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,, of N Combinatio Linear A Is (1,1,1) (A) Prove 1,0,1) ( (0,1,2) (1,2,3)

The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vectors. It provides examples of determining if sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent. A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only solution to the equation c1v1 + c2v2 + ... + ckvk = 0 is the trivial solution where all ci = 0. If a non-trivial solution exists, then the vectors are linearly dependent. It also presents a theorem stating that a set of vectors is linearly dependent if at least one vector can be written as a linear combination of the others.

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39 views11 pages

,, of N Combinatio Linear A Is (1,1,1) (A) Prove 1,0,1) ( (0,1,2) (1,2,3)

The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vectors. It provides examples of determining if sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent. A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only solution to the equation c1v1 + c2v2 + ... + ckvk = 0 is the trivial solution where all ci = 0. If a non-trivial solution exists, then the vectors are linearly dependent. It also presents a theorem stating that a set of vectors is linearly dependent if at least one vector can be written as a linear combination of the others.

Uploaded by

harish9
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Ex 2: (Finding a linear combination)

v1  (1,2,3) v 2  (0,1,2) v 3  (1,0,1)


Prove (a) w  (1,1,1) is a linear combination of v1 , v 2 , v 3
(b) w  (1,2,2) is not a linear combination of v1 , v 2 , v 3
Sol:

(a) w  c1 v1  c2 v 2  c3 v 3
1,1,1  c1 1,2,3  c2  0,1,2  c3   1,0,1
 (c1  c3 , 2c1  c2 , 3c1  2c2  c3 )

c1 1
 2c1  c2 1
3c1  2c2  c3 1
Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE
1 0  1 1 1 0  1 1 
 2 1 0 1  0 1 2  1
G . J .

3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 

 c1  1  t , c2  1  2t , c3  t

(this system has infinitely many solutions)

t 1
 w  2 v1  3 v 2  v 3

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE


(b)
w  c1 v1  c2 v 2  c3 v 3

1 0  1 1  1 0  1 1 
 2 1 0  2       0 1 2  4 
Guass  Jordan Elimination
 
3 2 1 2  0 0 0 7 

 this system has no solution

 w  c1 v1  c2 v 2  c3 v 3

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE


Linear Independent (L.I.) and
Linear Dependent (L.D.):
S   v1 , v 2 ,  , v k  : a set of vectors in a vector space V

c1 v1  c2 v 2    ck v k  0
(1) If the equation has only the trivial solution (c1  c2    ck  0)
then S is called linearly independent.
(2) If the equation has a nontrivial solution (i.e., not all zeros),
then S is called linearly dependent.

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE


 Notes:

(1)  is linearly independent


(2) 0  S  S is linearly dependent.
(3) v  0   v is linearly independent
(4) S1  S 2
S1 is linearly dependent  S 2 is linearly dependent

S 2 is linearly independent  S1 is linearly independent

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE


 Ex 8: (Testing for linearly independent)

3
Determine whether the following set of vectors in R is L.I. or L.D.

S   1, 2, 3 ,  0, 1, 2  ,   2, 0, 1
Sol: c1  2c3  0
c1 v1  c2 v 2  c3 v 3  0  2c1  c2  0
3c1  2c2  c3  0
1 0  2 0  1 0 0 0
 2 1 0 0 Gauss
   0 1 0 0
- Jordan Elimination

3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0


 c1  c2  c3  0  only the trivial solution 
 S is linearly independent
Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE 4-6
• Ex 9: (Testing for linearly independent)
Determine whether the following set of vectors in P2 is
L.I. or L.D.
S = {1+x – v2x2 , 2+5x
v – x2v, x+x2}
1 2 3
Sol:
c1v1+c2v2+c3v3 = 0

i.e. c1(1+x – 2x2) + c2(2+5x – x2) + c3(x+x2) = 0+0x+0x2

c1+2c2 =0  1 1 2 0 1 2 0 0
 c1+5c2+c3 = 0   1 5 1 0  G.J. 1 1 1 0
–2c1+ c2+c3 = 0    3
 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
 This system has infinitely many solutions.
(i.e., This system has nontrivial solutions.)

 S is linearly dependent. (Ex: c1=2 , c2= – 1 , c3=3)


Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE
• Ex 10: (Testing for linearly independent)
Determine whether the following set of vectors in 2×2
matrix space is L.I. or L.D.

2 1 3 0 1 0 
S    ,  , 
 0 1  2 1   2 0 
v1 v2 v3
Sol:

c1v1+c2v2+c3v3 = 0

2 1  3 0  1 0  0 0 
c1    c2    c3    
 0 1  2 1   2 0   0 0 

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE 4-8


 2c1+3c2+ c3 = 0
c1 =0
2c2+2c3 = 0
c1+ c 2 =0


2 3 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 Gauss - Jordan Elimination 0
 1 0 0
       
0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0
   
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

 c 1 = c 2 = c3 = 0 (This system has only the trivial solution.)

 S is linearly independent.

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE


• Thm 4.8: (A property of linearly dependent sets)
A set S = {v1,v2,…,vk}, k2, is linearly independent if and
only if at least one of the vectors vj in S can be written as
a linear combination of the other vectors in S.

Pf:

() c1v1+c2v2+…+ckvk = 0

S is linearly dependent
 ci  0 for some i

c1 ci 1 ci 1 ck
 v i  v1    v i 1  v i 1    v k
ci ci ci ci
Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE
()
Let vi = d1v1+…+di-1vi-1+di+1vi+1+…+dkvk

 d1v1+…+di-1vi-1+di+1vi+1+…+dkvk = 0

 c1=d1 , c2=d2 ,…, ci=1 ,…, ck=dk (nontrivial solution)

 S is linearly dependent


Corollary to Theorem 4.8:
Two vectors u and v in a vector space V are linearly dependent
if and only if one is a scalar multiple of the other.

Prof.H.T.Patil, CCOEW, PUNE

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