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TOK, Concepts

1. The document defines key concepts in theory of knowledge, including knowledge as justified true belief, the characteristics of truth, theories of truth, types of logic, objective vs subjective knowledge, and confirmation bias. 2. It also outlines different types of knowledge such as a priori and a posteriori knowledge, and epistemological concepts like relativism, prejudice, and absolutism. 3. Finally, it briefly defines additional concepts including empiricism, causation vs correlation, connotation vs denotation, fallacies, and scientific realism.

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Julie Vu
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21K views2 pages

TOK, Concepts

1. The document defines key concepts in theory of knowledge, including knowledge as justified true belief, the characteristics of truth, theories of truth, types of logic, objective vs subjective knowledge, and confirmation bias. 2. It also outlines different types of knowledge such as a priori and a posteriori knowledge, and epistemological concepts like relativism, prejudice, and absolutism. 3. Finally, it briefly defines additional concepts including empiricism, causation vs correlation, connotation vs denotation, fallacies, and scientific realism.

Uploaded by

Julie Vu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theory of Knowledge

Theory of Knowledge Concepts

1. Knowledge: justified true belief


o Justification: involves providing evidence or support for a particular knowledge
claim; answering “How do you know that x is the case?”
o Truth: the quality of being true or correct according to some ground
o Belief: belief that x is the case is necessary for knowledge; knowledge must be
believed
2. Characteristics of Truth: public, independent, eternal
o Public: true for everyone
o Independent: true despite what others may believe to be true
o Eternal: true for the entire time frame of reference, such as “It’s raining outside”
2. Theories of Truth: correspondence, coherence, pragmatic
o Correspondence: a proposition is true if it refers to something that exists in reality,
apart from the statement itself
o Coherence: a proposition is true if it is logically consistent with a body of
knowledge already known to be true
o Pragmatic: a proposition is true if it works or has practical results
3. “A priori” knowledge: based on theory, logic—can be thought of as “book learning”
4. “A posteriori” knowledge: based on sense experience
5. Inductive logic: begins with specific facts and draws a general conclusion
6. Deductive logic: begins with a general conclusion and draws a specific fact
7. Objective: existing independently of perception, usually implies something that is publicly
observable and the same for those who experience it, exists in the external world
8. Subjective: derived from the mind rather than external sources, relative to the knower’s
own individual experiences, has no possible confirmation
9. Confirmation bias: tendency for people to gather information that confirms their
preconceptions and ignore contradictory evidence
10. Psychological certainty: mental spectrum describing the degree to which one believes
something is true
11. Proposition: any kind of assertion or claim, a declarative statement
12. Knowledge issue: insights into knowledge that relate to the question “How do we know
what we know?”; explorations into the limitations of knowledge and methods of
verification of knowledge
13. Opinion: judgment based on fact
14. Relativism: theory stating that there can be no absolute truth, that everything is on a
relative scale
15. Prejudice: preconceived judgment or opinion made without sufficient knowledge
16. Absolute: unquestionable, not to be doubted or questioned
17. Epistemology: the study of “How do we know what we know?”
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Theory of Knowledge

Theory of Knowledge Concepts

18. Empiricism: the view that sense observations are the only source of knowledge
19. Causation/correlation: correlation does not imply causation; it is difficult to say that one
thing causes another even when there is a correlation, since cause-effect situations often
involve multiple factors
20. Connotation: associated meaning of a word
21. Denotation: explicit, dictionary definition of a word
22. Fallacy: any error in thinking or logic
23. Scientific realism: there is an objective reality that exists without direct human perception

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