Quotient Rule Integration by Parts

JOSE BERNARDO E. BELLO

[email protected]
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
SINILOAN HOST CAMPUS, SINILOAN, LAGUNA
PHILIPPINES

At this point in time even though differentiation and integration are intimately connected
there is one formula for differentiation that has no corresponding rule for integration. This
formula is no other than the quotient rule for differentiation.

We can derive the formula for integration from the quotient rule.

f ( x)
If y= , then
g(x )

d d
g (x ) f ( x )−f ( x ) g (x)
d dx dx
( y )=
dx ¿¿

Integrating both sides of the equation will give us

d d
g(x) f ( x )−f ( x ) g (x)
d dx dx
∫ dx ( y )=∫ ¿¿
¿

d d
g(x) f ( x )−f ( x ) g (x)
∫ dx
d
( gf ((x)x) )=∫ dx
¿¿
dx
¿

d
g (x ) f (x)
f (x ) dx
=∫ ¿
g ( x) ¿¿

Solving for the second integral on the right

d
f (x) g(x)
dx
∫ ¿¿
¿
 f (x)g' (x)
∫ ¿¿
¿

Then if we let u=f (x ), so that du=f ' ( x ) and v=g(x ) and dv =g ' ( x ), the resulting integral is

Formula for Integration by Parts Part 2

u dv −u v du
∫ v 2 = v +∫ v 2

Let us try to use the derived formula for evaluating the integrals that can not be solve by the
elementary formulas.

x sinxdx
Example 1 Integrate ∫
co s 2 x

Solution. Note that this integral does not fit any of our elementary forms. Now, using
the derived formula and by letting
2 2
u=x , du=dx , dv=sinx dx ,∧v =co s x∨v=−cosx , and plugging these values to
the acquired formula, we get:

x sinxdx −x −cosx dx
∫ 2
=
co s x −cosx
+∫
si n2 x

Simplifying we will get

x sinxdx x cosx dx
∫ =
co s x cosx
2
−∫
si n2 x

You will notice that the integral on the right is similar in form to the original
integral. Now, by making some arbitrary assignment in the integral to the
functions u and dv, and that is by letting u=1, dv =cosx dx , du=0 , and v=sinx
and then arrange these functions as follows:

x sinxdx x
∫ =
co s x cosx
2
−¿

x sinxdx x 1
∫ = + +C : final answer
co s x cosx sinx
2

x 2 sinxdx
Example 2 Integrate ∫
co s2 x

Solution: We let
u=x2 , du=2 xdx , dv=sinx dx , v=−cos x

Plugging these functions to the integral we get:

x 2 sinxdx −x 2 (−cosx ) 2 xdx

∫ co s2 x = −cos x +∫ si n2 x
Simplifying and rewriting the last integral we have:
2 2
∫ x cosinxdx
2
s x
=
x
cos x
−2∫
x cos x dx
si n2 x

Again assigning arbitrary functions we have:

u=x , du=dx , dv=c os x dx , v =sinx

Plugging these functions to the last integral:

2 2
∫ x cosinxdx
2
s x
=
x
cos x
−2¿

2 2
∫ x cosinxdx
2
s x
=
x
+
2x
cos x sinx
−2∫
sinx dx
co s 2 x

u=1, du=0 dx , dv=sin x dx , v =−cosx

2 2
(−cosx ) 0 dx
∫ x cosinxdx
2
s x
=
x
+
2x
cos x sinx
−2[
−1
−cosx
+∫
sin 2 x
]

x 2 sinxdx x2 2x 2
∫ co s2 x = cos x + sinx − +C :Final answer
cosx

2
Example 3 Evaluate ∫ x cotx cscxdx

Solution: This integral can not evaluated by some of the elementary forms. But if
we apply some trigonometric manipulations for the trigonometric functions we
will get:

Trigonometric Identities
cosx 1
cotx= ; cscx=
sinx sinx
 cosx 1
∫ x 2 cotx cscxdx=∫ x 2 sinx sinx
dx

x 2 cosx
¿∫ dx
sin2 x

Now, we let

u=x2 , du=2 xdx , dv=cosx dx∧v=sinx

x 2 cosx −x 2 sinx (2 x dx)

∫ sin2 x dx= sinx +∫ cos 2 x

x 2 cosx −x 2
∫ sin2 x dx= sinx +2∫ x cos
sinx dx
2
x

u=x du=dx , dv=sinx dx∧v =−cosx

2 2
(−cosx ) dx
∫ xsincosx
2
x
dx=
−x
sinx
+2[
−x
−cosx
+∫
si n2 x
]

2 2
∫ xsincosx
2
x
dx=
−x
+
2x
sinx cosx
−2∫
cosx dx
si n2 x

u=1, du=0 dx , dv=cosx dx∧v=sinx

2 2
∫ xsincosx
2
x
dx=
−x
+
2x
sinx cosx
−2[
−1
sinx
+∫
sinx 0 dx
co s2 x
]

2 2
∫ xsincosx
2
x
dx=
−x
+
2x
+
2
sinx cosx sinx
+C : final answer

2 e x sinx dx
Example 4 Evaluate ∫
1+cos 2 x

Solution: At first glance this integral is difficult to evaluate. But by applying

some algebraic manipulation and using trigonometric identities we will get:

2 e x sinx dx e x sinx dx
∫ 1+cos 2 x =¿∫ 1+cos 2 x ¿
[ ]
2

From the half angle formula we have

 1+ cos 2 x
co s2 x=
2

Substituting this value to the integral:

x x
∫ 21+cos
e sinx dx
2x
=¿∫
e sinx dx
c o s2 x
¿

u=e x ,du=e x , dv=sinxdx∧v=−cosx

e x sinx dx −e x (−cosx ) e x dx
∫ co s2 x = −cosx +∫ si n2 x

ex cosx e x dx
¿ −∫
cosx si n2 x

u=e x ,du=e x , dv=cos dx∧v =sinx

ex
¿ −¿
cosx
x x x x
∫ e cosinx
2
s x
dx
=
e
+
e
c osx sinx
−∫
sinx e dx
co s 2 x
¿¿

Transposing the last integral to the left side of the equation we will obtain:

sinx e x dx e x sinx dx ex ex
∫ co s2 x ∫ co s 2 x cosx sinx ¿
+¿ = +

e x sinx dx ex ex
2∫ = +
co s2 x cosx sinx

e x sinx dx 1 e x ex
∫ co s2 x
= [ +
2 cosx sinx ]
+C ; final answe r