Ipcop Admin en 1.4

Administrative Guide
Chris Clancey
Harry Goldschmitt
John Kastner
Eric Oberlander
Peter Walker
Administrative Guide
by Chris Clancey, Harry Goldschmitt, John Kastner, Eric Oberlander, and Peter Walker
Published 20 September 2004

Copyright © 2002-2004 Chris Clancey, Harry Goldschmitt, John Kastner, Eric Oberlander, Peter
Walker
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled GNU Free Documentation License.
Revision History
Revision 0.1.0 (beta) 29 Dec 2001 Revised by: CW
Forward by Charles Williams
Revision 1.2.0 10 Jan 2003 Revised by: RW
1.2.0 revisions
Revision 1.3.0 4 May 2003 Revised by: HG
1.3.0 revisions
Revision 1.4.0 30 August 2004 Revised by: CC, HG, JK, EO, PW
1.4.0 revisions
Revision 1.4.10 13 December 2005 Revised by: HG, EO
1.4.10 revisions
Table of Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................................................... i
Rights and Disclaimers................................................................................................ i
Forward ......................................................................................................................... i
1. Project Leader’s Introduction .........................................................................................1
What Is IPCop? .............................................................................................................1
Partial List of Features .................................................................................................1
Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................2
2. Administration and Configuration................................................................................5
Home Administrative Window..................................................................................5
System Web Pages ........................................................................................................7
Updates AW ........................................................................................................8
Passwords ............................................................................................................9
SSH Access...........................................................................................................9
GUI Settings.......................................................................................................12
Backup Web Page..............................................................................................13
Shutdown Web Page ........................................................................................15
Status Menu ................................................................................................................16
System Status.....................................................................................................16
Network Status .................................................................................................19
System Graphs ..................................................................................................20
Traffic Graphs ....................................................................................................20
Proxy Graphs.....................................................................................................21
Connections .......................................................................................................22
Network Menu ...........................................................................................................23
Dialup.................................................................................................................23
Upload................................................................................................................27
Modem ...............................................................................................................28
External Aliases Administrative Web Page ..................................................29
Services Menu.............................................................................................................30
Web Proxy Administrative Web Page............................................................30
DHCP Administrative Web Page ...................................................................32
Dynamic DNS Administrative Web Page .....................................................38
Edit Hosts Administrative Web Page ............................................................40
Time Server Administrative Web Page..........................................................42
Traffic Shaping Administrative Web Page ....................................................43
Intrusion Detection System Administrative Web Page...............................45
Firewall Menu.............................................................................................................45
What traffic is allowed between Interfaces? .................................................46
User Customization..........................................................................................46
Port Forwarding Administrative Web Page .................................................47
External Access Administrative Web Page ...................................................49
DMZ Pinholes Administrative Web Page .....................................................50
Blue Access Administrative Web Page ..........................................................52
Firewall Options Administrative Web Page .................................................53
VPNs Menu .................................................................................................................54
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)...................................................................54
Methods of Authentication .............................................................................55
Global Settings ..................................................................................................56
Connection Status and Control.......................................................................56
Logs Menu...................................................................................................................62
Introduction.......................................................................................................62
Log Settings Administrative Web Page .........................................................63
Log Summary Page ..........................................................................................63
Proxy Logs Page................................................................................................64
Firewall Logs Page............................................................................................65
Intrusion Detection System Log Page............................................................66
System Log Page ...............................................................................................67
iii
A. GNU Free Documentation License ............................................................................71
0. Preamble ..................................................................................................................71
1. Applicability and Definitions ...............................................................................71
2. Verbatim Copying ..................................................................................................72
3. Copying In Quantity..............................................................................................72
4. Modifications ..........................................................................................................73
5. Combining Documents .........................................................................................74
6. Collections of Documents .....................................................................................75
7. Aggregation With Independent Works ...............................................................75
8. Translation...............................................................................................................75
9. Termination .............................................................................................................75
10. Future Revisions of This License .......................................................................76
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Preface
Rights and Disclaimers

IPCop is Copyright the IPCop Linux Group.
IPCop Linux is published under the GNU General Public License. For more infor-
mation please visit our web site at IPCop Web Site. 1 You may copy it in whole or in
part as long as the copies retain this copyright statement. The information contained
within this document may change from one version to the next.
All programs and details contained within this document have been created
to the best of our knowledge and tested carefully. However, errors cannot be
completely ruled out. Therefore IPCop does not express or imply any guarantees for
errors within this document or consequent damage arising from the availability,
performance or use of this or related material.
The use of names in general use, names of firms, trade names, etc. in this document,
even without special notation, does not imply that such names can be considered as
“free” in terms of trademark legislation and that they can be used by anyone.
All trade names are used without a guarantee of free usage and might be registered
trademarks. As a general rule, IPCop adheres to the notation of the manufacturer.
Other products mentioned here could be trademarks of the respective manufacturer.
1st Edition - December 29, 2001
Editor Charles Williams
I would like to thank the folks that reviewed and corrected the document: Harry
Goldschmitt, Mark Wormgoor, Eric S. Johansson and the rest of the IPCop Linux
Group.
2nd Edition - January 10, 2003
Editors - Chris Clancey, James Brice, Harry Goldschmitt, and Rebecca Ward
3rd Edition - April 25, 2003
Editors - Chris Clancey, Harry Goldschmitt, and Rebecca Ward
4th Edition - September 25, 2004
Editors - Chris Clancey, Harry Goldschmitt, John Kastner, Eric Oberlander and Peter
Walker
Forward
Hello. On behalf of our Project Leader, Jack Beglinger, the Documentation staff would
like to welcome you to the IPCop Users Administration Document. We would like
to take this opportunity to thank you for trying our firewall and we hope that it will
serve your needs. The team would also like to thank the IPCop Linux Community for
its continuing presence and the outstanding job it does helping new and experienced
users alike. We would also like to thank the team at SmoothWall for bringing the
IPCop Linux Community together.
Whether you are an existing user moving up the version chain or a new user getting
ready for your first install, we hope you will find all you need to get up and running
in this manual. If, for some reason, something is not covered here and you feel it
should be, then by all means contact us and let us know. We always like to hear from
our user base (actually some of us are just kinda lonely sitting on the computer all day
and a little note is nice every once in a while) and hope to be able to accommodate
their needs as much as possible. Now you can relax and enjoy the Internet without
having to worry.
i
Preface
So, here is a bit of information for those of you that have the time to read this and
are waiting for your IPCop Linux box to install. The initial release of IPCop was an
interim release to assist us in finding problems in the IPCop Linux Distribution. We
are now on our third full release. If you do happen to find problems, please check the
IPCop FAQ first as we attempt to update the FAQ as soon as we find a problem and
can provide solid information on either a work around or a direct fix.
If your problem is not referenced in the FAQ then you can either join us on IRC
(server: irc.openprojects.net channel: #ipcop), contact the IPCop mailing list or send
the IPCop Linux Group an email for direct support. Please be advised that you will
more than likely receive a faster response and solution by using the first 3 methods
listed above. Contacting the IPCop Linux Group directly could have a large delay,
depending upon our development schedule.
You may find further information as well as the newest FAQ, mailing list information
and IPCop Linux Group contact information on our web site: IPCop Web Site 2
Notes
1. http://www.ipcop.org
2. http://www.ipcop.org
ii
Chapter 1. Project Leader’s Introduction
Welcome and thank-you for looking at and/or using IPCop.
What Is IPCop?
Now, what is IPCop?
1. IPCop is a firewall; first, last and always.

2. IPCop is a specialized Linux Distribution; complete, configured, and ready to
protect your network. Further, it is distributed under the GNU General Pub-
lic License1, complete source ready to be downloaded, reviewed, or even be
modified and/or recompiled by yourself for your personal needs or security
reasons.
3. IPCop is a community; where members help each other, all sharing to im-
prove the project and each other. This help goes from simple “Networking
101”type of instruction and direction, to helping members customize their IP-
Cop to meet a specialized needs such as Net-Phones (VoIP) and multiple office
integration.
This was a trick question. The correct answer is: All of the above.
Background:
IPCop grew out of many needs. The first of those needs was a need for secure pro-
tection of our personal and commercial networks. When IPCop started October 2001,
there were other firewalls available. However, the team that started IPCop felt that
the other two needs that IPCop fills were not addressed; GPL and a sense of commu-
nity.
The IPCop founding group decided to do things differently and forked the base GPL
code of an existing firewall and started out anew, looking to keep user community
needs in the forefront. Among those needs is the need of the user to make IPCop
their own, to install improvements, to just learn by seeing what others have done.
Through these needs is where development gets some of improvements to IPCop,
directly listening and seeing what has been done and why. This community makes
IPCop grow and IPCop helps them grow.
Now, after almost two and a half years, the first major overhaul of IPCop has been re-
leased. With it, a lot of cool things have been added; quad network support, intrusion
detection on all networks and a slick new interface, to name a few.
And so again, Welcome to IPCop!
Jack Beglinger
Project Leader
Partial List of Features
• IPTable network filters

• IDE, SCSI and CF (Disk on a Chip) drive support.
• Quad Network support:
• GREEN — Internal Trusted Network
• BLUE — Wireless Semi-Trusted Network (can be used as a second Green)
• ORANGE — DMZ for Internet accessed servers
• RED — The Internet connected via:
• Dial modem
• ISDN
1
• NIC Connected:
• DSL Modem
• Cable Modem
• USB Connected (w/ right driver):

• DSL Modem
• Cable Modem
• Multiple “Real” IP supported on RED when using a Static IP base.

• DHCP client support on RED to receive IP from ISP, also support for a dynamic
DNS to be updated as this IP changes.
• DHCP server for GREEN and BLUE to simplify network setup and maintenance.
• NTP server and client for setting IPCop clock and supplying a common clock for
internal GREEN and BLUE networks.
• Intrusion Detection for ALL networks (RED, ORANGE, BLUE and GREEN)
• Vitural Private Network (VPN) to allow multiple sites to act as single large net-
work.
• Proxy Support for both Web Surfing and DNS support allow for “faster” connec-
tion response on and simplified network setup.
• Administration after initial load is via a secure Web Interface including:
• Performance Graphics for CPU, Memory and Disk as well as Network through-
put
• Log viewing with autorotation.
• Multiple language support.
• Use of older equipment. 386 or better. Version 1.4 has been tested on 486sx25 with
12M of RAM and 273M of hard drive. This was the oldest and smallest we could
find at the time of test. It was loaded via the Net Install option and supported a full
Cable Modem download speed of 3Mb/s.
Acknowledgements
IPCop software is both a collaborative project and built upon great prior works.
These acknowledgements will cover many to help both directly and indirectly, but
will never the less miss untold many who toiled to help develop this project but I
failed to get them noted here. To those, I say many thanks and sorry for missing your
name.
For the rest, thank you. . . For a more up to listing please see System−→Credits in
IPCop.
Core Team
•Mark Wormgoor — Lead Developer
•Alan Hourihane — SMP & SCSI Developer
•Giles Espinesse —
•Harry Goldschmitt — Lead Documentation
•Eric Oberlander — Developer & Translation Coordinator
Developers
Mark Wormgoor, Alan Hourihane, Eric S. Johansson, Darren Critchley, Robert Kerr,
Gilles Espinasse, Steve Bootes, Graham Smith, Robert Wood, Eric Oberlander, Tim
Butterfield and David Kilpatrick.
Documentors
Harry Goldschmitt, Chris Clancey, John Kastner, Eric Oberlander, Peter Walker
2
Translators
• Brazilian Portuguese: Edson-Empresa, Claudio Corrêa Porto, Adilson Oliveira,

Mauricio Andrade, Wladimir Nunes
• Chinese: Vince Chu, Yuan-Chen Cheng, Sohoguard
• Czech: Petr Dvoracek, Jakub Moc
• Danish: Michael Rasmussen
• Dutch: Gerard Zwart, Berdt van der Lingen, Tony Vroon, Mark Wormgoor
• Finnish: Kai Käpölä
• French: Bertrand Sarthre, Michel Janssens, Erwann Simon, Patrick Bernaud, Marc
Faid’herbe, Eric Legigan, Eric Berthomier, Stéphane Le Bourdon, Stéphane Thirion,
Jan M. Dziewulski,spoutnik, Eric Darriak, Eric Boniface
• German: Dirk Loss, Ludwig Steininger, Helmet, Markus, Michael Knappe, Michael
Linke, Richard Hartmann, Ufuk Altinkaynak, Gerhard Abrahams, Benjamin Ko-
hberg, Samuel Wiktor
• Greek: Spyros Tsiolis, A. Papageorgiou, G. Xrysostomou
• Hungarian: Ádám Makovecz, Ferenc Mányi-Szabó
• Italian: Fabio Gava, Antonio Stano, Marco Spreafico
• Latino Spanish: Fernando Diaz
• Norwegian: Morten Grendal, Alexander Dawson, Mounir S. Chermiti, Runar
Skraastad, Alf-Ivar Holm
• Polish: Jack Korzeniowski, Piotr, Andrzej Zolnierowicz
• Portuguese: Luis Santos, Renato Kenji Kano, Mark Peter, Wladimir Nunes, Daniela
Cattarossi
• Romanian: Viorel Melinte
• Russian/Ukranian: Vladimir Grichina, Vitaly Tarasov
• Spanish Curtis Anderson, Diego Lombardia, Mark Peter, QuiQue Soriano, David
Cabrera Lozano, Jose Sanchez, Santiago Cassina, Marcelo Zunino, Alfredo
Matignon
• Swedish: Anders Sahlman, Christer Jonson
• Turkish: Ismail Murat Dilek, Emre Sumengen
• Vietnamese: Le Dinh Long
Other Projects and Companies:

Traverse Technologies — Improved Dual ISDN and DOV support, Linux from
Scratch (LFS) — Code Base for IPCop 1.4, FreeSwan and OpenFreeSwan — IPSec
and VPN software, Smoothwall — Original foundation and inspiration, . . . and
others too numerous to mention.
Notes
1. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
3
4
Chapter 2. Administration and Configuration
Home Administrative Window
To access the IPCop GUI is as simple as starting your browser and entering the IP
address (of the green IPCop interface) or hostname of your IPCop server along with
a port director of either 445 (https/secure) or 81(redirected to 445): https://ipcop:445
or https://192.168.10.1:445 or http://ipcop:81 or http://192.168.10.1:81.
Note: Deprecation of HTTP Port 81 Connections: As of IPCop Release 1.4.0, http

connections to port 81 will be redirected to https on port 445. Several years ago, when
IPCop was originally designed, a small fraction of browsers could not handle the https
protocol, so http on port 81 was made available. Most of these browsers have fallen out of
use and sending IPCop passwords in the clear, over http is inherently dangerous, so http
connections have been deprecated. For those in the habit of using port 81, the connection
will be automatically redirected to https. If you are still using a browser that can not handle
https, please download one of the many browsers that can and use it.
Changing the HTTPS Port: Some Users need to change the port used for secure con-
nections to avoid a clash with port 445, which recent versions of Windows use for Di-
rectory Services (SMB over TCP/IP). Some ISPs routinely block port 445 as a security
measure, to prevent the spread of viruses.
A commandline utility setreservedports was introduced in version 1.4.8 to allow Users
to change the secure port.
$ /usr/local/bin/setreservedports 5445
Although 5445 is suggested here as the alternative port, any port number between 445
and 65535 is allowed. If you forget which port you changed https to, use http and port 81
to be automatically redirected.
You should now be looking at the Home Page of your IPCop server’s Administration
GUI. You can immediately start exploring the different options and the information
available to you through this interface. Below, we have listed the Main Configura-
tion/Administration Options available through the GUI. When you have acquainted
yourself sufficiently with the system, please continue with the next section.
IPCop’s Administrative web pages or AWs are available via the tabs at the top of the
screen.
5
• System: System configuration and utility functions associated with IPCop, itself.
• Status Displays detailed information on the status of various portions of your IP-
Cop server.
• Network Used for the configuration/administration of your dial-up/PPP settings.
• Services: Configuration/Administration of your IPCop server’s many Services op-
tions.
• Firewall: Configuration/Administration of IPCop’s firewall options.
• VPNs: Configuration/Administration of your IPCop server’s Virtual Private Net-
work settings and options.
• Logs: View all your IPCop server’s logs (firewall, IDS, etc.)
The Home web page is one of several web pages that will look differently depending
on the way IPCop is configured. If your Internet connection is via an Ethernet RED
interface the Home web page will only not show the current connection name, etc.
If all went well during the configuration of your PPP connection and PPP is the con-
nection type being used to connect to the Internet, then you will see 3 buttons on the
IPCop GUI main page.
Note: You will not see an active connection until you have finished configuring your IPCop
server.
At the top left corner of the folder you will see the fully qualified domain name of
your IPCop machine.
Modem Connection Buttons

• Connect - This will force a connection attempt to the Internet.
6
• Disconnect - This will sever the connection to the Internet.

• Refresh - This will refresh the information on the main screen.
In addition to the above buttons you will see the “Current Profile” being used to
connect to the Internet (Set in the Dialup AW). Below the “Current Profile” line, you
will see your actual connection status. This will be one of the following:
• Idle - No connection to the Internet and not trying to connect.

• Dialing - Attempting to connect to the Internet.
• Connected - Currently connected to the Internet.
• Dial on Demand waiting - Currently not connected to the Internet. Waiting for activ-
ity from a Client on the network to initiate a connection.
If you are currently connected to the Internet you will see a Connection status line in
the following format:
• Connected ( #d #h #m #s)
• d=Days connected
• h=Hours connected
• m=Minutes connected
• s=Seconds connected
Below your connection status line you will see a line similar to the following:
7:07pm up 1 day, 7:21, 0 users, load average: 0.03, 0.01, 0.00
This line is basically the output of the Linux uptime command and displays the cur-
rent time, the days/hours/minutes that IPCop has been running without a reboot,
number of users logged in to the IPCop server, and the load average on the IPCop
server. Additionally, if there are updates available for IPCop that you have not yet
installed, you will be informed via this page.
IPCop has two web users, in addition to the root login user. The first is called “ad-
min”. Authenticating as this user gives access to all Administrative Webpages. The
other user, called “dial”, is able only to use the Connect or Disconnect buttons. By
default, the “dial” user is disabled; to enable it you must set a password for that user.
No password is required to view the Home or Credits webpages. All others require
the “admin” password.
System Web Pages

This group of web pages is designed to help you administer and control the IPCop
server itself. To get to these web pages, select System from the tab bar at the top of
the screen. The following choices will appear in a dropdown:
• Home — Returns to the home page.

• Updates — Allows you to query and apply fixes to IPCop.
• Passwords — Allows you to set the admin and optionally, the dial password.
• SSH Access — Allows you to enable and configure Secure Shell, SSH, access to
IPCop.
• GUI Settings — Enables or disables the use of JavaScript and allows you to set the
language of the web display.
• Backup — Backs up your IPCop settings either to files or to a floppy disk. You can
also restore your settings from this web page.
7
• Shutdown — Shutdown or restart your IPCop from this web page.

• Credits—This web page lists the many volunteers and other projects that make
IPCop so great.
Updates AW
This section has 3 sections:
1. Shows your current patch level.

2. Informs you of new patches available.
3. Allows you to apply a given patch.
Every time you connect to the Internet IPCop will check for any new Updates that
may be available. You may also manually check for updates by clicking the Refresh
update list. When a new patch is available you will see the information on screen
with the short description and a link for more information. Follow the “Info” link.
When you have followed the link you will see a page with all relevant information
about the patch including a download link.
Downloading the patch will place it on the machine you are running your web
browser on, not the IPCop machine. Once you have downloaded the patch simply
use the Update page to Browse to where you saved it and then Upload the patch to
apply it to your IPCop server.
Note: The Opera web browser does not handle uploads properly and thus should not be
used for applying a patch to your IPCop server.
Note: Only IPCop official patches will actually install on your IPCop server. Some patches
may automatically reboot your IPCop server, so please read all patch information thor-
oughly before applying said patch.
8
Passwords
The Passwords subsection of this AW is present to allow you to change the Admin
and/or Dial User passwords, as you deem necessary. Simply enter the desired pass-
word once in each field for the User you wish to update and click on Save.
Entering the Dial password activates the Dial user ID. This special user has the ability
to use the buttons on the IPCop Home web page but cannot get to any other IPCop
web pages. Use this facility if you have a dial up connection and want to allow users
to connect to the Internet, but not have admin authority on the firewall.
SSH Access
The SSH subsection of this AW allows you to decide if remote SSH access is available
on your IPCop server or not. By placing a checkmark in the box you will activate
remote SSH access. It is also possible to configure several SSH daemon parameters
from this web page. The SSH option is disabled by default and we would advise
enabling it only as needed and then disabling it afterwards.
Figure 2-1. SSH Access and SSH Host Keys
9
Similar to the HTTP and HTTPS ports for the IPCop machine being switched to ports
81 and 445, the SSH port on the IPCop machine is switched to 222. If you are using a
GUI based application to access your IPCop machine, remember to specify port 222. If
you are using the ssh, scp or sftp commands, the syntax for specifying non-standard
ports is different for each command, even though they are related. Assuming your
IPCop machine is at IP address 192.168.254.1, the commands would be:
SSH
$ ssh -p 222 [email protected]
SCP
$ scp -P 222 some/file [email protected]:
SFTP
$ sftp -o port=222 [email protected]
Use your desktop machine’s man pages to get a more complete explanation of these
commands.
SSH Options
The following SSH options are available from the web page:
Enabled:
Checking this box enables SSH. Unless you use external access, SSH will only
be available from the GREEN network. With SSH enabled it possible for anyone
with the IPCop root password to log into your firewall at the command prompt.
Support SSH protocol version 1 (required only for old clients)

Checking this box enables support of SSH version 1 clients. Use of this option is
strongly discouraged. There are known vulnerabilities with SSH version 1. Use
this option only for temporary access, if you only have SSH version 1 clients and
there is no way to upgrade to SSH version 2. Most, if not all, of the current SSH
clients support version 2. Upgrade your clients if at all possible.
Allow TCP Forwarding

Checking this box, allows you to create SSH encrypted tunnels between ma-
chines inside your firewall and external users.
What use is this when IPCop already has a VPN?
You are on the road and something goes wrong with one of your servers. You
haven’t set up a road warrior VPN connection. If you know your IPCop root
password you can use SSH port forwarding to get through your firewall and get
access to a server on one of your protected networks. These next few paragraphs
will discuss how to do this, assuming you have a Telnet server running on an
internal computer at 10.0.0.20. It also assumes your remote machine is a Linux
machine. The putty SSH command on Windows has the same capabilities, but
10
they are accessed via dialog boxes. You may already have done one or more of
the first two steps.
1. Enable or have someone else enable external access for port 445, the HTTPS
port.
2. Use the IPCop web pages to enable SSH access, port forwarding and external
access for port 222.
3. Create an SSH tunnel between your remote machine and the internal server
running an SSH daemon by issuing the command:
$ ssh -p 222 -N -f -L 12345:10.0.0.20:23 root@ipcop
-p 222
IPCop listens for SSH on port 222, not the normal 22.
-N
in conjunction with -f, tells SSH to run in the background without termi-
nating. If you use this option, you will have to remember to use kill to
terminate the SSH process. As an alternative, you may want to add the
command sleep 100 to the end of the command line, and not use
the -N option. If you do this the SSH invoked by the ssh command will
terminate after 100 seconds, but the telnet session and its tunnel will not
terminate.
-f
option to run SSH in the background.
-L
tells SSH to build a port forwarding tunnel as specified by the next pa-
rameters.
12345
The local port that will be used to tunnel to the remote service. This
should be greater than 1024, otherwise you must be running as root to
bind to well known ports.
10.0.0.20
This is the GREEN address of the remote server.
23
This specifies the remote port number to be used, Telnet.
[email protected]
Finally, this specifies you will be using your IPCop firewall as the port
forwarding agent. You need a user ID to log in as, and the only one avail-
able on is root. You will be prompted for IPCop’s root password.
4. Finally, log into the remote Telnet using the tunnel.

$ telnet localhost 12345
11
localhost is the machine you are running on. The loopback address 127.0.0.1
is defined as localhost. 12345 is the local tunnel port specified on the previous
command.
There is a tutorial on SSH port forwarding at Dev Shed5.
Allow password based authentication

Allows users to log into the IPCop server using the root password. If you decide
to turn this off, set up your SSH key files, first and then verify you can log in
using your key files.
Allow public key based authentication

By checking this box, public key authentication can be used by SSH. This is the
preferred method of securing IPCop using SSH. This article6 has a discussion
about using SSH-keygen to generate RSA keys and how to use them with SSH.
SSH Host Keys

This section lists the host key fingerprints used by SSH on IPCop to verify you are
opening a session with the right machine. The first time a session is opened, one of
the fingerprints will be displayed by SSH and you will be asked to verify it’s correct.
If you wish, you verify can it by looking at this web page.
GUI Settings
This web page governs how the IPCop web pages function and appear.
After making any changes, remember to press the Save button.
To restore the default settings, press the Restore defaults button, then press the Save
button.
Figure 2-2. GUI Settings
12
Display
Enable Javascript:
The 1.4.0 administrative web pages use JavaScript extensively to provide an
improved look and feel. However, some browsers do not work properly wth
JavaScript. If this button is not checked, the various drop down menus will be
disabled and your choices on any page will appear across the top of the page.
Display hostname in window title:

This checkbox will turn on the display of an IPCop’s hostname at the top of
each web page. If you are maintaining more than one IPCop machine, this will
be advantageous, since you will be able to tell which machine your browser is
currently displaying.
Refresh index.cgi page whilst connected

By default, the Home page refreshes once when IPCop connects to the Internet,
and a manual click on the “Refresh” button forces the Home page to update with
the latest connection time.
Enabling this option forces the Home page to refresh every 30 seconds, so the
connection time is regularly updated, and if the connection drops due to lack of
demand, the “Dial on Demand waiting” status message will appear.
Select the language you wish IPCop to display in:

This drop down menu will let you choose which one of the 27 languages cur-
rently available for IPCop web pages, this IPCop will use for its display.
You can also select the language to be used by IPCop during installation. How-
ever, your desired language may not be available during installation. The IPCop
translation group is planning on making more languages available as volun-
teers aid the translation effort. When new languages become available, these are
added via the regular system updates.
Of course, you may wish to translate IPCop to another language yourself. If you
do, we urge you to contact the IPCop Translation Coordinator, Eric Oberlan-
der, <[email protected]>, first. He may be aware of on-
going translation projects for your language. Please check the IPCop How To
Translate7 web page for more details.
Sound
Beep when IPCop connects or disconnects

By default, IPCop will beep once when it connects, and twice when it discon-
nects.
Disable this option for silent operation.
This does not affect the chimes on startup and shutdown.
13
Backup Web Page

There are two ways to back up IPCop and three ways to restore it. One backup creates
disk files and one puts its output on a floppy.
Creating a backup floppy limits the amount of data saved, since the result must fit
onto a 1.44 MB floppy. It is, however, the backup used when restoring IPCop from
scratch. During IPCop installation, you will be prompted for a floppy disk to restore.
All settings saved on the floppy will be restored, and installation will complete.
When first creating backup files IPCop creates two files, a tar.gz file and a .dat file. It
also creates a unique backup key that will be used to encrypt all the tar.gz files. The
Encrypted and Unencrypted descriptions of the files are misnomers. While the .dat file
is encrypted, the encryption is used to “sign” the .dat file, so it can’t be accidentally
restored on a different IPCop machine. Once a key has been created, only .dat files
can be used for a restore.
For full backup/restore protection all methods and files should be used for backups,
as explained in the following scenarios.
IPCop settings are damaged

Use an appropriate .dat file to restore saved settings.
You have to reinstall IPCop

Use a backup floppy, if you have one, during the installation process to restore
your old settings. Then import the .tar.gz file to the new IPCop machine and
restore all settings and logs.
Backup to Files
This panel of the Backup web page manages the creation, export, import and restore
of IPCop file backups. By clicking on the create button, IPCop will create a backup
key, if one has not been created previously, and create the two backup files. If this is
the first time you’ve created backup files, the text in the Import .tar.gz button will
change to Import .dat. This indicates that in the future only .dat files may be im-
ported. Next, export both files to the computer you are running your web browser
on by clicking on their Export links.
If you wish to restore from a backup file, select one of the backup sets shown in the
Backup Sets window. Or import a saved .dat file from another machine.
14
Backup to Floppy
This panel of the Backup Web Page will let you back up your IPCop configuration
to a floppy disk. The easiest way to restore your configuration is to reinstall IPCop
from CD-ROM or HTTP/FTP. Early in the installation process, you will be asked if
you have a floppy with an IPCop system configuration on it. If you wish to restore
your configuration from a backup floppy, place the floppy disk in the floppy drive
and select the Restore button. Your configuration will be restored and installation
will terminate.
After installation completes, you can use the Backup Web page to import an unsigned
.tar.gz file and restore from it, regaining missing logs, etc.
Warning
At this time, IPCop will not overwrite DOS formatted floppy disks. To
format a floppy disk for IPCop, you will need to format it for Linux. The
command to do this is:
# fdformat /dev/fd0
If you have another Linux machine, you can format a floppy on that
machine. Otherwise, use SSH or putty to log in to IPCop as root, and
issue the command there. fdformat will not prompt for a floppy like DOS
format will, so insert the floppy disk into the floppy disk drive before
issuing fdformat.
Backup configuration
Place a floppy disk in the floppy disk drive and click the Backup button. Your con-
figuration will be written to the floppy and verified.
Information
All messages generated during a backup will appear in this section of the page.
Shutdown Web Page

This page allows you to either Shutdown or Reboot the IPCop server. You can simply
click the button for the option you want, or schedule a cronjob to reboot or shutdown
IPCop at a particular time.
15
Figure 2-3. Shutdown and Schedule Reboots
Shutdown
Press one of the Reboot or Shutdown buttons to immediately reboot or halt the IPCop
server.
Schedule IPCop reboots

The ability to schedule reboots or shutdowns was added in version 1.4.10. A cronjob
is added to root’s crontab. To schedule IPCop to reboot once a day on a regular sched-
ule, select the time from the drop down menu; check the day (or days) you require;
and press the Save button.
If you want to stop IPCop instead of restarting it, check the Shutdown checkbox as
well.
To remove a schedule, clear (uncheck) all the checkboxes and press the Save button.
Status Menu
This group of web pages provides you with information and statistics from the IPCop
server. To get to these web pages, select Status from the tab bar at the top of the
screen. The following choices will appear in a dropdown:
• System Status
• Network Status
• System Graphs
• Traffic Graphs
• Proxy Graphs
• Connections
16
System Status
The Status pages present you with a VERY thorough list of information regarding the
current status of your IPCop server. The first subsection, System Status, displays the
following in top-down order:
Services
Services - Displays which services are currently running.
Memory
Memory - Displays the memory/swapfile usage on your IPCop server.
Disk Usage
Disk Usage - Displays the total/used amount of hard drive space on your IPCop
server.
17
Uptime and Users

Uptime and Users - Displays the output of the uptime command and information on
users currently logged in on the IPCop server.
Loaded Modules
Loaded Modules - This displays all modules currently loaded and in use by the kernel.
Kernel Version
Kernel Version - This displays information on the IPCop Kernel itself.
18
Network Status
Content to be written...
Interfaces
Interfaces - This section displays information on all your network devices. This in-
cludes PPP, IPSec, Loopback, etc.
Content to be checked...
Current Dynamic Leases

Displays the contents of the /var/state/dhcp/dhcpd.leases file if DHCP is en-
abled. The current dynamic leases are listed, with hostnames if available, and expiry
dates.
Leases that have expired are scored through.
19
Note: This section will only be visible if DHCP is enabled. Refer to the section on the
DHCP Server for details.
Routing Table Entries

ARP Table Entries
System Graphs
Click on one of the four graphs (CPU Usage, Memory Usage, Swap Usage and Disk
Access) to get graphs of the usage per Day, Week, Month and Year.
20
Traffic Graphs
This page gives a graphic depiction of the traffic in and out of the IPCop box.
There are sections for each network interface, Green and Red, (and Blue and Orange
if configured) which show graphs of incoming and outgoing traffic through that in-
terface.
Click on one of the graphs to show more graphs of the traffic on that interface: per
Day, Week, Month and Year.
Note: When v1.4.0 was being developed, it was found that the rrdtool used to generate
the graphs was unable to handle special characters, which particularly affects languages
that rely on the UTF-8 character set. At the moment, the text on the graphs is forced to
use English, until a solution can be found.
21
Proxy Graphs
This page shows traffic through the proxy service of the IPCop box. The first section
gives the date and time the graph was created, the lines analyzed, the duration of the
analysis, the speed (lines per second), the start and end date and time of the graph,
and the domain (overall length of the graph in time).
This information is useful in seeing whether the proxy is the correct size for the load
being experienced.
Connections
IPCop uses the Linux Netfilter or IPTables firewall facility to maintain a stateful fire-
22
wall. Stateful firewalls keep track of connections to and from all GREEN, BLUE and
ORANGE network IP addresses, based on both the source and destination IP ad-
dresses and ports, as well as the state of the connection itself. After a connection is
established involving protected machines, only packets consistent with the current
state of the connection are allowed through the IPCop firewall.
The IPTables Connection Tracking window shows the IPTables connections. Connec-
tion end points are color-coded based on their network location. The color-coding
legend is displayed at the top of the page. Information on individual connections is
displayed next. Each connection from or to your networks is shown.
Click on an IP Address to do a reverse DNS lookup.
Network Menu
Dialup
This subsection of the Dialup Administration Window (AW) is divided into 5 differ-
ent editable sections and is only applicable if you are accessing the Internet using an
analog modem, an ISDN device or a DSL connection.
Note that you cannot select or modify a profile while the IPCop server is online, or
waiting to go online in “Dial on Demand” mode. Before using this page, go to the
Home AW and if the status line reports Connected or Dial on Demand waiting then the
click on the Disconnect button before returning to this Window. After setting up or
selecting Profiles, remember to return to the Home AW and click the Connect button,
if you want your IPCop server to go back online.
Profiles
This section of the Window provides the facilities to name and set up new Dialup
Profiles (up to a total of five), or to rename existing Profiles and change their param-
eters.
Select a Profile to be created or modified from the drop-down list. Fill in or change
the parameters for the profile (see below) and click on the Save button. To select the
Profile to be used for future connections, use the drop-down list to make your choice
and click the Select button at the bottom of the page. Use the Restore button while
editing a Profile to reinstate the previous Profile settings.
Telephony
This section allows you to do the following:
1. Select the appropriate Interface for your Internet connection device. This will
be either a Communications port (COM1 - COM4) used mostly for modems
and ISDN cards, or PPPoE which is used mostly for DSL connections.
2. Select the appropriate Computer to modem rate. This will decide how quickly
data is passed to and from your connection device. With older computer sys-
tems or modems, you may find it necessary to use one of the lower data rates
to establish reliable computer/ modem communications.
3. Enter the correct Number to dial for your Internet connection. If connecting
through the PPPoE interface then chances are you will probably be leaving
this blank.
4. Select whether or not the Modem speaker on. Having the speaker on allows you
to hear the connection taking place and can be a useful diagnostic aid when
troubleshooting. This option is only likely to be useful if you are connecting
via an analog modem.
23
5. Select your Dialing mode . Use Tone dialing unless your telephone connection
only recognizes Pulse dialing. Pulse dialing is a lot slower than Tone dialing.
6. Enter your desired Maximum retries. This will decide how often IPCop attempts
to connect to the Internet after a failed connection attempt.
7. Enter your Idle timeout . This will decide how IPCop handles your Internet
connection when nothing is actually being sent or received via the Internet
connection. The number you enter here indicates to IPCop how long it should
wait after any Internet activity before it disconnects the modem link. If you set
this parameter to 0 then IPCop, once connected, will not disconnect from the
Internet of its own accord.
8. The Persistent Connection checkbox is used to instruct IPCop to maintain the
modem connection at all times, even in the absence of Internet activity. In this
mode it will attempt to reconnect the Internet connection whenever the link
fails for any reason, such as a connection time-out at the ISP end of the modem
link. Use this mode with caution. If you have metered connection charges you
probably will not want to use this feature. However, if you have unlimited ser-
vice time (often called "Flatrate") with your ISP, you may want to use this in
order to keep the link connected as much as possible. Note that in Persistent
mode, IPCop will cease reconnecting after more than the number of consecu-
tive failed dial attempts set in Maximum Retries In this event, you have to use
the Dial button on the Home AW.
9. Dial on Demand is available by clicking the checkbox. Note that after enabling
Dial on Demand, you still have to click the Connect button on the Home AW
before IPCop will start connecting automatically when it detects Internet ac-
tivity. The Dial on Demand option is not available for PPPoE connections.
10. The Dial on Demand for DNS option determines whether IPCop will connect
automatically when it detects DNS requests. This will be usually what you
will want to happen.
11. Connect on IPCop Restart will make IPCop connect after booting, if Dial on
Demand is not selected. You will probably want to set this option as active if
you are also using Dial on Demand. This is because the combination of settings
will automatically put the IPCop system into Dial on Demand waiting mode
each time the IPCop server is switched on or rebooted.
12. ISP Requires Carriage Return Some ISPs require that the modem sends a car-
riage return to signal to indicate that it is finished sending data. If your ISP
requires this, then leave it checked. If not then you can uncheck this box. The
default is checked.
Additional PPPoE settings - If either PPPoE or USB ADSL is enabled, additional con-
figuration options are available. Here you can enter two additional parameters, a ser-
vice name, and a concentrator name, which some ISPs require. If your ISP does not
require them, or does not give you any, then you may leave these two fields blank.
Your ISP will give you two settings, VPI and VCI, which you must enter if you are
using a USB ADSL connection.
Authentication
Username and Password are the username and password that your ISP should have
supplied to you when you opened your account with them. There are several ways
in which ISPs use this username and password to login to their systems. The most
common methods are PAP or CHAP. Select this if your ISP uses either of those two.
If your ISP uses a text-based login script, choose standard login script. For people
in the UK who use Demon Internet as their ISP, a special script has been created for
them to use. The "Other" login script option has been provided for people who have
ISPs with special needs. If you need to do this, you will need to login to the IPCop
box and create a file in /etc/ppp. This filename (without the /etc/ppp component)
should be entered into the Script name box. The file contains ’expect send’ pairs,
24
separated by a tab. USERNAME will be substituted for the username and PASSWORD
for the password. Examine the file demonloginscript in /etc/ppp, and use it as an
example of what should be in this file.
DNS
Select Automatic if your ISP supports automatic DNS server configuration, as is now
usually the case. The alternative is to leave Automatic unticked and put IP addresses
in the Primary DNS and Secondary DNS boxes. These IP addresses will generally be
provided where necessary by your ISP.
25
Figure 2-4. PPP Settings
26
Upload
Use this page to download the files necessary for supporting various modems to your
desktop machine, and then upload it to your IPCop server.
Figure 2-5. Upload Modem Drivers
Upload Speedtouch USB Firmware

Use this section to upload the file mgmt.o to the IPCop server - USB ADSL will not
function before this has been done. Use the link specified to go to the web page,
register and download the file to your desktop machine. Then choose the file on your
desktop machine, and then press the upload button to transfer it to IPCop. Once this
has been successfully uploaded, you can use USB ADSL.
Upload ECI ADSL Synch.bin File

Use this section to upload the file sync.bin to the IPCop server - ECI ADSL will not
function before this has been done. Use the link specified to go to the web page and
download the file to your desktop machine. Then choose the file on your desktop
machine, and then press the upload button to transfer it to IPCop. Once this has been
successfully uploaded, you can use ECI ADSL.
Upload Fritz!DSL Driver

Use this section to upload the file fcdsl.o to the IPCop server - Fritz!DSL will not
function before this has been done. Use the link specified to go to the web page and
download the file to your desktop machine. Then choose the file on your desktop
27
machine, and then press the upload button to transfer it to IPCop. Once this has been
successfully uploaded, you can use Fritz!DSL.
Modem
Modem Configuration
Is only applicable if you are attempting to connect to the Internet with a standard
analog modem. The default settings that appear in this Administration Window are
appropriate for most analog modems. However if you are experiencing problems
connecting, then compare these settings with those suggested in the modem manual
for use with your particular modem. Any or all of these settings may be left blank.
Init - The standard Initialization string used by most Hayes-compatible modems is
already provided for you in this field. If, however, your modem requires a different
setting then by all means change it.
Hangup - The standard Hang up string used by most Hayes-compatible modems is
already provided for you in this field. If, however, your modem requires a different
Speaker on - The standard Speaker on string used by most Hayes-compatible modems
is already provided for you in this field. If, however, your modem requires a different
Speaker off - The standard Speaker-off string used by most Hayes-compatible modems
is already provided for you in this field. If, however, your modem requires a different
Tone Dial - The standard Tone Dial string used by most Hayes-compatible modems is
already provided for you in this field. If your modem and telephone line can support
the Tone Dial feature and you are experiencing problems connecting then make sure
that this string is appropriate for use with your modem.
Pulse Dial - The standard Pulse Dial string used by most Hayes-compatible modems
is already provided for you in this field. You should not need to change it, but if your
telephone service does not support Tone Dialing then you may need to make sure
this is the correct string for your modem.
The only section in this area that may not be blank is the Connect Timeout. This
tells IPCop the amount of time to allow the modem to attempt to connect. After this
number of seconds has elapsed without proper response on the receiving end, IPCop
will give up and move on to the next connection attempt. The default should work
fine for you but if you notice that the connection is being dropped in the middle of
the negotiation sequence (turn on the modem speaker and listen to the attempted
connection) then you may need to increase this parameter slightly until it connects
successfully.
28
Figure 2-6. Modem Settings
External Aliases Administrative Web Page
Note: This Administrative Web Page will only appear as a menu item if your RED interface
is STATIC.
In some cases, your ISP may assign you a range of IP addresses for your network.
If you have multiple IP addresses, only, so that you can connect multiple, non-server
computers, to the Internet, you will no longer need the extra addresses. IPCop should
connect directly to your modem or the Internet.
On the other hand, if you are providing a server on one of internal computers you
may need to use multiple aliases on your RED interface. To use this facility effectively,
you may have to adjust IPCop’s routing tables by hand.
Figure 2-7. External Aliases Settings
29
Add a new alias

Section to be written...
Once you have entered all the information, click the Enabled box and press Add. This
will move the entry to the next section, and list it as an alias.
Current aliases
This section lists the aliases that are in effect. To remove one, click the “Trash Can”
icon. To edit one, click the “Yellow Pencil” icon.
To enable or disable a rule - click on the “Enabled” icon (the checkbox on the left of
the Action column) for the particular entry you want to enable or disable. The icon
changes to an empty box when a rule is disabled. Click on the checkbox to enable it
again.
Services Menu
As well as performing its core function of Internet firewall, IPCop can provide a num-
ber of other services that are useful in a small network.
These are:
• Proxy (Web Proxy Server)

• DHCP Server
• Dynamic DNS Management
• Edit Hosts (Local DNS Server)
• Time Server
• Traffic Shaping
• Intrusion Detection System
In a larger network it is likely that these services will be provided by dedicated
servers and should be disabled here.
Web Proxy Administrative Web Page

A web proxy server is a program that makes requests for web pages on behalf of all
the other machines on your intranet. The proxy server will cache the pages it retrieves
from the web so that if 3 machines request the same page only one transfer from the
Internet is required. If your organization has a number of commonly used web sites
this can save on Internet accesses.
Normally you must configure the web browsers used on your network to use the
proxy server for Internet access. You should set the name/address of the proxy to that
of the IPCop machine and the port to the one you have entered into the Proxy Port
box, default 800. This configuration allows browsers to bypass the proxy if they wish.
It is also possible to run the proxy in “transparent” mode. In this case the browsers
need no special configuration and the firewall automatically redirects all traffic on
port 80, the standard HTTP port, to the proxy server.
30
You can choose if you want to proxy requests from your Green (private) network
and/or your Blue (wireless) network. Just tick the relevant boxes.
If you choose to enable the proxy then you can also log web accesses by ticking the
Log Enabled box. Accesses made through the proxy can be seen by clicking the Proxy
Logs choice of the Logs menu.
If your ISP requires you to use their cache for web access then you should specify
the hostname and port in the Upstream proxy text box. If your ISP’s proxy requires a
user name and password then enter them in the Upstream username and Upstream
password boxes.
Cache Management
You can choose how much disk space should be used for caching web pages in the
Cache Management section. You can also set the size of the smallest object to be
cached, normally 0, and the largest, 4096KB. For privacy reasons, the proxy will not
cache pages received via https, or other pages where a username and password are
submitted via the URL.
Transfer limits
The web proxy can also be used to control how your users access the web. The only
control accessible via the web interface is the maximum size of data received from
and sent to the web. You can use this to prevent your users downloading large files
and slowing Internet access for everyone else. Set these to 0,the default, to remove all
restrictions.
To save any changes, press the Save button.
You can flush all pages out of the proxy cache at any time by clicking the Clear Cache
button.
31
Warning
Caching can take up a lot of space on your hard drive. If you use a large
cache, then the minimum size hard drive listed in the IPCop documen-
tation will not be large enough.
The larger the cache you choose the more memory is required by the
proxy server to manage the cache. If you are running IPCop on a ma-
chine with low memory do not choose a large cache.
DHCP Administrative Web Page

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) allows you to control the network
configuration of all your computers or devices from your IPCop machine. When a
computer (or a device like a printer, pda, etc.) joins your network it will be given
a valid IP address and its DNS and WINS configuration will be set from the IPCop
machine. To use this feature new machines must be set to obtain their network con-
figuration automatically.
You can choose if you want to provide this service to your Green (private) network
and/or your Blue (wireless) network. Just tick the relevant box.
For a full explanation of DHCP you may want to read Linux Magazine’s “ Network
Nirvana - How to make Network Configuration as easy as DHCP ” 8
DHCP Server Parameters

The following DHCP parameters can be set from the web interface:
32
Enabled
Check this box to enable the DHCP server for this interface.
IP Address/Netmask
The IP Address of the network interface and it’s Netmask are displayed here for
reference.
Start Address (optional)

You can specify the lowest and highest addresses that the server will hand out to
other requestors. The default is to hand out all the addresses within the subnet
you set up when you installed IPCop. If you have machines on your network
that do not use DHCP, and have their IP addresses set manually, you should
set the start and end address so that the server will not hand out any of these
manual IPs.
You should also make sure that any addresses listed in the fixed lease section
(see below) are also outside this range.
End Address (optional)

Specify the highest address you will handout (see above).
Note: To enable DHCP to provide fixed leases without handing out dynamic leases,
leave both Start and End Address fields blank. However, if you provide a Start Ad-
dress, you also have to provide an End Address, and vice versa.
Default lease time

This can be left at its default value unless you need to specify your own value.
The default lease time is the time interval IP address leases are good for. Before,
the lease time for an address expires your computers will request a renewal of
their lease, specifying their current IP address. If DHCP parameters have been
changed, when a lease renewal request is made the changes will be propagated.
Generally, leases are renewed by the server.
Maximum lease time

This can be left at its default value unless you need to specify your own value.
The maximum lease time is the time interval during which the DHCP server will
always honor client renewal requests for their current IP addresses. After the
maximum lease time, client IP addresses may be changed by the server. If the
dynamic IP address range has changed, the server will hand out an IP address
in the new dynamic range.
Domain name suffix (optional)

There should not be a leading period in this box. Sets the domain name that
the DHCP server will pass to the clients. If any host name cannot be resolved,
the client will try again after appending the specified name to the original host
name. Many ISP’s DHCP servers set the default domain name to their network
and tell customers to get to the web by entering “www” as the default home
page on their browser. “www” is not a fully qualified domain name. But the
software in your computer will append the domain name suffix supplied by the
ISP’s DHCP server to it, creating a FQDN for the web server. If you do not want
your users to have to unlearn addresses like www, set the Domain name suffix
identically to your ISP’s DHCP server specifies.
33
Allow bootp clients

Check this box to enable bootp Clients to obtain leases on this network interface.
By default, IPCop’s DHCP server ignores Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) request
packets.
Primary DNS
Specifies what the DHCP server should tell its clients to use for their Primary
DNS server. Because IPCop runs a DNS proxy, you will probably want to leave
the default alone so the Primary DNS server is set to the IPCop box’s IP address.
If you have your own DNS server then specify it here.
Secondary DNS (optional)

You can also specify a second DNS server which will be used if the primary is
unavailable. This could be another DNS server on your network or that of your
ISP.
Primary NTP Server (optional)

If you are using IPCop as an NTP Server, or want to pass the address of another
NTP Server to devices on your network, you can put its IP address in this box.
The DHCP server will pass this address to all clients when they get their network
parameters.
Secondary NTP Server (optional)

If you have a second NTP Server address, put it in this box. The DHCP server
will pass this address to all clients when they get their network parameters.
Primary WINS server address (optional)

If you are running a Windows network and have a Windows Naming Service
(WINS) server, you can put its IP address in this box. The DHCP server will pass
this address to all hosts when they get their network parameters.
Secondary WINS server address (optional)

If you have a second WINS Server, you can put its IP address in this box. The
DHCP server will pass this address to all hosts when they get their network
parameters.
When you press Save, the change is acted upon.
Additional DHCP Options

If you have any special parameters you want to distribute to your network via the
DHCP server, you add them here. (This functionality was added in v1.4.6).
34
Figure 2-8. Additional DHCP Options
You can add additional DHCP Options here:
Option name
You specify the name of the DHCP option here, for example: smtp-server or
tcp-keepalive-interval.
Option value
The value, appropriate to the option, goes here. It could be a string, an integer,
an IP Address, or an on/off flag, depending on the option.
Option scope (optional)

The scope of the option will be Global, unless one of the interface checkboxes is
checked, in which case it will only apply to that interface.
Enabled
Click on this check box to tell the DHCP server to hand out this option. If the
entry is not enabled, it will be stored in IPCop’s files, but the DHCP server will
not issue the option.
Add
Click on this button to add the option.
List options
Click on this button to display a list of options with possible values.
Fixed Leases
If you have machines whose IP addresses you would like to manage centrally but
require that they always get the same fixed IP address you can tell the DHCP server
to assign a fixed IP based on the MAC address of the network card in the machine.
This is different to using manual addresses as these machines will still contact the
DHCP server to ask for their IP address and will take whatever we have configured
for them.
35
Figure 2-9. Add a new fixed lease
You can specify the following fixed lease parameters:
MAC Address
The six octet/byte colon separated MAC address of the machine that will be
given the fixed lease.
Warning
The format of the MAC address is xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx,
not xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, as some machines show, i.e.
00:e5:b0:00:02:d2.
IP Address
The static lease IP address that the DHCP server will always hand out for the
associated MAC address. Do not use an address in the server’s dynamic address
range.
Remark (optional)
If you want, you can include a string of text to identify the device using the fixed
lease. (This field was added in v1.4.4).
Next Address (optional)

Some machines on your network may be thin clients that need to load a boot file
from a network server. You can specify the server here if needed.
File Name (optional)

Specify the boot file for this machine.
Root Path (optional)

If the boot file is not in the default directory then specify the full path to it here.
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Enabled
Click on this check box to tell the DHCP server to hand out this static lease. If
the entry is not enabled, it will be stored in IPCop’s files, but the DHCP server
will not issue this lease.
Current fixed leases

The current fixed leases are displayed at the foot of this section, and they can be
enabled/disabled, edited or deleted.
You can sort the display of the fixed leases by clicking on the underlined headings
MAC Address or IP Address. Another click on the heading will reverse the sort order.
Figure 2-10. List of fixed leases
To edit an existing lease, click on its pencil icon. The fixed leases values will be dis-
played in the Edit an existing lease section of the page. The fixed lease being edited
will be highlighted in yellow. Click the Update button to save any changes.
To remove an existing profile, click on its trash can icon. The lease will be removed.
Current dynamic leases

If DHCP is enabled, this section lists the dynamic leases contained in the
/var/state/dhcp/dhcpd.leases file. The IP Address, MAC Address, hostname (if
available) and lease expiry time of each record are shown, sorted by IP Address.
You can re-sort the display of dynamic leases by clicking on any of the four under-
lined column headings. A further click will reverse the sort order.
It is easy to cut and paste a MAC Address from here into the fixed lease section, if
needed.
37
Figure 2-11. Current dynamic leases
Lease times that have already expired are “struck through”.
Error messages
An error message will appear at the top of the page if a mistake is found in the input
data, after you press the Save button.
Dynamic DNS Administrative Web Page

Dynamic DNS (DYNDNS) allows you to make your server available to the Internet
even though it does not have a static IP address. To use DYNDNS you must first reg-
ister a subdomain with a DYNDNS provider. Then whenever your server connects
to the Internet and is given an IP address by your ISP it must inform the DYNDNS
server of that IP address. When a client machine wishes to connect to your server it
will resolve the address by going to the DYNDNS server, which will give it the latest
value. If this is up to date then the client will be able to contact your server (assuming
your firewall rules allow this). IPCop makes the process of keeping your DYNDNS
address up to date easier by providing automatic updates for many of the DYNDNS
providers.
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Figure 2-12. Dynamic DNS Settings
Add a host
The following DYNDNS parameters can be set from the web interface:
Service
Choose a DYNDNS provider from the dropdown. You should have already reg-
istered with that provider.
Behind a proxy
This tick box should be ticked only if you are using the no-ip.com service and
your IPCop is behind a proxy. This tick box is ignored by other services.
Enable wildcards
Enable Wildcards will allow you to have all the subdomains of your dynamic
DNS hostname pointing to the same IP as your hostname (e.g. with this tick box
enabled, www.ipcop.dyndns.org will point to the same IP as ipcop.dyndns.org).
This tick box is useless with no-ip.com service, as they only allow this to be
activated or deactivated directly on their website.
Hostname
Enter the hostname you registered with your DYNDNS provider.
Domain
Enter the domain name you registered with your DYNDNS provider.
39
Username
Enter the username you registered with your DYNDNS provider.
Password
Enter the password for your username.
Enabled
If this is not ticked then IPCop will not update the information on the DYN-
DNS server. It will retain the information so you can re-enable DYNDNS updates
without reentering the data.
Current hosts
This section shows the DYNDNS entries you have currently configured.
To edit an entry click on its pencil icon. The entry’s data will be displayed in the form
above. Make your changes and click the Save button on the form.
You can also update the Behind a proxy, Use wildcards and Enabled tick boxes directly
from the current hosts list entry.
Forcing a Manual Update

You can force IPCop to refresh the information manually by pressing Force Update,
however, it is best to only update when the IP address has actually changed, as dy-
namic DNS service providers don’t like to handle updates that make no changes.
Once the host entries have been enabled your IP will automatically be updated each
time your IP changes.
Edit Hosts Administrative Web Page

As well as caching DNS information from the Internet, the DNS proxy on IPCop al-
lows you to manually enter hosts whose address you want to maintain locally. These
could be addresses of local machines or machines on the Internet whose address you
might want to override.
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Figure 2-13. Add a Host Input Screen
Add a host
The following parameters can be set from the web interface:
Host IP Address
Enter the IP address here.
Hostname
Enter the host name here.
Domain name (optional)

If the host is in another domain then enter it here.
Hostname
Enter the host name here.
Enabled
Check this box to enable the entry.
When you press Add, the details will be saved.
Current hosts
This section shows the local DNS entries you have currently configured.
You can re-sort the display by clicking on any of the three underlined column head-
ings. A further click will reverse the sort order.
Figure 2-14. List of current hosts
41
To enable or disable an entry - click on the “Enabled” icon (the checkbox in the Action
column) for the particular item you want to enable or disable. The icon changes to an
empty box when a rule is disabled. Click on the checkbox to enable it again.
To edit an entry click on its Pencil icon. The entry’s data will be displayed in the form
above. Make your changes and click the Update button on the form.
To delete an entry click on its Trash Can icon.
Time Server Administrative Web Page

IPCop can be configured to obtain the time from a known accurate timeserver on the
Internet. In addition to this it can also provide this time to other machines on your
network.
Figure 2-15. Network Time Server Settings
To configure the time system, make sure that the Enabled box is ticked and enter the
full name of the timeserver you want to use in the Primary NTP Server box. You can
also enter an optional Secondary NTP Server if you want.
If you want to provide a time service to the rest of your network then tick the Provide
time to local network checkbox.
You can choose to update the time on IPCop on a periodic basis, for instance every
hour, or to update it when you wish from this web page (just click Set Time Now).
To save your configuration click the Save button.
Note: Although IPCop can act as a timeserver for your network, it uses the ntpdate pro-
gram to update its time on a periodic basis instead of allowing the more accurate ntpd
server to maintain the time continuously. This means that the IPCop clock is more likely
to drift out of synchronisation with the real time but does not require that IPCop is perma-
nently connected to the Internet.
42
Figure 2-16. Update the time manually
If you do not want to use an Internet timeserver you can enter the time manually and
click the Instant Update button.
Warning
If you correct the time by a large amount, and offset the clock ahead
of itself, the fcron server that runs regular cron jobs can appear to stop
while it waits for the time to catch up. This can affect graph generation
and other regular tasks that run in the background.
If this happens, try running the command fcrontab -z in a terminal to
reset the fcron server.
Traffic Shaping Administrative Web Page

Traffic Shaping allows you to prioritize IP traffic moving through your firewall. IP-
Cop uses WonderShaper to accomplish this. WonderShaper was designed to min-
imize ping latency, ensure that interactive traffic like SSH is responsive all while
downloading or uploading bulk traffic.
43
Figure 2-17. Traffic Shaping Settings
Many ISPs sell speed as download rates, not as latency. To maximize download
speeds, they configure their equipment to hold large queues of your traffic. When
interactive traffic is mixed into these large queues, their latency shoots way up, as
ACK packets must wait in line before they reach you. IPCop takes matters into its
own hands and prioritizes your traffic the way you want it. This is done by setting
traffic into High, Medium and Low priority categories. Ping traffic always has the
highest priority — to let you show off how fast your connection is while doing mas-
sive downloads.
To use Traffic Shaping in IPCop:
1. Use well known fast sites to estimate your maximum upload and download
speeds. Fill in the speeds in the corresponding boxes of the Settings portion of
the web page.
2. Enable traffic shaping by checking the Enable box.
3. Identify what services are used behind your firewall.
4. Then sort these into your 3 priority levels. For example:
a. Interactive traffic such as SSH (port 22) and VOIP (voice over IP) go into
the high priority group.
b. Your normal surfing and communicating traffic like the web (port 80) and
streaming video/audio to into the medium priority group.
c. Put your bulk traffic such as P2P file sharing into the low traffic group.
5. Create a list of services and priorities using the Add service portion of the web
page.
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The services, above, are only examples of the potential Traffic Shaping configuration.
Depending on your usage, you will undoubtedly want to rearrange your choices of
high, medium and low priority traffic.
Intrusion Detection System Administrative Web Page

IPCop contains a powerful intrusion detection system, Snort, which analyses the con-
tents of packets received by the firewall and searches for known signatures of mali-
cious activity.
Figure 2-18. Intrusion Detection Settings
IPCop can monitor packets on the Green, Blue, Orange and Red interfaces. Just tick
the relevant boxes and click the Save button.
Snort rules update

Follow the instructions to obtain an Oink Code from www.snort.org9 if you intend to
use Sourcefire VRT Certified rules.
Select the correct radio button, add your Oink Code (if appropriate), and click the
Save button before your first attempt to download a ruleset.
As more attacks are discovered the rules Snort uses to recognize them will be up-
dated. To download the latest version, click the Download new ruleset button.
45
Firewall Menu
Grouped together in the Firewall Menu are some of the core functions of IPCop which
controls how traffic flows through the firewall.
These are:
• Port Forwarding
• External Access (Controls remote administration of IPCop from the Internet)
• DMZ Pinholes
• Blue Access (Connecting a Wireless Access Point to IPCop)
• Firewall Options
What traffic is allowed between Interfaces?

The table below summarizes the default firewall settings and the steps required to
open or control access between them.
Figure 2-19. IP Traffic Flow
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User Customization
In v1.4 there is a new file for users to make their own changes to firewall rules. Have
a look inside the file /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall.local
It is called by /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall, and for manual use, the usage is:
$ /etc/rc.d/rc.firewall.local {start|stop|reload}
Note: The reload option was added in v1.4.2, and further modified in v1.4.6, but changes
were not included in Official Updates, to avoid overwriting Users’ existing modifications.
There are also specific chains for Users’ use, called CUSTOMINPUT, CUSTOMFORWARD etc.
as per version 1.3.
Introduced in version 1.3, there is also the file /etc/rc.d/rc.local which is run
when IPCop boots, and can contain your own specific commands to run at boot time,
for instance to setup an internal modem.
Neither of these files will be affected by Official Updates, and are included in the set
of files saved when you backup the system files.
Port Forwarding Administrative Web Page

This subsection allows you to configure the Port Forwarding settings for IPCop. This
is 100% optional, so you may safely ignore this section if you do not wish to make
use of this feature.
Port Forwarding Overview

Firewalls prevent externally initiated requests from accessing the protected system.
However, sometimes, this is too strict a situation. For example, if one is running a web
server, then any requests to that web server by users outside the protected network
will be blocked by default. This means that only other users on the same internal
network can use the web server. This is not the normal situation for web servers. Most
people want outsiders to be able to access the server. This is where Port Forwarding
comes in.
Port Forwarding is a service that allows limited access to the internal LANs from
outside. When you set up your server, you can choose the receiving or “listening”
ports on the internal network machines. This is done differently depending on which
software is being used. Please refer to the documentation that came with your servers
to set up the ports on those servers.
Once those receiving ports are ready, you are ready to enter information into the AW
on IPCop. The TCP/UDP drop down list allows you to choose which protocol this rule
will follow. Most regular servers use TCP. Some game servers and chat servers use
UDP. If the protocol is not specified in the server documentation, then it is usually
TCP. Source port is the port to which the outsiders will connect. In most cases, this
will be the standard port for the service being offered (80 for web servers, 20 for FTP
servers, 25 for mail servers, etc.) If you wish, you may specify a range of ports to
forward. To specify a range use the “:” character between two port numbers, lowest
number first. Destination IP is the internal IP address of the server (for example, you
may have your web server on 192.168.0.3). Destination Port is the port that you chose
when you set up your server in the first paragraph. The SourceIP dropdown menu
allows you to choose which Red IP this rule will affect. IPCop has the capability of
handling more than one Red IP. If you only have one Red IP set up, then choose
Default IP.
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Port Forwarding and External Access

The Port Forwarding interface was re-written for version 1.3.0. It is quite different
from earlier versions. However, please note that the port numbers used for a partic-
ular service have not changed, and you should still refer to these above.
The External Access page has NO affect on the GREEN or ORANGE networks. It
is there to allow you to open ports to the IPCop box itself and not the GREEN or
ORANGE networks.
How do you open up external access then? It is combined into the Port Forward page
- there is a field on the page labeled:
’Source IP, or network (blank for "ALL"):’
This is the field that controls external access - if you leave it BLANK, your port for-
ward will be open to ALL INTERNET ADDRESSES. Alternatively if you put an ad-
dress or network in there, it will be restricted to that network or Internet address.
Figure 2-20. Port Forwarding Settings
You can have more than one external address - after you have created the port for-
ward entry, it will appear in the table. If you wish to add another external address,
click the Red Pencil with the Plus sign next to the entry, the entry screen at the top
of the page will change (it will load values from the port forward) and allow you to
enter an external IP address or network.
When added you will now notice that there is a new entry under the port forward in
the table.
Other things to note:
• We support the GRE protocol.

• You can have port ranges and wildcards. Valid wildcards are:
• * which translates to 1-65535
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• 85-* which translates into 85-65535

• *-500 which translates into 1-500
Valid characters to separate a port range are “:” or “-”. Note that - will be modified to
a “:” even though it will be displayed as a “-” on the screen.
You only need to enter the first source port, the destination will be filled in for you.
You can edit a record by clicking on the Yellow Pencil icon in the Action column, and
until you hit the update button, nothing changes and nothing is lost.
When you are editing a record, you will see the record highlighted in yellow.
To delete a record, click on the Trash Can icon on the right hand side of the Action
column.
Ports ranges cannot overlap each other.
Individual ports cannot be placed in the middle of a range i.e. if you have 2000-3000
already set up and then try to forward port 2500, it will give you an error. You cannot
forward the same port to several machines.
Reserved ports - on the main Red Address (DEFAULT IP) some ports are reserved
for IPCop to do its business, they are 67, 68, 81, 222, and 445.
When you edit a port forward, there will be an extra check box labeled ’Override
external access to ALL’. This is used as a quick and dirty way to open a port to ALL
Internet addresses for testing or whatever your reasons. This was a user request.
If you have a port forward with multiple external accesses, when you delete all of the
external accesses, the port becomes open to ALL addresses, be careful of this one.
There is a Shortcut to enable or disable a port forward or external access - click on
the “Enabled” icon (the checkbox in the Action column) for the particular entry you
want to enable or disable. The icon changes to an empty box when a rule is disabled.
Click on the checkbox to enable it again. Note: when you disable the port forward, all
associated external accesses are disabled, and when you enable the port forward, all
associated external accesses are enabled.
External Access Administrative Web Page

This subsection allows you to configure the External Access settings for IPCop ma-
chine itself. This is 100% optional, so you may safely ignore this section if you do not
wish to make use of this feature.
49
Figure 2-21. External Access Settings
From v1.3.0 onwards, External Access only controls access to the IPCop box. It has
no affect on the Green, Blue or Orange network access. That is now controlled in the
Port Forwarding section, see above.
If you wish to maintain your IPCop machine remotely, you should specify TCP port
445, https. If you have enabled ssh access, you can also enable TCP port 222, ssh.
The TCP/UDP drop down list allows you to choose which protocol this rule will fol-
low. Most regular servers use TCP. If the protocol is not specified in the server docu-
mentation, then it is usually TCP. Source IP is the IP address of an external machine
you give permission to access your firewall. You may leave this blank, which allows
any IP address to connect. Although dangerous, this is useful if you want to maintain
your machine from anywhere in the world. However, if you can limit the IP addresses
for remote maintenance, the IP addresses of those machines or networks that are al-
lowed access, should be listed in this box. Destination Port is the external port that
they are allowed to access, i.e. 445. The Destination IP dropdown menu allows you to
choose which Red IP this rule will affect. IPCop has the capability of handling more
than one Red IP. If you only have one Red IP set up, then choose Default IP.
will move the rule to the next section, and list it as an active rule.
Current rules lists the rules that are in effect. To remove one, click the “Trash Can”
To enable or disable a rule - click on the “Enabled” icon (the checkbox in the Action
column) for the particular entry you want to enable or disable. The icon changes to
an empty box when a rule is disabled. Click on the checkbox to enable it again.
DMZ Pinholes Administrative Web Page

This subsection allows you to configure the DMZ Pinholes settings for IPCop. This is
100% optional, so you may safely ignore this section if you do not wish to make use
of this feature.
This page will only be visible if you have installed and configured an Orange or a
Blue network interface card.
50
Figure 2-22. Pinhole Settings
A DMZ or Demilitarized Zone (Orange zone) is used as a semi-safe interchange point

between the external Red Zone and the internal Green zone. The Green zone has all
your internal machines. The Red zone is the Internet at large. The DMZ allows them
to share servers without allowing undue access to the internal LAN by those in the
Red Zone.
For example, suppose that your business has a web server. Certainly, you want your
customers (those in the Red zone) to be able to access it. But suppose you also want
your web server to be able to send customer orders to employees in the Green Zone?
In a traditional firewall setup, this wouldn’t work, because the request for access to
the Green zone would be initiating from outside the Green zone. You certainly do not
want to give all your customers direct access to the machines on the Green side, so
how can this work? By using the DMZ and DMZ pinholes.
DMZ pinholes give machines in the Orange (DMZ) zone limited access to certain
ports on Green machines. Because servers (the machines in the Orange zone) have to
have relaxed rules with respect to the Red zone, they are more susceptible to hack-
ing attacks. By only allowing limited access from Orange to Green, this will help to
prevent unauthorized access to restricted areas should your server be compromised.
The TCP/UDP drop down list allows you to choose which protocol this rule will
follow. Most regular servers use TCP. Some game servers and chat servers use UDP.
If the protocol is not specified in the server documentation, then it is usually TCP.
Use the protocol specified on the Port Forwarding page.
Source Net is a drop down menu that shows the available source networks on the
machine.
Source IP is the IP address of the machine that you wish to give permission to access
your internal servers.
Destination Net is a drop down menu that shows the available networks on the ma-
chine.
The Destination IP is the machine in the Green or Blue zone that will receive the re-
quest.
Destination Port is the port on the machine that will be listening for the request.
will move the rule to the next section, and list it as an active rule.
Current rules lists the rules that are in effect. To remove one, click the “Trash Can”
51
To enable or disable a rule - click on the “Enabled” icon (the checkbox in the Action
column) for the particular entry you want to enable or disable. The icon changes to
an empty box when a rule is disabled. Click on the checkbox to enable it again.
Blue Access Administrative Web Page

This subsection allows you to configure which Wireless Access Points on the Blue
network can connect to IPCop. This is 100% optional, so you may safely ignore this
section if you do not wish to make use of this feature.
Note: This page will only be visible if you have installed and configured a Blue network
interface card.
To setup Blue Access do the following:
1. Use a supported Ethernet card to setup the Blue interface.

2. Connect an Access Point to that Ethernet card. (Use the LAN Ethernet port on
the AP, if you have a choice of ports).
3. You can use DHCP to serve dynamic or static addresses on Blue, although
static is preferred for security of MAC addresses. Refer to the DHCP Server
section for more information on configuring static leases.
If you only need to provide access for http traffic on the Blue network to the Internet
(Red network), just add the IP Address or the MAC Address of the Wireless Router,
or the individual wireless connected devices if you are using an Access Point, via the
web page shown below.
An Access Point behaves like an Ethernet hub, and IPCop serves out DHCP leases
through it to wireless devices. A Wireless Router does NAT, serves out DHCP on it’s
own subnet, and has it’s own access controls.
You will be able to view IPCop’s web interface from a computer on the Blue network,
but you will not be able to connect to the Green network without some additional
work.
To connect to the Green network from the Blue network, you have to either:
1. Use the DMZ Pinholes page and shoot bullet holes through the Blue interface
for your services, or:
2. Setup a VPN for your road-warriors on Blue to provide access.
52
Figure 2-23. Blue Access Settings
In the Add Device section you input the IP Address or the MAC Address of a wireless
Access Point, or any device on the Blue network that you want to connect to the
Internet through IPCop.
will move the entry to the next section, and list it as enabled.
The Devices on Blue section lists the current entries. To remove one, click the “Trash
Can” icon. To edit one, click the “Yellow Pencil” icon.
To enable or disable an entry, click on the “Enabled” icon (to the left of the Yellow
Pencil) for the particular entry you want to enable or disable. The icon changes to an
empty box when a device is disabled. Click the checkbox to enable it again.
If DHCP is enabled for the Blue network, the Current DHCP leases on Blue section will
be displayed.
This provides a quick way of adding wireless devices to the list. You just have to click
on the “Blue Pencil” icon for a device to be added to the list of enabled devices. You
can then edit the entry, if necessary, by clicking on the “Yellow Pencil” icon, as before.
Firewall Options Administrative Web Page

This subsection allows you to configure some firewall behaviour. This is 100% op-
tional, so you may safely ignore this section if you do not wish to make use of this
feature.
53
Figure 2-24. Firewall Options
Disable ping response

• No - IPCop responds to ping requests on any interface. This is the default be-
haviour.
• Only RED - IPCop does not respond to ping requests on the Red Interface.
• All Interfaces - IPCop does not respond to any ping requests on any interface.
To save changes, press the Save button.
VPNs Menu
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

Virtual Private Networks or VPNs allow two networks to connect directly to each
other over another network such as the Internet. All data is transmitted securely over
an encrypted tunnel, hidden from prying eyes. Similarly, a single computer can also
connect to another network using the same facilities. One of the protocols used to
create VPNs is known as IPSec.
IPCop can easily establish VPNs between other IPCop servers. IPCop can also inter-
operate with just about any VPN product that supports IPSec and standard encryp-
tion technologies such as 3DES. VPN connections in IPCop are defined as Net-to-Net
or Host-to-Net. This is 100% optional, so you may safely ignore this section if you do
not wish to make use of this feature.
Most modern operating systems have support for IPSec. This includes Windows,
Macintosh OSX, Linux and most Unix variants. Unfortunately, the tools needed to
provide this support vary greatly and may be difficult to set up.
Net-to-Net
Net-to-net VPNs link two or more private networks across the Internet, by creat-
ing an IPSec “tunnel”. In a net-to-net VPN, at least one of the networks involved
must be connected to the Internet with an IPCop firewall. The other network can be
connected to an IPCop firewall, or another IPSec enabled router or firewall. These
router/firewalls have public IP addresses assigned by an ISP and are most likely to
be using Network Address Translation, hence the term Net-to-Net.
54
If desired, a VPN can be created between wireless machines on your BLUE network
and an IPCop firewall. This ensures that traffic on your BLUE network cannot be
intercepted with wireless sniffers.
Host-to-Net
A Host-to-Net connection is where IPCop is at one end of the VPN tunnel and a
remote or mobile user is on the other end. The mobile user is most likely to be a
laptop user with a dynamic public IP address assigned by an ISP, hence the terms
Host-to-Net or Roadwarrior.
Methods of Authentication
It is necessary to have a pre-shared key/password/pass phrase or an X.509 certificate
before trying to configure a Roadwarrior or Net-to-Net VPN connection. These are
methods of authentication, which identify the user trying to access the VPN. They
will be required in the VPN configuration stage.
Pre-shared Key
The pre-shared key authentication method or PSK is a very simple method that al-
lows VPN connections to be set up quickly. For this method, you enter an authenti-
cation phrase. This can be any character string — similar to a password. This phrase
must be available for authentication on IPCop and to the VPN client.
The PSK method involves fewer steps than certificate authentication. It can be used to
test connectivity of a VPN and to become familiar with the procedure of establishing
a VPN connection. Experienced users may wish to progress straight to generating a
certificate of authority before trying to configure a roadwarrior or a net-to-net VPN
connection.
The pre-shared key method should not be used with Roadwarrior connections as all
roadwarriors must use the same pre-shared key.
Note: The clocks on either end of the IPCop VPN tunnel should be up to date before
configuring a VPN.
X.509 Certificates
X.509 certificates are a very secure way of connecting VPN servers. To implement
X.509 certificates you must either generate or setup up the certificates on IPCop or
use another certification authority on your network.
X.509 Terminology: X.509 certificates on IPCop and many other implementations are
manipulated and controlled by OpenSSL. SSL, or the Secure Sockets Layer, has its own
terminology.
X.509 certificates, depending on their type, may contain public and private encryption
keys, pass phrases and information about the entity they refer to. These certificates are
meant to be validated by Certification Authorities (Certificate Authorities) or CAs. When
used by web browsers, the CA certificates of major, pay for, CAs are compiled into the
browsers. To validate a host certificate, the certificate is passed to the appropriate CA to
perform validation. On private networks or unique hosts, the CA may reside on a local
host. In IPCop’s case, this is the IPCop firewall, itself.
Certification requests are requests for X.509 certificates that are passed to CAs. The
CAs in turn generate an X.509 certificate by signing the request. These are returned to
55
the requesting entity as X.509 certificates. This certificate will be known to the CA, since
it signed it.
You will see that X.509 certificates and requests can be stored on your hard drive in
three different formats, usually identified by their extensions. PEM format is the default
for OpenSSL. It can contain all the information associated with certificates in printable
format. DER format contains just the key information and not any extra X.509 information.
This is the default format for most browsers. PEM format wraps headers around DER
format keys. PKCS#12, PFK or P12 certificates contain the same information as PEM
files in binary format. Using the openssl command, PEM and PKCS#12 files can be
transformed into their opposite number.
To use a certificate, you must import it into the other side’s CA, too. The IPSec im-
plementation on IPCop contains its own built in CA. CAs may run on roadwarrior’s
machines, also.
If the roadwarrior’s IPSec implementation does not have CA capabilities, you can
generate a certificate request, import it into IPCop so that IPCop’s CA can sign it,
export the resulting certificate and import it into the originating road warrior’s IPSec
software.
Global Settings
Figure 2-25. VPN Global Settings
Enter the VPN server details, either its fully qualified domain name or the public IP
address of the red interface. If you are using a dynamic DNS service, you should use
your dynamic DNS name here.
VPNs and Dynamic DNS: If your ISP changes your IP address, be aware that Net-to-Net
VPNs may have to be restarted from both ends of the tunnel. Roadwarriors will also have
to restart their connections in this case.
Enable the VPN on IPCop by selecting Local VPN Hostname/IP and click on the Save
button. The VPN on Blue option will only be visible if you have configured a BLUE
network interface card. To enable a VPN over your BLUE wireless connection click
on the VPN on BLUE Enabled: check box and then click on the Save button.
56
Connection Status and Control
Figure 2-26. VPN Connection status and control window: Initial View
To create a VPN connection use the Add button. The VPN connection type page will
appear.
Creating IPCop’s Certificates
Figure 2-27. VPN Certificate Authorities window: Initial View
To create an IPCop’s Certificate Authority or CA, enter your CA’s name in the CA
Name box. The name should be different than the IPCop machine’s host name to
avoid confusion. For example, ipcopca for the CA and ipcop for the hostname.
Then click on the Generate Root/Host Certificates button.
The Generate Root/Host Certificates will appear. Fill out the form and both a X.509 root
and host certificate will be generated.
Organization Name
The organization name you want used in the certificate. For example, if your VPN is
tying together schools in a school district, you may want to use something like “Some
School District.”
IPCop’s Hostname
This should be the fully qualified domain name of your IPCop. If you are using a
dynamic DNS service, use it.
Your E-mail Address

Your E-mail address, so that folks can get hold of you.
The next three fields; department, city and state or province. You can leave them out
if you wish.
57
Your Department
This is the department or suborganization name. Continuing the school district ex-
ample, this could be XX Elementary School.
City
The city or mailing address for your machine.
State or Province
The state or province associated with the mailing address.
Country
This pull down selection menu contains every ISO recognized country name. Use it
to select the country associated with the certificate.
After completing the form, click on the Generate Root/Host Certificates button to
generate the certificates.
If desired, you can generate several root and host certificates on a single IPCop, and
then export them to PKCS12 format files, encrypted with a password. You can then
email them as attachments to your other sites. Using the Upload PKCS12 file portion of
this web page, you can upload and decrypt the certificates on a local IPCop machine.
Connection Type
Figure 2-28. VPN Connection Type Selection
Select either Host-to-Net (Roadwarrior) for mobile users who need access to the
GREEN network or Net-to-Net to allow users on another network access to your
GREEN network and to allow users on your GREEN network access to the other
network.
Choose the connection type you wish to create and click on the Add button.
The next web page that appears contains two sections. The Connection section will
be different depending on the connection type you are adding. The Authentication
section will be the same.
Host-to-Net Connection
Name
Choose a simple name (lower case only with no spaces) to identify this connection.
58
Interface
Then select the IPCop network interface the road warrior will be connecting on, either
RED or BLUE. Selecting the RED interface will allow the roadwarrior to connect from
the Internet. Selecting the BLUE interface will allow the roadwarrior to connect to the
GREEN network from a local wireless network.
Local Subnet
Local Subnet defaults to your GREEN network. If desired, you can create a subnet of
your GREEN network to limit roadwarrior access to your GREEN network.
Remark
Remark allows you to add an optional remark that will appear in the IPCop VPNs
connection window for this connection.
Enable
Click on the Enable check box to enable this connection.
Edit advanced settings when done.

Click on the Edit advanced settings when done check box if you need to modify
IPCop’s default settings for IPSec.
Net-to-Net Connection
Name
Choose a simple name (lower case only with no spaces) to identify this connection.
IPCop side
Choose an IPCop side, right or left, that will be used in the IPSec configuration files
to identify this IPCop’s side of the connection on this machine. Remember, the side
makes no difference.
Local Subnet
Local Subnet defaults to your GREEN network. If desired, you can create a subnet of
your GREEN network to limit roadwarrior access to your GREEN network.
Remote Host/IP
Enter the static Internet IP address of the remote network’s IPSec server. You can
also enter the fully qualified domain name of the remote server. If the remote server
is using a dynamic DNS service, you may have to restart the VPN if its IP address
changes. There are several scripts available on the IPCop news groups that will do
this for you.
Remote subnet
Enter the remote network’s network address and subnet mask in the same format
as the Local Subnet field. This network must be different from the Local Subnet since
IPSec sets up routing table entries to send IP packets to the correct remote network.
Remark
The Remark field allows you to add an optional comment that will appear in the
IPCop VPNs connection window for this connection.
59
Enable
Click on the Enable check box to enable this connection.
Edit advanced settings when done.

Click on the Edit advanced settings when done. check box if you need to modify
IPCop’s default settings for IPSec.
Host-to-Net Connection
Figure 2-29. VPN Host-to-Net Connection Input
Name
A simple name (lowercase only, with no spaces) to identify this connection.
Net-to-Net Connection
Figure 2-30. VPN Net-to-Net Connection Input
60
Note on IPSec Terminology: IPSec uses the terms right and left for the two sides of a
connection or tunnel. These terms have no real meaning. IPSec will orient itself based
on network addresses and routes. Once it determines which network connection, left or
right, to use to get to the other side of a connection, all other right or left parameters follow.
Many folks use left for the local side of a connection and right for the remote side. This is
not necessary. It is best to think of the terms as “side 1” and “side A” of an old LP record.
Name
A simple name (lowercase only, with no spaces) to identify this connection.
IPCop side
Authentication
The second section of the web page deals with authentication. In other words, this is
how this IPCop will make sure the tunnel established by both sides of the interface
is talking to its opposite number. IPCop has made every effort to support both PSKs
and X.509 certificates. There are four mutually exclusive choices that can be used to
authenticate a connection.
Use a Pre-Shared Key

Enter a pass phrase to be used to authenticate the other side of the tunnel. Chose this
if you wish a simple Net-to-Net VPN. You can also use PSKs while experimenting in
setting up a VPN. Do not use PSKs to authenticate tunnels to roadwarriors.
Upload certificate request

Some roadwarrior IPSec implementations do not have their own CA. If they wish to
use IPSec’s built in CA, they can generate what is called a certificate request. This
is a partial X.509 certificate that must be signed by CA to be a complete certificate.
During certificate request upload, the request is signed and the new certificate will
become available on the VPNs main web page.
Upload a certificate
In this case, the peer IPSec has a CA available for use. Both the peer’s CA certificate
and host certificate must be uploaded.
Generate a certificate
In this case, the IPSec peer will be able to provide an X.509 certificate, but lacks the
capacity to even generate a certificate request. In this case, complete the required
fields. Optional fields are indicated by blue dots. If this certificate is for a Net-to-Net
connection, the User’s Full Name or System Hostname field may need to be the Internet
fully qualified domain name of the peer. The optional organization name is meant
to isolate different portions of an organization from access to IPCop’s full GREEN
network by subnetting the Local Subnet in the connection definition portion of this
web page. The PKCS12 File Password fields ensure that the host certificates generated
cannot be intercepted and compromised while being transmitted to the IPSec peer.
61
Authentication
Figure 2-31. VPN Authentication Input
Logs Menu
Introduction
The Logs AW Consists of five or six sub-pages - Log Settings, Log Summary, Proxy
Logs, Firewall Logs, IDS Logs (if enabled) and System Logs. These share a com-
mon set of interface features to select the log information to be displayed, and to
export that information to your local machine. Dropdown Month: and Day: lists in
the Settings: area of the AW are provided to allow you to select Logs information for
preceding days and months. Each time that you select a new combination of Month:
and Day:, you must also click the Update button before the Logs information will be
updated. When you first select a sub-page, the Logs information displayed will be
that for the current date.
The << button lets you quickly jump back a day, and the >> button moves a day
forward.
The Logs information appears as a list in the main section of the window (usually
labeled Log:). If that list is too long to fit into a reasonably sized window, only the
latest Logs information is displayed. In that situation, the Older and Newer links at
the top and bottom of this section of the window become active and you may use
these to page through the list of Logs data.
Pressing the Export button downloads a text-format file (log.dat), containing the
information from the current Logs AW page, from the IPCop server to your computer.
62
Depending on how your computer is set up, pressing the Export button will initiate
a file download dialogue on your computer, show the contents of log.dat in your
web browser window, or open the file in a text editor. In the latter cases, you can save
log.dat as a text-format file if required.
Log Settings Administrative Web Page

Figure 2-32. Log Settings
Log Summary Page

63
Figure 2-33. Log Summary Output
Proxy Logs Page

This page provides you with the facility to see the files that have been cached by
the web proxy server within IPCop. The web proxy is inactive after first installation
of IPCop, and may be activated (and deactivated) through a specific administration
page (Services > Proxy).
Note: The Proxy Log menu item will only appear if you have enabled logging on the
Services > Proxy page.
Due to the large amount of information that has to be processed, the Web Proxy page
can take an appreciable time to appear after its initial selection or an Update.
There are several controls on this page in addition to the Month:, Day:, and Update
controls described at the beginning of this Section:
• The Source IP: dropdown box allows you selectively look at web proxy activity
related to individual IP addresses on the local network, or the activity related to
ALL machines that have used the proxy.
• The Ignore filter: box allows you type in a regular expressions text string to define
which file types should be omitted from the web proxy Logs. The default string
hides image files (.gif, .jpeg, .png & .png), stylesheet files (.css) and JavaScript files
(.js).
• The Enable ignore filter: tick box allows you to control whether the Ignore filter: is
active or not.
64
• The Restore defaults button allows you to return the above controls and filters to
their defaults.
For this page, the Logs information appearing in the Log: section of the window con-
sists of:
• The Time the file was requested and cached.

• The Source IP address of the local system requesting the file.
• The Website - or more precisely the URL for each file requested and cached.
Note: The Website URL entries in these Logs are also hyperlinks to the referenced web
pages or files.
Figure 2-34. Proxy Log Output
Firewall Logs Page

This page shows data packets that have been blocked by the IPCop firewall.
Note: Not all denied packets are hostile attempts by crackers to gain access to your
machine. Blocked packets commonly occur for a number of harmless reasons and many
can be safely ignored. Among these may be attempted connections to the "ident/auth"
port (113), which are blocked by default in IPCop.
65
The controls on this page are the basic Month, Day, << (Day before), >> (Day after),
Update and Export buttons that are described in detail at the beginning of this Sec-
tion.
The Log: section of this page contains an entry for each of the packets that were
"dropped" by the firewall. Included is the time of the event, the Source and Destina-
tion IP addresses and ports for the dropped packet, the protocol used for that packet,
and the IPCop Chain and Interface involved.
You can obtain information about the listed IP addresses by clicking on an IP Ad-
dress. IPCop performs a DNS lookup and reports any available information about its
registration and ownership.
Figure 2-35. Firewall Log Output
Intrusion Detection System Log Page

This page shows incidents detected by the IPCop Intrusion Detection System (IDS).
The IDS system is inactive after first installation of IPCop, and may be activated
(and deactivated) through a specific administration page (Services > Intrusion De-
tection).
The controls on this page are the basic Month, Day, << (Day before), >> (Day after),
Update and Export buttons that are described in detail at the beginning of this Sec-
tion. These allow you to examine the IDS Logs for a specific day. These Logs consist
of a number of items for each detected incident:
• The Date: and time of the incident.

• Name: - a description of the incident.
• Priority: (if available). This is the severity of the incident, graded as 1 ("bad"), 2
("not too bad"), & 3 ("possibly bad").
66
• Type: - a general description of the incident (if available).

• IP Info: - the IP identities (address & port) of the source and target involved in
the incident. Each IP address is a hyperlink, which you can use to perform a DNS
lookup for that IP address and obtain any available information about its registra-
tion and ownership.
• References: - hyperlinked URLs to any available sources of information for this type
of incident.
• SID: - the Snort ID number (if available). "Snort" is the software module used by
IPCop to provide the IDS function, and SID is the ID code used by the Snort module
to identify a particular pattern of attack. This parameter is hyperlinked to a web
page carrying the relevant entry on the Snort database of intrusion signatures.
Figure 2-36. IDS Log Output
System Log Page

This page allows you to view the system and other miscellaneous Logs. (See the
beginning of this Section on how to use the Month, Day, << (Day before), >> (Day
after) and Update controls). There are eleven different categories, selected via the
Section dropdown list:
• IPCop (default) - general IPCop events like PPP profile saving and connection ("PPP
has gone up on ppp0 ") and disconnection ("PPP has gone down on ppp0 ") of
dialup modem links.
• RED - traffic sent over the interface that is providing the PPP interface for IPCOP.
This includes the data strings sent to, and received from modems and other net-
67
work interfaces. This can be a very useful resource in troubleshooting "failure to

connect" situations.
• DNS - shows a log of activity for dnsmasq, the domain name service utility.
• DHCP server - shows a log of activity for the DHCP Server function within IPCop.
• SSH - provides a record of users who have logged in to, and out of the IPCop server
over a network via the SSH interface.
• NTP - shows a log of activity for the ntpd Server function.
• Cron - provides a record of activity of the cron daemon.
• Login/Logout- provides a record of users who have logged in to, and out of the
IPCop server. This includes both local log-ins and logins over a network via the
SSH interface.
• Kernel - is a record of kernel activity in the IPCop server.
• IPSec - is a record of activity of IPSec - the VPN software module used by IPCop.
• Update transcript - is a log of the results of any updates applied to the IPCop soft-
ware via the System > Update window.
• Snort - shows a log of activity for Snort, the Intrusion Detection System.
Figure 2-37. System Log Output
Notes
1. https://ipcop:445
2. https://192.168.10.1:445
3. http://ipcop:81
4. http://192.168.10.1:81
5. http://www.devshed.com/c/a/Administration/Secure-Tunnelling-with-SSH/
6. http://security.itworld.com/4360/LWD010410SSHtips/page_1.html
7. http://www.ipcop.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=phpWiki&file=index&pagename=HowToT
68
8. http://www.linux-mag.com/2000-04/networknirvana_01.html
9. http://www.snort.org/
69
70
Appendix A. GNU Free Documentation License
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite
330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute ver-
batim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. Preamble
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and
useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective free-
dom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a
way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifi-
cations made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the doc-
ument must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General
Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because
free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter
or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally
for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. Applicability and Definitions

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms
of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited
in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”,
below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute
the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or
a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Doc-
ument that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of
the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is
in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathe-
matics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject
or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political po-
sition regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary
then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then
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The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
71
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented

in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable
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parent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
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for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
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HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes
only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
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means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title ei-
ther is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates
XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned
below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that
it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to
be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties:
any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no
effect on the meaning of this License.
2. Verbatim Copying
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not
use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange
for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may
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3. Copying In Quantity
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed cov-
ers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice
requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and
legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover
72
Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words
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in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than
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retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
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you with an updated version of the Document.
4. Modifications
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the condi-
tions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version un-
der precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document,
thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever pos-
sesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of
the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there
were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives
permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible
for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at
least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors,
if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as
the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the
other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the
public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License,
in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required
Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Ver-
73
sion as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Doc-
ument as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access
to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the orig-
inal publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. In any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the
Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be in-
cluded in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict
in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify
as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may
at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add
their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements
of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authori-
tative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the
Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text
may be added by (or through arrangements made ‘by) any one entity. If the Docu-
ment already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add
another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permis-
sion to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any
Modified Version.
5. Combining Documents
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original docu-
ments, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in
its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identi-
cal Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invari-
ant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such
section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
74
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same
adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of
the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the var-
ious original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine
any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”.
You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. Collections of Documents
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individu-
ally under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying
of that document.
7. Aggregation With Independent Works

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and indepen-
dent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is
called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to
limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works
permit. When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not apply to
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Administrative Guide

Published 20 September 2004

Rights and Disclaimers

1. IPCop is a firewall; first, last and always.

Partial List of Features

• IPTable network filters

• USB Connected (w/ right driver):

• Multiple “Real” IP supported on RED when using a Static IP base.

• Brazilian Portuguese: Edson-Empresa, Claudio Corrêa Porto, Adilson Oliveira,

Other Projects and Companies:

Home Administrative Window

Note: Deprecation of HTTP Port 81 Connections: As of IPCop Release 1.4.0, http

Modem Connection Buttons

• Disconnect - This will sever the connection to the Internet.

• Idle - No connection to the Internet and not trying to connect.

System Web Pages

• Home — Returns to the home page.

• Shutdown — Shutdown or restart your IPCop from this web page.

This section has 3 sections:

1. Shows your current patch level.

Figure 2-1. SSH Access and SSH Host Keys

$ ssh -p 222 [email protected]

$ scp -P 222 some/file [email protected]:

$ sftp -o port=222 [email protected]

Support SSH protocol version 1 (required only for old clients)

Allow TCP Forwarding

4. Finally, log into the remote Telnet using the tunnel.

There is a tutorial on SSH port forwarding at Dev Shed5.

Allow password based authentication

Allow public key based authentication

SSH Host Keys

Figure 2-2. GUI Settings

Display hostname in window title:

Refresh index.cgi page whilst connected

Select the language you wish IPCop to display in:

Beep when IPCop connects or disconnects

Backup Web Page

IPCop settings are damaged

You have to reinstall IPCop

Shutdown Web Page

Figure 2-3. Shutdown and Schedule Reboots

Schedule IPCop reboots

Uptime and Users

Current Dynamic Leases

Routing Table Entries

ARP Table Entries

Figure 2-4. PPP Settings

Figure 2-5. Upload Modem Drivers

Upload Speedtouch USB Firmware

Upload ECI ADSL Synch.bin File

Upload Fritz!DSL Driver

Figure 2-6. Modem Settings

External Aliases Administrative Web Page

Figure 2-7. External Aliases Settings

Add a new alias

• Proxy (Web Proxy Server)

Web Proxy Administrative Web Page

DHCP Administrative Web Page

DHCP Server Parameters

Start Address (optional)