1) the constant head test method


    • (2) the falling head test method.
    REFRENCE
    • ASTM D 2434 - Standard Test Method for
    Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant
    Head)
    Purpose and Significance
    Purpose:

    Determine the permeability, k, (hydraulic conductivity) of soils


    by appropriate test method.

    Significance:
    Permeability is necessary for the calculation of seepage
    through earth dams or under sheet pile walls, the calculation
    of the seepage rate from waste storage facilities (landfills,
    ponds, etc.), and the calculation of the rate of settlement of
    clayey soil deposits.
    EQUIPMENT
    • Permeameters

    • Ruler

    • Tamper

    • Balance

    • Watch (or Stopwatch)

    • Thermometer

    • Filter 1000 mL Graduated cylinders


    PROCEDURE
    • Check the apparatus properly and adjust it
    on a smooth balance surface.

    • Measure the initial mass of the pan along


    with the dry soil (M1).
    • Place one porous stone on the inner support ring
    in the base of the chamber then place a filter
    paper on top of the porous stone (figure C).

    • Mix the soil with a sufficient quantity of distilled


    water to prevent the segregation of particle sizes
    during placement into the permeameter. Enough
    water should be added so that the mixture may
    flow freely (figure B).
    • Using a scoop, pour the prepared soil into the
    lower chamber using a circular motion to fill it to a
    depth of 1.5 cm. A uniform layer should be
    formed.

    • Use the tamping device to compact the layer of


    soil. Use approximately ten rams of the tamper
    per layer and provide uniform coverage of the
    soil surface. Repeat the compaction procedure
    until the soil is within 2 cm. of the top of the lower
    chamber section ( figure D).
    • Be careful not to disturb the soil that has
    already been compacted. Continue the
    placement operation until the level of the
    soil is about 2 cm. below therim of the
    upper chamber.

    • Level the top surface of the soil and place


    a filter paper and then the upper porous
    stone on it ( figure E).
    • Place the compression spring on the
    porous stone and replace the chamber
    cap and its sealing gasket. Secure the cap
    firmly with the cap nuts (figure F).

    • Measure the sample length at four


    locations around the circumference of the
    permeameter and compute the average
    length. Record it as the sample length.
    • Keep the pan with remaining soil in the
    drying oven.
    • Adjust the level of the funnel to allow the
    constant water level in it to remain a few
    inches above the top of the soil.
    • Connect the flexible tube from the tail of
    the funnel to the bottom outlet of the
    permeameter and keep the valves on the
    top of the permeameter open ( figure G).
    • Place tubing from the top outlet to the sink to
    collect any water that may come out (figure G).
    • Open the bottom valve and allow the water to
    flow into the permeameter.
    • As soon as the water begins to flow out of the
    top control (deairing) valve, close the control
    valve, letting water flow out of the outlet forsome
    time.
    • Close the bottom outlet valve and disconnect the
    tubing at the bottom.Connect the funnel tubing to
    the top side port (figure H).
    • Open the bottom outlet valve and raise the funnel
    to a convenientheight to get a reasonable steady
    flow of water.

    • Measure the time it takes to fill a volume of 750 -


    1000 mL using the graduated cylinder, and then
    measure the temperature of the water. Repeat
    this process three times and compute the
    average time, average volume, and average
    temperature. Record the values as t,Q, and T,
    respectively (figure I).
    • Measure the vertical distance between the
    funnel head level and the chamber outflow level,
    and record the distance as h.

    • Repeat step 17 and 18 with different vertical


    distances.

    • Remove the pan from the drying oven and


    measure the final mass of the pan along with the
    dry soil (M2).
    • Calculate the permeability, using the following equation:
    • Ath/QL =KT

    • KT = coefficient of permeability at temperature T, cm/sec


    • L = length of specimen in centimeters
    • t = time for discharge in seconds
    • A = cross-sectional area of permeameter
    • h = hydraulic head difference across length L, in cm of
    water
    • Q = volume of discharge in cm3
    OTHER CIRUMSTANCES
    • The constant head method of in situ permeability
    testing is used when the rise or fall in thelevel of
    the water is too rapid for accurate recording (i.e.
    occurs in less than 5 min).
    • This test normally is conducted as an in flow test
    in which the flow of water into the ground is kept
    under a sensibly constant head (e.g. by
    adjusting the rate of flow into the borehole so as
    to maintain the water level at a mark on the
    inside of the casing near the top)
    Extended Analysis
    (1) Take temperature into consideration:

    KT =Q/iA

    (2) The viscosity of the water changes with temperature. As


    temperature increases viscosity decreases and the permeability
    increases. The coefficient of permeability is standardized at
    20°C, and the permeability at any temperature T is related to K20
    by the following ratio:

    K20=KTηT/ η20
    Where:
    η20 and ηT are the viscosities at the temperature 20 and T,
    respectively, and can be found from tables;
    Calculation
    • Dry density
    γd= (γdmax *γdmin ) / [Dr*(γdmax –γdmin) –γdmax

    Where γdmax=108.5 pcf, γdmin=90.3 pcf, Dr=32, 34, 36, respectively

    • Sample Weight
    W= Volume * γd

    • Water Head
    H=H1-H2

    • Gradient
    i=H/L

    • Flow
    Q=(Hstart-Hfinish)*A
    Where A=area of reservoir tube - area of bubble tube

    • Hydraulic conductivity or permeability


    k=flow/(iAt)
    ANY QUESTIONS
    OVER AND OUT…….

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