This document discusses TCP/IP networking implementations in Linux. It describes how applications, protocols, and interfaces are organized in the networking code. It explains how network daemons and services work, including well-known and ephemeral port numbers. It also outlines how network configuration files store parameters and how commands like tcpdump can diagnose networks.
This document discusses TCP/IP networking implementations in Linux. It describes how applications, protocols, and interfaces are organized in the networking code. It explains how network daemons and services work, including well-known and ephemeral port numbers. It also outlines how network configuration files store parameters and how commands like tcpdump can diagnose networks.
This document discusses TCP/IP networking implementations in Linux. It describes how applications, protocols, and interfaces are organized in the networking code. It explains how network daemons and services work, including well-known and ephemeral port numbers. It also outlines how network configuration files store parameters and how commands like tcpdump can diagnose networks.
This document discusses TCP/IP networking implementations in Linux. It describes how applications, protocols, and interfaces are organized in the networking code. It explains how network daemons and services work, including well-known and ephemeral port numbers. It also outlines how network configuration files store parameters and how commands like tcpdump can diagnose networks.
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Chapter 1
Linux and TCP/IP
Networking
TCP/IP Essentials A Lab-Based Approach
Spring 2010 Linux and TCP/IP Implementations
•The first widely available release of TCP/IP implementation
- 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
•Unix TCP/IP implementations
– Solaris
– FreeBSD
– Linux
zjzhao Polytechnic Institute of NYU Slide 2 Networking Code Organization
• Most applications are
implemented as user space Application Processes
processes. System Calls
• Protocols are implemented
Socket Layer in the system kernel Protocol Layer – Socket layer TCP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP Interface Layer – Protocol layer Ethernet, PPP, Wi-Fi, etc. – Interface layer Media
zjzhao Polytechnic Institute of NYU Slide 3 Network Daemons and Services
• Daemon: a process running in the background of the system. Popular network
daemons are managed by
– inetd (most TCP/IP applications, xinetd in Red Hat Linux 9)
– Httpd (web service)
– Named (DNS service)
• Port numbers
– Well-known port numbers, used by servers
– Ephemeral port numbers, used by clients
– The port number and IP address pairs of the server and client preserve the uniqueness of a communication session
zjzhao Polytechnic Institute of NYU Slide 4 Network Configurations Files
• When a host is configured to boot locally, TCP/IP configuration
parameters are stored in files. – /etc/services (well-known port numbers)
– /etc/inetd.conf (inetd daemon parameters)
– /etc/sysconfig/network (host name, default gateway IP address)
– /etc/resolv.conf (IP addresses of DNS servers)
• When the system boots up, parameters are read from the files and used to configure the daemons and the network interface.
• A parameter may be changed by editing the corresponding
configuration file.
zjzhao Polytechnic Institute of NYU Slide 5 Linux Commands and Tools
•Basic Linux commands: man, passwd, ls, … many more
•Text editor
– vi
– Other text editors: Emacs, gedit, OpenOffice.org
•Window Dump using PrintScreen key
•Using floppy disk, USB memory stick, …
zjzhao Polytechnic Institute of NYU Slide 6 Diagnostic Tools
