Structured COBOL Programming

10th edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nancy Stern
Hofstra University
Robert A. Stern
Nassau Community College
James P. Ley
University of Wisconsin-Stout

PowerPoint Winifred J. Rex

Presentation Bowling Green State University 7-1
Chapter 7

Computing in COBOL: The

Arithmetic Verbs and Intrinsic
Functions

7-2
Chapter Objectives
To familiarize you with
• Ways in which arithmetic may be
performed in COBOL
• Formats and options available with
arithmetic verbs

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Chapter Contents
• Basic Arithmetic Verbs
• Options Available with Arithmetic Verbs
• COMPUTE Statement
• Signed Numbers in Arithmetic
Operations
• Intrinsic Functions

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Basic Arithmetic Verbs
• ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE
• All require fields operated on to
– Have numeric PICTURE clauses
– Contain numeric data when statements
executed

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ADD … TO Statement
Format 1

identifier-1
ADD … TO identifier-2 ...
literal-1

• identifier-1 or literal-1 added to

identifier-2
• Result stored in identifier-2

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ADD … TO Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 5, Y = 3 and Z = 7

ADD Statement Result

Add X To Y Y=8
Add X, 9 To Y Y = 17
Add X, 6, Y To Z Z = 21

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ADD … TO Statement
• Identifiers preceding TO are unchanged
• Value of identifier after TO
– Used in ADD operation
– Original value replaced with ADD result

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ADD … GIVING Statement
Format 2

identifier-1
ADD … GIVING identifier-2 ...
literal-1

• Identifiers and literals preceding

GIVING added together
• Result stored in identifier-2

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ADD … GIVING Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 5, Y = 3 and Z = 7

ADD Statement Result

Add X, Y Giving Z Z=8
Add X, 10 Giving Y Y = 15
Add X, 4, Y Giving Z Z = 12

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ADD … GIVING Statement
• Identifiers preceding GIVING are
unchanged
• Value of identifier after GIVING
– Not part of ADD operation
– Original value replaced with ADD result
– May be report-item with edit symbols

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ADD … GIVING Statement
• TO may be included before last
identifier or literal preceding GIVING
• For example: Add X, 4 To Y Giving Z
– Adds values of X, 4 and Y together
– Stores result in Z

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ADD Statement
• Comma followed by one space may be
used to separate operands
• Result of ADD always placed in field(s)
after TO or GIVING
• Result field must be data-name, not a
literal

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Producing More Than One Sum
• Several ADD operations can be done in
single statement
• Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 5, Y = 3 and Z = 7

ADD Statement Result

Add X To Y, Z Y = 8, Z = 12
Add X, 6 Giving Y, Z Y = 11, Z = 11

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ADD … TO vs ADD … GIVING
• Use ADD … TO when original contents
of result operand
– Need to be included in operation
– But are not needed after operation
• Use ADD … GIVING when
– Original contents of all operands except
result field are to be retained

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SUBTRACT Statement
Format 1

identifier-1
SUBTRACT … FROM identifier-2 ...
literal-1

• identifier-1 or literal-1 subtracted from

identifier-2
• Result stored in identifier-2

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SUBTRACT Examples
Assume A, B and C are numeric fields
A = 6, B = 2 and C = 18

SUBTRACT Statement Result

Subtract A From C C = 12
Subtract B, 5 From C C = 11
Subtract B From A, C A = 4, C = 16

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SUBTRACT Statement Rules
• All identifiers and literals must be
numeric
• Data-name, not a literal, must follow
FROM
• All fields, literals preceding FROM
added together
• Sum subtracted from field after FROM
• Result stored in field after FROM
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SUBTRACT … GIVING Statement
Format 2

identifier-1 identifier-2
SUBTRACT … FROM
literal-1 literal-2
GIVING identifier-3 ...

• identifier-1 or literal-1 subtracted from

identifier-2 or literal-2
• Result stored in identifier-3
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SUBTRACT … GIVING Examples
Assume A, B and C are numeric fields
A = 6, B = 2 and C = 18

SUBTRACT Statement Result

Subtract B From A Giving C C=4
Subtract A From 15 Giving C C=9
Subtract A, 4 From C Giving B B=8

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SUBTRACT … GIVING Rules
• All identifiers, literals before FROM
must be numeric
• GIVING must be followed by data-name
– May be numeric or report-item
• All fields, literals preceding FROM
added together
• Sum subtracted from field after FROM
• Result stored in field after GIVING
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MULTIPLY Statement
Format 1

identifier-1
MULTIPLY BY identifier-2 ...
literal-1

• identifier-1 or literal-1 multiplied by

identifier-2
• Result stored in identifier-2

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MULTIPLY Examples
Assume Q, R and S are numeric fields
Q = 4, R = 7 and S = 5

MULTIPLY Statement Result

Multiply Q By R R = 28
Multiply 10 By S S = 50
Multiply 2 By R, S R = 14, S = 10

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MULTIPLY … GIVING Statement
Format 2

identifier-1 identifier-2
MULTIPLY BY
literal-1 literal-2
GIVING identifier-3 ...

• identifier-1 or literal-1 multiplied by

identifier-2 or literal-2
• Result stored in identifier-3
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MULTIPLY … GIVING Examples
Assume Q, R and S are numeric fields
Q = 4, R = 7 and S = 5

MULTIPLY Statement Result

Multiply Q By R Giving S S = 28
Multiply Q By 3 Giving S S = 12
Multiply 6 By Q Giving R, S R = 24
S = 24

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MULTIPLY Statement
• Only two operands can be multiplied
• To obtain product of 3 operands
requires two instructions

To find Price x Qty x Discount

Multiply Price By Qty Giving WS-Amt

Multiply Discount By WS-Amt
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DIVIDE Statement
Format 1

identifier-1
DIVIDE INTO identifier-2 ...
literal-1

• identifier-1 or literal-1 divided into

identifier-2
• Result stored in identifier-2

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DIVIDE Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 2, Y = 12 and Z = 8

DIVIDE Statement Result

Divide X Into Y Y=6
Divide 3 Into Y Y=4
Divide 2 Into Y, Z Y = 6, Z = 4

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DIVIDE … GIVING Statement
Format 2

identifier-1 INTO identifier-2

DIVIDE
literal-1 BY literal-2
GIVING identifier-3 ...

• identifier-1 or literal-1 divided into or by

identifier-2 or literal-2
• Result stored in identifier-3
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DIVIDE … GIVING Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 2, Y = 12 and Z = 8

DIVIDE Statement Result

Divide X Into Y Giving Z Z=6
Divide Y By X Giving Z Z=6
Divide 16 By Z Giving X, Y X=2
Y=2

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REMAINDER Clause
• Optional clause with DIVIDE used to
store remainder of division
• Assume Q and R have PICTUREs of 99

Divide 70 By 15
Giving Q Remainder R

• Stores quotient 4 in Q and integer

remainder 10 in R
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ROUNDED Option
• Arithmetic result truncated if room to
store all decimal positions not available
– Result of 3.89 stored in field with PIC 9V9
as 3^8
• Include ROUNDED to round result to
PICTURE specification
– Result of 3.89 stored as 3.9 if ROUNDED
option used

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ROUNDED Option
Examples

01 Amt1 Pic 9V99 Value 2.25.

01 Amt2 Pic 999.

Arithmetic statement Result Value Stored

Multiply .3 By Amt1 .675 Amt1 = 0^67
Multiply .3 By Amt1 Rounded .675 Amt1 = 0^68
Divide 150 By 9
Giving Amt2 Rounded 16.66… Amt2 = 017

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Overflow or Size Error
• Occurs when result value too large to
be stored in result field
• Result of this ADD statement is 1,075
Add 350 To 725 Giving Num
• If Num has PICTURE of 999, only 3
digits can be stored
• High-order digits truncated so 075
stored in Num
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Checking for Overflow
• Any arithmetic statement may include
one or both size error clauses
• ON SIZE ERROR statement(s)
– Specifies one or more statements to be
executed if overflow (size error) occurs
• NOT ON SIZE ERROR statement(s)
– Specifies one or more statements to be
executed if overflow (size error) does not
occur
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SIZE ERROR Clause Example
Add X To Y Giving Z
On Size Error Display ' Result too large'
Not On Size Error Perform Calc-Para
End-Add

• If sum of X and Y too large to store in Z,

Display statement executed
• If Z large enough for result, Calc-Para is
performed
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SIZE ERROR Clauses
• When using one or both clauses, use
scope terminator to end arithmetic
operation
– END-ADD, END-SUBTRACT
– END-MULTIPLY, END-DIVIDE

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Size of Receiving Fields
• Ensure receiving field has PICTURE large
enough to store result
• Addition - define resultant field one
position larger than largest field added
• Subtraction - define resultant field as large
as number being subtracted from
– Assumes positive numbers
– Assumes smaller subtracted from larger
number
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Size of Receiving Fields
• Multiplication - define resultant field
equal to sum of lengths of operands
begin multiplied
• Division - define resultant field equal to
sum of number of digits in divisor and
dividend

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COMPUTE Statement
• General arithmetic statement using
symbols in place of arithmetic verbs
Symbol Verb
+ ADD
- SUBTRACT
* MULTIPLY
/ DIVIDE
** exponentiation
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COMPUTE Statement
Format

arithmetic-exp-1
COMPUTE identifier-1 … = literal-1
identifier-2

• Identifier to left of equal sign set to value

of arithmetic-expression, literal or
identifier on right of equal sign

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COMPUTE Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 9, Y = 4 and Z = 12

COMPUTE Statement Result

Compute Z = X * Y Z = 36
Compute X = Z - Y + 2 X = 10
Compute X = Y X=4
Compute Z = Y ** 2 Z = 16

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Order of Evaluation
• Arithmetic expression may include any
combination of symbols +, -, *, / or **
• Order of operations
1. ** all exponentiation performed first
2. * or / in order or appearance left to right
3. + or - in order or appearance left to right
4. () override rules 1-3, all operations
in ( ) performed first

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COMPUTE Examples
Assume X, Y and Z are numeric fields
X = 6, Y = 18 and Z = 5

COMPUTE Statement Result

Compute Z = Y / X + 3 Z=6
Compute Z = Y / (X + 3) Z=2
Compute Y = Z + X * 10 Y = 65
Compute Y = Z * X / 10 Y=3

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COMPUTE Statement
• COMPUTE can include same optional
clauses used with other arithmetic verbs
• ROUNDED follows result field (identifier
preceding equal sign)
• If ON SIZE ERROR or NOT ON SIZE
ERROR clauses used, include scope
terminator END-COMPUTE

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Signed Numbers
• Use S in PIC clause of result field if
– Numbers used in calculation may be
negative
– Calculation may produce negative results
• PIC clause without S assumed to be
unsigned
– If negative result stored in unsigned field,
sign not retained

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Intrinsic Functions
• Built-in procedures to perform particular
task like
– Find square root of number
– Convert letters to uppercase
– Get current date
• Approved as extensions to COBOL
standard in 1989
• Now included in many compilers
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Intrinsic Functions
Example

Find square root of X and place result in Y

Compute Y = Function Sqrt(X)

• Value of X passed to function called Sqrt

• Code in function finds square root of X
• Result returned by Sqrt assigned to Y

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Intrinsic Functions
Example

Convert More-Data to uppercase

Move Function Upper-Case(More-Data)

To Up-More-Data

• If More-Data = "Yes", function Upper-

Case returns value "YES"
• Value "YES" moved to Up-More-Data
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Intrinsic Functions
Format

FUNCTION function-name (argument)

• Argument - input to function

– May be numeric or alpha-numeric
depending on function
– Functions may have 0, 1 or more

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Intrinsic Functions
• Output of function - result returned after
function performs its task
• Function returning alphanumeric result
used in statements using alphanumeric
data-items
• Function returning numeric result can
be used only in arithmetic expressions

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COBOL 2002+ Changes
• Spaces around arithmetic operators will
no longer be required
• COMPUTE statement will yield same
results on all compilers
– Will make precision or number of decimal
places in each intermediate calculation
fixed

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Chapter Summary
• ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and
DIVIDE verbs
– format without GIVING
• Receiving field is part of arithmetic
• May not be report-item
– with GIVING format
• Receiving field is not part of arithmetic
• May be report-item

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Chapter Summary
• COMPUTE used for any combination of
arithmetic operations
• Order of evaluation of operators
1. **
2. * or / in sequence left to right
3. + or - in sequence left to right
4. ( ) override normal hierarchy rules

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Chapter Summary
• ROUNDED can follow receiving field in
any arithmetic verb
• ON SIZE ERROR, NOT ON SIZE
ERROR
– Can be used with any arithmetic verb
– Include scope terminator (e.g., END-ADD)

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Chapter Summary
• Intrinsic functions added as COBOL
extensions in 1989
– Calendar
– Numerical analysis
– Statistical
– Trigonometric
– Financial
– Character and String

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