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q&mawmfOD;Owår....................................................................................... 3

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a'gufwm apmjratmif.................................................................................22

OD;at;omatmif.......................................................................................25

ppfawG qefjyóemta&;awmfyHkaeUtifwmAsL;....................................................... 51
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 2 pmrsufESm - 55
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 54 pmrsufESm - 3
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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'k u © q d k u f a &muf y ga&/ wcsd K Uqd k a u&S u f v d k Y rd o m;pk w ck v H k ; tqd y f p m;vd k Y ud k , f h p G m ud k udk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;atmifausmfu yOöif;'g,umjyKvsuf &[ef;cHay;onf/ &[ef;cHpOf
owfoDvm;uwfyga&/ &cdkifjynfwckvHk;rSm qefjyóemaMumifh trsdK;rsdK;jyóemjzpfyga&/ &SifOwÅ \ oufawmfrSm (19)ESpf? (2)v &SdNyDjzpfonf/
iwfvdkYtysdKracswd 0gBuD;0gBuD;rwdygurusef xrif;tvSLcHpm;b0 a&muf&yga&/ atcsifhwd
t&SifOwÅronf &[ef;0wfESifhyif umvuwåm;jrdKUodkUoGm;jyefonf/ umvuwåm;jrdKU
udkjrifvdkY jynfolwdu tpdk;&bm;rSm qefa&mif;csyD;zdkY tBudrfBudrf wifjyawmif;yefauvJh
odkU a&mufcsdefwGif tdE´,EdkifiHa&;rSm wpfrsdK;wpfzHkajymif;vJNyD; tdE´d,EdkifiHa&;rSm wpfrsdK;
tmPmydkifwdu vHk;0*½krpdkufyg/ ,if;twGufeefY tmPmydkifwdudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvdkY
wpfzHkajymif;vJNyD; tdE´d,acgif;aqmifwdkU vGwfvyfa&;twGuf x<uEdk;Mum;cdkufESifh MuHKBudKuf
qef&[da&;udk &cdkifom;wdawmif;qdkpGm jzpfyga&/ a,auvJh ,if;tcsdefu &cdkifjynfudk
ae&m OD;Owårvnf; edkifiHa&;pGefUpm;vdkpdwfrsm; &ifwGif;ü w<u<u jzpfay:vmav\/ trsdK;om;
tkyfcsKyfxm;a& jrefrmtpdk;&u &cdkifom;wdudk npfnpfywfywf ypfowfcpGmjzpfyga&/ ,if;eda&
pdwf"mwfvnf; tawmrowf&ifhoefcJh\/ t&SifOwÅronf tdE´d,wGif&Sdcdkuf trsdK;om;
1967-ck Mo*wf(pf) 13&ufedjzpfNyD; &cdkif;om;wd towfcHc&a& edqdk;ed,kwfjzpfyga&/
aumvdyfwpfckwGif ygVdESifh Ak'¨bmompmayqdkif&m {nfhygarmu©tjzpf 0ifa&mufaqmif&Guf
&cdkifom;wdtm;vHk; ,if;edefYudk wcgvnf;rdzdkYr[kwfyg/
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NN/ / jrefrmtpdk;&u &cdkifjynfqefjyóemudk tD;tD;csrf;csrf; ajz,Sif;vdkY &,ifhom;eefY pmayusrf;rsm;udk oifMum;jyefonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHwGifaepOf q&mawmfOD;OwÅrtm; [dE´Lr[m
pmrsufESm - 52 pmrsufESm - 5
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

qyfbmtoif;MuD;\ Ouú|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhMuonf/ xdktoif;BuD;\ Ouú|tjzpf

ta½G;cH&zdkUrvG,fay/ OD;Owåronf emrnfBuD; [dE´Lacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh r'&yfjynfe,frS
emrnfausmfacgif;aqmifMuD; y@dwfrmvmAD;,m;ESifh ,SOfNydKifta&G;cH&m tEdkif&ojzifh tdE´d,
EdkifiHu OD;Owårtm; olwdkU\ acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
[dE´Lr[mqyfAmtoif;BuD;rSm tdE´djynfü uGef*&uftoif;BuD;NyD;vSsif 'kwd,tiftm; Mo*kwf(13) ppfawG qefjyóemedefUwGif
tBuD;qHk; toif;tzJGUBuD;jzpfonf/ uGef*&uftoif;MuD;rSm tdE´d,vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yg0ifonfh
EdkifiHa&;toif;jzpfNyD; [dE´Lr[mqyfAm toif;BuD;rSmrI [dE´Lbmom udk;uG,fMuolrsm;om
yg0ifonfh bmoma&;toif;BuD;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfOD;Owåronf tdE´d,jynfwGif (8)ESpf
udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcol
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*syefudk tawmftxifBuD;oGm;onfh tavsmuf pkaqmif;xm;aomaiGESifh *syefEdkifiHodkYoGm;a&muf
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xGufcJhonf/ xdkrSwpfzef (18)&ufaeUwGif *syefjynfodkUpifumylrSwpfqifh oabFmjzifh xGufcGmcJh
&m rwfv (7)&ufaeUwGif *syefEdkifiH ,dkudk[m;rm;jrdKUodkUoGm;a&mufonf/ *syefodkY a&mufaom
tcg wdkusdKjrdKU Ak'¨bmom odyÜHausmif;MuD;\OuúXtrwfMuD; tdkwmeD (xdktcgu pufrIvufrI
0efBuD;)\ taxmuftyHhjzifh *syefbmomESifh pum;udk ESpfESpfcefUoif,latmifjrifonf/ Ak'¨
bmom odyÜHausmif;MuD;ü (2)ESpfcefU ouF½dkufbmom ygarmu©tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ *syef
jynfodkU a&muf&SdpOfu OD;Owår\0gawmfrSm (9)0grQ&SdcJhNyDjzpfonf/ wwfuRrf;aom bmom&yf
rsm;rSm jrefrm? ygVd? [dE´L? ouúw? b*FvD? em*&D? t*Fvdyf? jyifopfESifh *syefbmomwdkYjzpfonf/
q&mawmfOD;Owår *syefjynfa&mufoGm;csdefü w½kwfacgif;aqmifBuD; a'gufwm
qGef,ufqifuvnf; *syef jynfwGif&Sdaeonf/ w½kwfausmif;om;rsm;vnf; *syefjynfwGif
trsm;tjym;a&muf&SdaeMuonf/ w½kwfausmif;om; rsm;onf OD;OwårxHvmí Mo0g'cH,l
OD;armifat;csrf;ESifh wdGqHkjcif;
Muonf/ OD;Owåru w½kwfausmif;om;rsm;tm; *syefjynfESifh EdIif;,SOfvsuf w½kwfjynfvGwf
ajrmufa&;udk rnfodkUrnfyHk aqmif½GufoifhaMumif; enf;ay;vrf;jyñTefMum; ajymjyonf/ w½kwf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;Owårudk av;pm;MunfndKoGm;MuNyD;vQif? xdktcsdefu w½kwfjynf
vGwfajrmufa&;udk *syefjynfü tajccsvsuf BudK;yrf;aeaomolwdkU acgif;aqmifBuD; a'gufwm
qGef,ufqiftm; OD;Owår taMumif;udkajymjyavonf/ a'gufwmqGef,ufqifonf q&mawmf
OD;OwårtaMumif;Mum;od&onfjzpfí OD;OwårxH udk,fwdkifoGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD; OD;OwårESifh
pum;aqG;aEG;ajymMunfhaomtcg OD;Owårtay:txl;av;pm;rI&SdoGm;onfjzpfí a'gufwm

pmrsufESm - 6 pmrsufESm - 51
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

qGef,ufqifu OD;Owårtm; w½kwfjynfodkU olESifhtwlvdkuf&ef yifhavonf/ OD;Owåronf

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toD;oD;odkY c&D;vSnfhvnf oGm;vmcJhavonf/
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vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif;? tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; aexdkifjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifolrSm
tHhcsD;zG,f&myifjzpfavonf/ q&mawmfOD;Owåronf *syefjynfü ygarmu©vkyfcJhaomfvnf;
qGrf;p&dwfavmufrQom,lNyD; apwemjzifhjyocJhonf/ *syefjynfrStjyef udk&D;,m;? w½kwfjynf
wdkUrSwqifh tif'dkcsdKif;em;&Sdqdkif*Hk (,ck AD,uferfqdk&S,fvpfor®wEdkifiH [dkcsDrif;jrdKUawmf)
odkY 0ifcJhonf/ qdkif*HkjrdKUwGif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;\ om;awmfjrifuGif;rif;om;BuD;ESifh 4if;\
om;awmfESpfyg;wdkU aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf/ jrifuGif;rif;om;MuD;u q&mawmfOD;OwårtaMumif;udk
owif;pmrsm;rSwqifh Mum;odNyD;jzpf&m tvGefawGUcsifaeonf/ xdkUaemuf q&mawmf OD;Owår
qdkif*HkjrdKUodkUa&muf&SdaeaMumif; odvQifodcsif; jrifuGef;rif;om;MuD;u q&mawmftm;yifhí
qGrf;auR;cJhonf/ q&mawmf qGrf;bkef;ay;aepOf jrifuGef;rif;om;BuD;u t&Sifbk&m;? wynfh
awmf &mZyv’ifay: rxdkif&orQawmh jrefrmjynfudkrjyefawmhbl;[k avQmufxm;&m q&mawmf
u'umMuD;? cJwpfvHk;udk a&xJcsu toHjrnfygvdrfhrnf? jrefrmjynfuawmh toHjrnfawmhrnf
r[kwfay[k rdefUawmfrl&m jrifuGef;rif;om;BuD;rSm rsuf&nfrsm;yif uscJh&Smonf[k qdk\/
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OD;Owårjyefvnf <ua&mufvmaomtcg jrefrmjynfonf 0dkiftrfbDattoif; (Ak'¨bmom
uvsmP,k0toif;)u EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfudkifaeNyDjzpfojzifh OD;Owårvnf;
ulnD0ifa&mufum pdwftm;xufoefpGm vkyfaqmifavonf/ 0dkiftrfbDat ac: Ak'¨bmom
uvsmP,k0toif;udk (1906)ck? arv(10)&uf? Mumoyaw;? jrefrmouú&mZf (1268)
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OD;baz? trfatarmifBuD;ESifh a'gufwmOD;b&ifwdkUu &efukefjrdKU? (28)vrf;? tdrftrSwf(68)?
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OD;bvIdif? OD;pdefvSatmif polwdkUvnf; toif;BuD;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/
OD;Owår*syefjynfrS jyefa&mufcdsefwGif 0dkiftrfbDattoif;BuD;rSm tawmftoifh wdk;wufBuD;yGm;
aeavNyD/ 0dkiftrfbDat toif;ol toif; om;rsm;uvnf; q&mawmftm; txl;pdwf0ifpm;

pmrsufESm - 50 pmrsufESm - 7
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

Muonf/ jrefrmjyefrS bmompHkwwfuRrf;aom yk*¾dKvfxl;jzpfívnf; txl;MunfndKMuonf/ wnf;vnf;&SdaerSmyg/

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vrf;ñTefrIaMumifh jrefrmrsm; tawmftwef EdkifiHa&;rsufpdyGifhvmMuonf/ ½kyfodrf;a&;udpaö wG[m tcktcsdefrSm rajyvnfovdk (2010)a&G;aumufyJGNyD;&ifvnf;yJ ajyvnf
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aemufodkU waumufaumufvdkufíaejcif;aMumifh q&mawmftm; ueOD;ü oHCmawmfrsm;
uvnf; vufrcHwJhtwGufaMumifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkvnf;yJ tjynfht0azmfaqmif
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pmrsufESm - 8 pmrsufESm - 49
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 48 pmrsufESm - 9
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 10 pmrsufESm - 47
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 46 pmrsufESm - 11
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 12 pmrsufESm - 45
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 44 pmrsufESm - 13
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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tEkdif&vdkufwmeJUppftpkd;&[m NLDukdtmPmvTJajymif;ay;zkdY wGefUqkwfoGm;cJhNyD;? aemufykdif;rSm
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toif;csKyfBuD; (*sDpDabat)\ (14)Budrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufjyD; ouFef;½Hkudk jzpfygw,f/
z,fí axmif0wfaxmifpm;jzifh rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhygonf/ OD;pdk;odrf;u y&dowfrsm;jrif&JYvm;/ tu,fí vrf;pOfygwD wjzpfvJ wpnygwDom tmPm&r,fqkd&if tJ'Dwyfrawmf
rsuf&nfus½HkESifh tdrfjyefoGm;a&mhvm;/ trsm;BuD; ta&;BuD;onf/ ,ckrsuf&nfusjcif;[m acgif;aqmifawG&Jh EkdifiHa&;qE´ukd oG,f0kdufwJhenf;eJY taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf
trsdK;om;a&;twGuf rsuf&nf usjcif;jzpfonf/ omoemawmfaMumifh rsuf&nfusjcif;jzpfonf/ aMumifh wpntEkdif&&ifawmh wyfrawmftpkd;&[m tmPmvTJajymif;aumif; vGJajymif;rSmjzpfay
bk&m;&SifcGifYjyKaom ouFef;udkcRwfí tmPmwefcdk;jzifh OD;OwÅrudk n§Of;yrf;ESdyfpufonf/ ,aeY r,fh (1990)a½G;aumufyGJrSm wpn ygwDr½IrvSta&;edrfhjyD; NLDu tjywftowf
,cktcsdefrSpí rdrdtoufudkriJYyJaqmif&Guf&rnf[k idkí ajymav onf[k ppfudkif;[efwif\ tEkdif&vkdufwJhtcsdefupNyD;awmh wyfrawmftpkd;&[m tmPmvTJajymif;ayr,fqkdwJhqE´ vkH;0
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pmrsufESm - 14 pmrsufESm - 43
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

tJ'Drludk tajccHNyD; cdkifrmjywfom;wJh qkH;jzwfcsufwpf&yfudk csrSwfNyD; tJ'DqkH;jzwfcsuftwdkif; BudK;uspfpaom tvkyfMurf;rsm;vkyfcJU&avonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf axmifrSxGufvmaomtcg
r,drf;r,dkif&yfwnfoGm;zdkY vdktyfw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfwifjyaejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ wynfh',umrsm;rS pkaqmif;aumufcHxm;aom tvSLaiGrsm;tm; q&mawmfxHtyfMu&m
uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;&Jh jzwfoef;cJhwJh c&D;wavQmufrSm uRefawmfwdkYrpGefYbJeJY (1938)ckESpfavmufwGif (w½kwfESifh*syef)taMumif;udk "gwfyHkrsm; a0a0qmqm xkwfcJYonf/
rludk pGefYcJh&wmawG½Sdygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tJ'DtawGUtBuHKawGudk oifcef;pm,lEdkifzdkY aemufaMumif;
jrefrmUEdkifiHa&; tajctaerSmvnf; ½IyfaxG;onfxuf &IyfaxG;vmNyD; awmfvSefa&;
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'DvdkjyefaumufwJhae&mrSm uRefawmf[dk;ta0;BuD;udk jyefroGm;yJeJY (90)a½G;aumufyGJ
ypfy,fpjyKvmonf/ aemufydkif;wGif q&mawmftm; vHk;vHk;ypfy,fcJhojzifh q&mawmfrSm tajc
uaepNyD;awmhajymyg&ap/ (1990)a½G;aumufyGJrSm NLDtjywftowf tEdkif&½SdcJhygw,f/
taerJhjzpfum jzpfovdkae? jzpfovdkpm;b0jzifU b0ae0ifcsdef a&mufcJh&onf/ aemufqHk;wGif
xkdYtwlyJ wdkif;&if;om;ygwDwpfcsKdU[mvnf; oufqdkif&mjynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm xdkufoifh
q&mawmfrSm avmu"Hw&m;wdkYaMumifh jrefrmESpf (1300)jynfhESpf? 0gacgifvqkwf (11)&uf
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'gubmudk jyovJqdk&if jynfolawG[m (26)ESpfvkH;vkH; wygwDtmPm½Sif
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pepfatmufrSm vlUtcGifhta&;awG 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;awG qkH;½IH;NyD;awmh vGwfvyfrIr½Sdbl;/
jynfolYvTwfawmfu ]]OD;OwåraeY}}tjzpf w&m;0ifowfrSwf aMunmay;cJhonf/ a&Tw*ð Hkajcawmf
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&if; awmifbufrkcfteD;&Sd uefawmfrifyef;NcH udkvnf; OD;Owåryef;NcHtjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhonf/
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tvm;wl ppfawGNrdKUwGifvnf; ]]OD;Owåryef;NcH}}wpfck jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
'DwpfygwDtmPm½Sifpepfudk wGef;vSefNyD;wJhtcgrSm NLDygwD&,fvdkY ay:aygufvmcJhwm
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D NLD[m jynfolawGvdkvm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDeJU vltcGifhta&;awGudk azmfaqmif odkUaomf0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfum; udkvdkeDvufatmuf&SdvTwfawmfu OD;OwÅraeYtjzpf
ay;Edkifay;Edkifvdrfhr,f? ppftmPm½Sifpepfatmufu vGwfajrmufatmif aqmifusOf;ay;Edkif w&m;0ifowfrSwfum *kPfjyKcJUMuaomfvnf; vGwfvyfNyD;aemuf jrefrmtmPm&Sifrsm;vuf
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axmufcHqE´rJawGay;cJhwmukd aumufcsufcsvdkufr,fqkd&if tmPm½Sifpepfukd z,f½Sm;EkdifzkdYeJY awmfb0ewfxHysHvGefawmfrloGm;aom pufwifbmv(9)&ufaeYa&mufwdkif; jynfwGif; jynfywGif
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tESpf(20)umvrSm a½G;aumufyGJav;Budrfig;BudrfavmufvkyfNyD;awmh a½G;aumufcHvTwfawmf

pmrsufESm - 42 pmrsufESm - 15
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

½Sdw,f/ 'DrlawGudkvnf;yJ uRefawmfwdkYu jyifvG,f? ajymif;vG,fjzpfzdkYvdkayr,fh taMumif;rJh

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txdom oufa&mufrSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh NLD &Jh EdkifiHa&;tvSnfhtajymif; tauGUtvSnfh
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pmrsufESm - 16 pmrsufESm - 41
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 40 pmrsufESm - 17
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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- ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpk ay:aygufa&;vdkU ajymr,fqdk&if &ygw,f/
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tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm; udk oifMum; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ (1950)ckESpfrS
okH;oyfjyifqifzdkY? aemuf (2008)ckESpfrSm wzufowf jyXmef;vdkufwJh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
(1955)ckESpfxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhjyD;? (1955)
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ckESpf (1977)ckESpftxd ajrmufOD;NrdKU a&S;a[mif;okawoe XmecGJwGif &cdkif-
EdkifiHwum&JU MuyfrwfrIawGatmufrSmusif;yzdkYqdkwJh tcsufawGeJYawmif;qdkNyD;awmh aMunm
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rxkwfjyefcifuwnf;u NLD-CECeJY CRPP tzGJU0ifawG CRPP aqG;aEG;wdkifyifñSdEldif;rIawG
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ûyvkyfcJhwJhtwGufaMumifh 'gonfyifvQif CRPP &JhEdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufvkdYajym&ifvnf;
tBuHay;yk*¾dKvftjzpf qufvuf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ (1980)ckESpfrS
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'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf? &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf? rGeftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf? ZdkrD;trsdK;om;
udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifwl;azmfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU bk&m; ordkif; (1301)
uGef*&uf ponfhygwDawGuvnf; olwdkYoabmxm;awGudk toD;oD;xkwfjyefNyD;jzpfygw,f??
ckESpf(yHkESdyf) OD;&mZfawmif bk&m;ordkif;usrf; jyifqifjznfUpGufcsuf(yHkESdyf) (1952-53)?
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rsm;tm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0 cJYonf/ &u©dKifuAsmaygif;csKyf? &u©dKif&mZm0ifbmomjyef?
tu,fí jyifqifray;bl;qdk&if (2010)a½G;aumufyGJr0ifbl;vdkY oabmxm; xkwfjyefNyD;om;
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pmrsufESm - 18 pmrsufESm - 39
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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vdkufwJhtcgrSm b,fvdkrS vTwfawmfac:,lEdkifr,fh tajctaer&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh vTwfawmf
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xGufyHkpmwrf;ESifh abmif;'Gwft&yfwGif&Sdaom 'wfcsfaumifq,f v,ftaqmuftODyHkpOfESifh
csufu - vTwfawmfay:aygufa&; wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdk&if 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhyHk pmwrf;udkvnf;auif; a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJUonf/
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vlrsdK;awG&JU ywfoufwJh udpöygyJ/ ulnDay;cJhonf/ OD;rif;Edkif\ jynfaxmifpk tuya'ompmtkyf? (1959) &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
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- (90)&v'fudk taumiftxnfazmfa&;
pmrsufESm - 38 pmrsufESm - 19
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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vnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH a&SYwef;rS OD;aqmifOD;&Guf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfwGif bGm;tcsdKUurl &Srf;jynfudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&,lNyD; NAdwdoQ"eo[m,e,ftwGif; yg0ifvdkMu
em,uBuD;tjzpfxrf;aqmifcJhjyD; ausmufawmfNrdKU rJqE´e,ftrSwf(1)wGif jynfolYvTwfawmf onf/ apmfbGm;tcsdKUurl &Srf;jynfudk jrefrm? tdEd´,? oD[dkVfESifh rav;EdkifiHrsm;uJhodkU ay;&ef
udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;onf&cdkif'Drdkua&pD tzGJUcsKyf\ pnf;½Hk;a&; awmif;qdkvdkMuonf/ (&yv) &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUBuD; tzGJU0ifrsm;url ArmjynfESifhaygif;í
c&D;pOftjzpf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY rJqG,fw&m;a[mxGufpOf rif;jym;jrdKUe,f? jym;acsmif; vGwfvyfa&;udk &,lvdkMuonf/
aus;&Gm rJqG,fw&m;a[myGJwGif w&m;a[maepOftzrf;cH&jyD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs cHcJh&onf/ odkY&mwGif -
q&mBuD;tm; trsdK;om;a&; w&m;a[monfponfjzifU trsdK;rsdK;pGJcswifjyD; zrf;qD;cJh (1) jynfaxmifpkrlt& aygif;&rnf/
jcif;jzpfonf/ e0w^ etzppftpdk;&\ wdkif;jynftay: rw&m;apmfum;rIUrsm;udk q&mBuD;\ (2) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wljzpf&rnf/
tcsufusus a0zefajymMum;rIUaMumifh e0w^etzppf0g'Drsm;? ArmvlrsdK;BuD;0g'Drsm;tm; (3) &Srf;jynftm;vHk;udk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&rnf/
temay:wkwfusouJhodkY qwfqwfxd rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfcJh&onf/ xdkaMumifh q&mMuD;tm; tNidK; (4) cGJxGufvdku tcsdefra&G;cGJxGufcGifhay;&rnf/
xm;um rw&m;zrf;qD;cJhNcif;jzpfjyD; axmif'Pf (3)ESpf tjypfay;um ppfawGaxmifwGif tusOf;cs rnfodkYyif&Sdapumrl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
xm;cJhonf/ axmifusjyD; (5)vtMum (1990)? Mo*kwfv(14)wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ axmifxJ yifvHkwGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhMuNyD; ]]jrefrmjynfESifhaygif;í vGwfvyfa&;udk,lrSom &Srf;jynfESifh
wGif e0w^etz ppf0g'Drsm;u q&mMuD;tm; xrif;auR;&mwGif pdefçtp&Sdaom tqdyfygonfh ucsif? csif;tp&Sdaom wdkif;om;wdkYonf vGwfvyf a&;udk tvsiftjref&rnf}}[laom
tpm;tpmrsm;tm; aeYpOfvdkvdk tenf;i,f xnfhauR;vkyfMuHcJhonf[k &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;u tqHk;tjzwfay:rlwnfí yl;aygif;Mu&ef oabmwlcJhMuonf/ þodkYjzifh yifvHk oabmwlpmcsKyf
,HkMunfaeMuonf/ odkaomfvnf; e0w^etz ppf0g'Drsm;u q&mBuD; aoqHk;&jcif;onf ay:aygufvmcJh&ayonf/
OD;acgif;wGif aoG;rwdwfonfha&m*g (Cerebral Haemorrhage)jzifh tusOf;axmifaq;½HkwGif yifvHkpmcsKyfonf ½dk;½dk;&Sif;pmcsKyfwpfckrQomjzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpkzGJUpnf;a&;qdkif&m
aoqHk;&cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; (The Truth) trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;rsm;udk vkyfBuHzefwD; a&;om; rlrsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;?
cJhonf/ q&mMuD;\ tavmif;udk ol\Zmwdcsufa<u ajrmufOD;odkU ,laqmifvmcJhjyD; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ wifjycsufrsm;? tjyeftvSefem;vnfoabmaygufNyD; oabm
q&mMuD; tvGefwefzdk;xm;cJhaom &efatmifaZ,s(ac:) oQpfaomif;ykxdk;awmfMuD; bk&m;&dyfwGif wlnDcsufrsm;ESifh uwdu0wfrsm;taejzifhom wnf&Sdayonf/ þtcsufrsm;rSm yifvHkpdwf"gwf
ajrjr§Kyfoj*dK[fcJhonf/ ac: jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfyifjzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
csrSwfcJhMuaom jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfqdkonfrSm wef;wljcif;? vGwfvyfjcif;? 'Drdkua&pDusjcif;?

pmrsufESm - 20 pmrsufESm - 37
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

txl;a'orsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;cGJí tkyfcsKyfcJhayonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;aomtcg jrefrm q&mBuD;uG,fvGefcsdefwGif q&mMuD;ü ZeD;a':rpdefomESifh om;udkausmfxGef;atmif

trsdK;om;rsm;\ EdkifiHa&;t&Edk;Mum;rI urÇmhEdkifiHwum e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vIyf&Sm;rI tygt0if orD;(4)OD; usef&SdcJUonf/ q&mMuD;uG,fvGefjcif;onf &cdkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf
t&Sdeft[kef jyif;xefvmjcif;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk rjzpfrae vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnfh tajctae tMuD;rm;qHk;aom qHk;½IH;rIUMuD;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ q&mBuD;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf vkyfBuHjzwfcJh
a&muf&Sdaomtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf &Srf;jynfESifhawmifwef;e,frsm;udk csefxm;vdkaom oabm olrsm;rSm ArmvlrsdK;BuD;0g'Drsm;ESifh Armppf0g'Drsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf q&mMuD;\ ½kyfcE¨mtm;
xm;rsm;&SdcJhMuayonf/ xdkoabmxm;rsm;udk (1945)ck? arv(17)&ufaeUwGif xkwfjyefaom owfjzwfEdkifcJUaomfvnf; q&mMuD;\&cdkifjynfESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;tay: cspfonfh pdwf"gwfudkum;
puúLjzLpmwrf;wGif txift&Sm; awGU&ayonf/ ,if;puúLjzLpmwrf;wGif ]]&Srf;jynftygt0if owfír&cJYacs/ q&mBuD;\ rGefjrwfoefYpifaom rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfonf &cdkifrsdK;qufvli,frsm;
awmifwef;a'orsm;udkrl jrefrmjynfrESifh tqkdyga'orsm; wvHk;wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;&ef wGif qufvufpdrfh0if ysHUESHYvsuf&Sdaeonf/ q&mBuD;onfum; &cdkifjynfESifh &cdkifordkif;wGif
awmifwef;a'orsm;u qE´r&Sdoa&GU xdka'orsm;udk bk&ifcHu oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnf}}[k tpOfxm0& xGef;vif;awmufyaernfh tmZmenfMu,fwyGifh jzpfayonf/
azmfjyxm;onf/ þtcsuft& jrefrmjynfyudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfhwdkifatmif awmifwef;
q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef;
a'orsm;udk csefxm;rnfh NAdwdoQ tpdk;&\ oabmxm;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf/ xdkaMumifh jynfrESifh
awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefxm;rnfh NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ oabmxm;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh
jynfrESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;,l&mwGif yl;aygif;a&;^ryl;aygif;a&;onf
jyóemwpf&yf taejzifh ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh awmifwef;a'orsm; tem*wf
a&;onfvnf; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif jyóemw&yfjzpfvmawmhonf/ awmifwef;
a'orsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;a&;wGifvnf; vlOD;a&tm;jzifh tawmftoifhrsm;NyD; e,fajrrsm;jzifh
us,f0ef;aom &Srf;jynfESifh yl;aygif;a&;onf t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifvm&ayonf/
awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;a&;wGif zqyv\oabmxm;udk (1945)
ck? Mo*kwfv (19)&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom aeol&deftpnf;ta0;BuD;ü aMunmcJhonfh
aMunmcsuf wGif atmufygtwdkif;awGU&ayonf/ ]]ArmjynftwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;
rdrdwdkYuHMur®mudk rdrdwdkYuom zefwD;EdkifNyD; tm;vHk;\oabmESifh nDñGwfpGmxlaxmif aom
EdkifiHwnfaxmif&ef/ þodkYwnfaxmif&mü yg0ifaomvlrsdK;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdkY uHMur®mudk
rdrdwdkYbmom zefwD;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;ay;xm;&ef}}
xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ tem*wfa&;ESifh ywfoufí -
(1) Armrsm;ud k , f h M ur® m ud k , f zef w D ; cG i h f & ouJ h o k d Y wjcm;wd k i f ; &if ; om;rsm;vnf ;
&&rnfqdkonfhoabmrS Armrsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;xm;&ef}}
(2) vGwfvyfvmrnfh jrefrmEdkifiHudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;\ oabmqE´ESifhtnDom
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif oGm;rnfqdkonfh oabmxm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/
(1945)ck Edk0ifbmv (18)&ufaeUwGif a&Twð*Hktv,fypö,Hü usif;yaom EdkifiHvHk;
qdkif&m zqyvnDvmcHBuD;wGif wifoGif;onfh tqdktrSwf(6) wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkta&;
tqdkESifh tqdktrSwf (7) e,fjcm;a'orsm;tm; jrefrmjynfrESifh aygif;pnf;a&;tqdkrsm;wGifvnf;

pmrsufESm - 36 pmrsufESm - 21
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

jrefrmwdkYonf taemf&xmrif;vufxufrSpí &Srf;wdkYudk odrf;oGif;Edkifjcif;? rPdyl&ESifh

tmoHe,frsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifjcif;? vif;Zif;? Zif;r,fESifh ,dk;',m;udk atmifEdkifjcif;? rGefjrefrm
tESpf(40)ppfyGJudk tNyD;owfatmifjrifjcif;? w½kwfwdkY\ usL;ausmfrIrsm;udk wGef;vSefEdkifjcif;?
&cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf &cdkifjynfudk odrf;,lEdkifjcif; (bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf)yef;0gppfyGJudk atmifEdkifjcif;ponf
wdkYaMumifh jrefrmwdkY\ ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmefrsm; ñd§K;EGrf;cJhMu&ayonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmwdkYonf
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f yxr-t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJrsm;wGif ½HI;edrfhNyD;xD;eef;yg aysmuf&aomtcg trsdK;om;Zmwdrmefrsm;
ñd§K;uscJh&jyefonf/ olYuRef rcHvdkaom jrefrmwdkY\ awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI
jynfolUvTwfawmf udk,fpm;jyK (OuúX) r&Sdjcif;? vufeuftiftm;? vltiftm;rrQjcif;aMumifh t*FvdyfwdkYodrf;ydkufNyD; (10)ESpfcefYtMum
wGif us½HI;um tm;rwefrmefavsmhí rD;cJjymzHk;BudrfrD;tHk;b0odkYa&muf&NyD; t*FvdyfwdkY\ tkyfcsKyf
rIatmufwGif Nidrf0yfydjym;cJh&ayonf/ tcsdKUrSmrl t*FvdyfwdkYudkyif txifBuD;um t*FvdyfwkdYu
ay;aom &mxl;Xmersm;ü ESpfNcdKufaysmfydkufvsuf &SdMuayonf/ jynfoltrsm;rSmum; udk,fhxD;
udk,fheef; udk,fhMuiSef;udk wrf;wí rif;avmif;ESifh wefcdk;&Sifrsm;udkom arQmfvsuf&SdMuayonf/
jrefrmwdkY\ ñd§K;EGrf;cJhaom Zmwdrmefonf rD;cJjymzHk;b0rS ½k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJudk
taMumif;jyKívnf;aumif;? yxrurÇmppfBuD;udk taMumif;jyKívnf;aumif; jyefvnfEdk;Mum;
vmcJhayonf/ þodkYjzifh 0dkiftrfbDattoif;BuD; ay:aygufvmcJhNyD; xdktoif;BuD;rS
csrSwfvdkufaom trsdK;? bmom? omoem? ynmwnf;[laom 0HomEk&u©dw w&m;rsm; ay:xGef;
vmcJah yonf/ xdw k &m;rsm;onf OD;Owår\ ]]aMumufaoG;yg&if Zm*emESiEhf w I yf pf}}? ]]u&ufa'guf
xGufoGm;}} ponfh &J&Jawmufa[majympnf;½Hk;rIrsm;aMumifh trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwfrsm; Edk;Mum;
vmcJhayonf/ (1920)ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rSmrl trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfudk w&Sdefxdk;
wGef;wifay;ouJhodkY &Sdayonf/ 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg ]]Armjynfonf
'dkYjynf? Armpmonf 'dkYpm? Armpum;onf 'dkYpum;? Armjynfukdcspfyg? 'dkYpmudkcsD;jr§ifhyg?
'dkYpum;udkav;pm;yg}}[laom trsdK;om;a&;0g'onf iGg;iGg;pGifhpGifhay:xGufvmcJhayonf/ ]]Armh
xGuf&yf*dkPf;}}acwfodkU a&mufaomtcg e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;ponfh
trsdK;om;0g'jzifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vufeufudkif wdkufyGJudkqifETJcJhMuayonf/
(1946-47)ckESpfrsm;jzpfaom vGwfvyfa&;tBudKumvodkY a&mufaomtcg jrefrmwdkY
\ trsdK;om;a&;0g'onf tvSnfhtajymif;wpfckodkY a&mufvmNyD; trsdK;om;a&;0g'ESifh
a'gufwm apmjratmif M.B.B.S( Bombay ), jynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;rsm;udk aygif;pyfum ]]jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwf}}wnf;[laom trsdK;om;
rsm; aygif;pnf;a&;0g' (oabmw&m;)onf ay:xGef;vmcJhayonf/ xdkodkYrjzpfap&ef aphaqmf
D.C.H, F.R.C.P, Honorary Consultant Physician ( London ) onfh EdkifiHa&; tajctaersm;vnf; &SdcJhayonf/
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk jrefrma’o? &cdkifa'o? rGefa'orsm;udk aygif;vsuf
]]jrefrmjynfr}}[lí tkyfcsKyfNyD;? &Srf;? ucsif? u&if? u&ifeDESifh csif;a'orsm;udkrl awmifwef;
pmrsufESm - 22 pmrsufESm - 35
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

ouJhodkU&Sdonf/ [Hom0wDESifh tif;0wdkU tjyeftvSefppfjyKMu&mwGifvnf; {&m0wDjrpfaMumif; a'gufwmapmjratmif

jzifh a&aMumif;csDonfursm;ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh oa&acwå&m (jynf)onf a&S;tcgu vGwfvyf
cJhaomfvnf; aemifwGif jrefrmvlrsdK;ESifh rGefvlrsdK;wdkU\ vufatmufwGif wvSnfhpDusa&mufcJh& a'gufwmapmjratmifudk zcifOD;apmvSatmifESifh rdcifa?:yef;pHrdbESpfyg;wdkUrS &cdkif
ayonf/ auwkrwD(awmifil)rSmum; ppfruf ab;rS vGwfuif;cJhayonf/ xdkUaMumifh wjznf; jynfe,fajrmufOD;jrdKUwGif (1918)wGifarG;zGm;cJUonf/ OD;apmjratmifonf rlvwef;ESifh tv,f
jznf; tiftm;awmifhwif;vmNyD;vQif aemifwGif tif;0ESifh yJcl;([Hom0wD)wdkY ppfyef;vmaom wef;ynmudk &cdkifjynfe,fwGifoif,lNyD; (1942)ckESpf? 'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfyGm;aecsdeftxd
tcg xdkjynfESpfjynfvHk;udkyif odrf;,lEdkifcJhayonf/ &efukef jrdKUwGif txufwef;ESifh aq;ynmudkoifMum;cJUonf/ qufvufNyD; (1947)
&Srf;jynfum; jrefrmjynfESifh w½kwfwdkU\ Mum;wGif&Sdí wpfcgwpf&H oD;jcm;vGwfvyf ckESpf? arvwGif tdEd´,EkdifiHbHkabNrdKUü aq;ynmudk (4)ESpfMumoifMum;cJh&mrS q&m0efbGJU
aeNyD; &Hzef&HcgwGif jrefrmwdkU\ vufatmufcHjzpfum wpfcgwpf&Hw½kwfwdkU\ vufatmufcH trfbDbDtufpf(bHk ab)udk &&SdcJYonf/ NyD;aemufEdkifiH0efxrf;tjzpf (2)ESpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD;
vnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xm;0,f? weoFm&D? rkwårwdkYrSmvnf; yJcl;(rGef)ESifh ,dk;',m;wdkYtMum;wGif&Sd jAdwdefwGifvnf; (4)ESpf Mum aq;ynmoifMum;cJh&mrS bGJUvGef'Dyvdkrm 'DpDtdwfcsfbGJUvGefESifh
NyD; rGefwdkY\ vufatmufcHjzpfNyD; &Hzef&HcgwGif ,dk;',m;vuf atmufodkY usa&mufcJhayonf/ tufzftm&fpDyDbGJUESifh*vyfpf udk yg&*lbGJUponfh bGJUtoD;oD;udk vufcH&&SdcJholjzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk a&;om;azmfjy&mwGif jrefrmvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;\ ordkif;udk a'gufwmapmjratmifonf (1955) ckESpfrSpNyD; (1963)ckESpftxd rEåav;aq;½HktkyfBuD;?
azmfjyjcif;xuf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;\ ordkif;udk a&;om;azmfjy&mü rGefvlrsdK;rsm;\ordkif;ESifh orm;awmfBuD;ESifh rEÅav;aq;wuúodkvf aq;ynmXmerSL;ponfhwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhNyD;
rGefEdkifiHawmfrsm; taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? &Srf;vlrsdK;wdkY\ordkif;ESifh &Srf;EdkifiHawmftaMumif;udk vl r I Y a&;? bmoma&;toif ; rsm;wG i f v nf ; OD ; aqmif t yd k i f ; rS aqmif & G u f c J h o nf /
vnf;aumif;? xif&Sm;aom &Srf;bk&ifrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkenf;wlpGm &cdkifvlrsdK; (1978)wGif wm0efrsm;rS tjidrf;pm;,ljyD;aemuf (1978)ckESpf rS (1982)ckESpftwGif;
wdkY\ordkif;ESifh xif&Sm;aom EdkifiHawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? xif&Sm;aombk&ifrsm;taMumif;udk a[mifaumifaq;½HkBuD;wGif (2)ESpfoGm;a&muf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/(1982)ckESpfwGif
vnf;aumif; azmfjyrI? oifMum;rIenf;yg;jcif;aMumifh od&SdoltvGefyifenf;ayonf/ tcsdKUrSm jrefrmEdkifiHodkY jyefa&mufvmNyD;aemuf? &efukef A[ef;jrdKUe,f ZD0w'geoHCmh aq;½HkwGif
Ouúvmyrif;? &Sifapmykbk&ifrESifh "r®apwDrif;ponfh av;ql"gwfyHk a&Twð*HkapwDawmf\ apwemorm;awmfMuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJUonf/
'g,dumrsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m;rsm;udkyif rGefbk&if[lívnf;aumif;? oD[ol? tkef;abmifcHkrdIif; (1990)jynfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfudk udk,fpm;jyKNyD; 0ifa&muf
ponfhrif;rsm;udkvnf; &Srf;rif;rsm;[lívnf;aumif; odMuolenf;ayonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm ,SOfNydKifcJh&rS ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f rJqE´e,ftrSwf(1)wGif a&G;cs,fcHcJh&onf/ rJqE´e,fajr
&cdkifrif;qufrS xif&Sm;aom rif;rsm;jzpfonfh pE´mol&d,? rif;bmBuD;? rif;&mZmBuD;ponfh wwd, trsm;qHk;&cJhonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfonf/ (1992)ck rwfv (6)&ufaeUwGif
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pmrsufESm - 34 pmrsufESm - 23
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 24 pmrsufESm - 33
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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tm&D,HvlrsdK;rsm; a&maESmaexdkifcJhMuNyD; 'Gg&m0wD? "n0wD? a0omvD? yg;&def? avmif;Muwf?
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uRef;qG,f\ taemufpGef;ü wnf&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufwGif w½kwfEdkifiH? ,dk;',m;EdkifiH
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pmrsufESm - 32 pmrsufESm - 25
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

OD;at;omatmif tkyfpkBuD;rsm;u tkyfpki,frsm;udk tEdkifjyK wdkufcdkufvk,ufodrf;ydkufrIrsm; &SdvmcJh\/ rdrdtkyfpkudk

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jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf(UNLD) (1989 rS vuf&Sd) zGJUpnf;aexdkifcJh&mrS wpfckwnf;aom tmPmydkifrI (tBuD;tuJ)atmufwGif aevdkjcif;aMumifh
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arG;&yfZmwd - &cdkifjynfe,f? ajryHkjrdKU pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh e,fajrvkppfyGJrsm;aMumifh tiftm;BuD;aomtkyfpku tiftm;i,faom tkyfpk
arG;csif; - armifESr(5)OD;teuf wwd,ajrmuf tay: vTrf;rdk;wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkuf rIrsm;&Sdvmonf/ þuJhodkUaom pkzGJUrIrsm;rS tkyfcsKyfa&;
ZeD;trnf - a':odef;&if ,EÅ,m;ESifh EdkifiHawmfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhayonf/
om;orD; - (2)OD;&Sd rlvEdkifiHawmfrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDusaom? vlxktm;jzifh a&G;cs,fonfh vlxkudk
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ykZGefawmifjrdKUe,f? &efukefwdkif;/ &SmazGpkaqmif;&mwGif xGef,ufpdkufysdK;vkyfudkifí &SmazGonfxuf vk,ufwdkufcdkuf odrf;
ynmt&nftcsif; - (1961)ckESpfwGif vom t.x.u(1) ausmif;rS ydkufjcif;tm;jzifh ydkrdk&&SdEdkifonfh oabmudk jrifvmaomtcg vk,ufodrf;ydkufonfh ppfyGJrsm;rS
(10)wef; atmifjrifcJh onf ya'o&mZftifyg,mrsm; xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ eydkvD,H\ tifyg,mudk taMumif;jyKNyD;
yg0ifcJhonfhtzGJUrsm; - &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf trsdK;om;a&;pdwfESifh trsdK;om;EdkifiHudk umuG,f&efpdwfrsm; jyif;jyvmcJhMuonf/ eydkvD,Honf
(Arakan League for Democracy) Oa&myü t*FvefrSvGJNyD; usefya’o&mZfEdkifiHrsm;udk odrf;ydkufcJhonf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif trsdK;om;
xdef;odrf;cH&onfhckESpf - wygwDtmPm&Sifpepf qefUusifa&; ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIY bk&ifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;NyD; eydkvD,H\ aqGawmfrsdK;awmfrsm;udk bk&ifrsm;tjzpf cefUtyftkyfcsKyf
jyKvkyfojzifh (1975)ckESpfwGif tif;pdefaxmifü (2)ESpfcGJcefY axmif'PfuscHcJY&? (2001)ckESpf apcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí EdkifiHrsm;pGmwdkUonf udk,fhxD;? udk,fheef;? udk,fhvlrsdK; bk&ifrsm;udk
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Oya'(17?20)[lí yk'fr(3)ckjzifh w&m;pGJqkdum axmif'Pf (21)ESpfcsrSwfcJhonf/ okdYaomf pdwfrsm;ay:aygufum awmfvSefykefuefcJhMuonf/ xkduJhodkU awmfvSefykefuefrIrsm;aMumifh
(2002)ckESpfwGif tqkwfuifqmjzpfojzifh cGJpdwfuko&ef jyefvTwfay;cJhonf/ eydkvD,H\ tifyg,mNydKuGJ&NyD;? trsdK;om;EdkifiHrsm; ay:aygufvm\/
a&G;aumufyGJr0if&onfhtaMumif;t&if; pufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;ü e,fcsJUpepfay:aygufvm&m xdke,fcsJUpepfrS arG;zGm;
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pmrsufESm - 26 pmrsufESm - 31
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 30 pmrsufESm - 27
arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif arhr&aomMo*kwf trSwfw&pmapmif

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pmrsufESm - 28 pmrsufESm - 29