Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.

:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

RUNGTA COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., BHILAI

KINEMATICS OF MACHINE LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS OF KINEMATICS OF MACHINE LAB.

EXP No. 1 : CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS

a) To Plot N-θ curve

b) To observe the Jump phenomenon.

EXP NO. 2 : JOURNAL BEARING APPARATUS.

a) To find out the load carrying capacity of bearing.

b) To find out the pressure around the journal bearing.
c) To find out the co-efficient of friction factor, actual co-efficient of friction
d) To find out the friction house power.

EXP NO. 3 :-CORIOLLI’S COMPONENT OF ACCELERATION APPARATUS

a) To find the coriolli’s components of acceleration and verify the result.

EXP NO. 4 :- SLIP & CREEP MEASUREMENT APPRATUS IN BELT DRIVE

a) To measure coefficient of friction between pulley material and different belt material.
b) To measure power transmitted with varied belt tension and plotting graph of (T1 - T2 ) Vs
( T1 + T 2) ‘ Tension Characteristics’.
c) To measure percentage slip at belt tension by varying load on brake drum and plot graph of
( T1 – T2 ) Vs. percentage slip i.e. “slip Characteristics”

EXP NO. 5 :- PANTOGRAPH APPARATUS

a) Study and analysis of pantograph

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EXP NO. 6 : -SIMPLE, COMPOUND ,REVERTED &EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN AND

HOLDING TORQUE APPARATUS .

a) To find the speed and torque of different gears in an epicyclic gear train.
b) To find the speed and torque of different gear in a simple, compound and reverted gear
trains

EXP NO. 7:- FOUR BAR MECHSNISM AND ITS INVERSIONS.

a) To study four bar mechanism and its inversions.

EXP NO. 8:- INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EXPANDING SHOE BRAKES

a) To study internal expanding shoe brakes
b) To study external contracting shoe brakes

EXP NO.9:- ROPE BRAKE DYNAMETRE APPARATUS

a) To study rope brake dynamometer and calculation of torque and power.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

CAM ANALYSIS MACHINE

LEARING OBJECTIVES:-

1. To find out the cam and follower behavior at different follower

movement.
2. To study the different types of cam and follower with their practical
uses.
3. To find out the cam follower displacement curve at different motion.
4. To find out jump phenomenon.

Do’s

1. Check the type of cam & follower.

2. Set the protector at 00.
3. Fit the dial gauge at the top of the follower.
4. Rotted the coupling slowly and note down the dial gauge reading. And rotation will be 00
to 3600.
5. Plot the N- θ curve.
6. To attach the dimmer state to running the cam motor.
7. Install the stroboscope in front of the cam to observe the jump speed of the follower.
8. Run the cam motor with constant speed by dimmer state to regulate the damping sound.
9. Note down the reading of follower jump speed with help of stroboscope.

Don’ts

1. Do not handle the machine without proper precaution.

2. Do not run the cam motor with high speed.
3. Do not touch the electrical cabal and electrical motor while running.

SHORT NOTE ON JUMP PHENOMENON:-

The jump, phenomenon occurs in case of cam operating under the action of
compression spring load. This is a transient condition that occurs only with high speed, highly
flexible cam follower systems. With jump the cam and the follower separate owing to
excessively unbalanced forced exceeding the spring force during the period of negative
acceleration. This is indelible since the fundamental function of the cam-follower system; the
constraint and control of follower motion are not maintained. Also related at the short life of
the cam flank surface, high noise, and vibrations and poor action.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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JUMP AND CROSSOVER SHOCK:-

A cam – follower retained against the cam with a compression retaining spring will
under certain conditions, jump or bounce out of contact with the cam. This condition is
most likely to occur with low values of damping and with high-speed cams or quite
flexible follower trains.

Crossover shock occurs in a positive drive cam mechanism when contact moves
from one side of the cam to the other. Clearance and backlash are taken up during the
crossover, and impact occurs. Crossover takes place on the rise or return motion when the
acceleration changes sign and when the velocity is at its peak. Preloading the system to
remove backlash, by designing for a low peak velocity, and by using rigid follower train
can reduce the effect. Roth art states that jump will not occur in high-speed system if at
least two full cycles of vibration occur during the positive acceleration time-interval of the
motion. If a smaller number of cycles exist during this period then, the states, the system
should be investigated mathematically to determine if jump exists. This condition can be
expressed by the equation:
B1 k > 2.
360

Where B1 is the angle through which the cam rotates during positive acceleration period.
This figure can probably be reduced slightly for appreciable amount of damping.

As shown in fig. 1. Spring K2 loses compression when jump beings and is carried in
motion with the mass. The resulting motion now gets rather complicated because the mass
too must be redistributed. Probably a good first approximation could be obtained by
concentrating a portion of the mass at the bottom of spring and treating motion as a system
of two degrees of freedom. It must be noted, and then the system will vibrate at a new
frequency after jump being and analysis of the motion using the old frequency after jump
being is not a true description of the motion. Spring K2 losses its compression whenever X
exceeds by the amount K2 was initially compressed during assembly. Thus to set up a
criteria for jump, it is necessary to calculate the recompression of K2. The problem is
illustrated in fig.1. Where we wish to assemble spring k1 of length (1).

DESCRIPTION:-

The machine is a motorized unit consisting of a cam shaft driven by a D.C. Motor.
The shaft runs in a double ball bearing. At the free end of the cam shaft a cam can be
easily mounted. As the follower is properly guided in gunmetal bushes and the type of the
follower can be changed to suit the cam under test. A graduated circular protractor is fitted
coaxial with the shaft and a dial gauge can be fitted to note the follower displacement for
the angle of cam rotation. A spring is used to provide controlling force to the follower

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system. Weight on the follower rod can be per the requirements. The arrangement of
speed regulation is provided.

SPECIFICATIONS
A) The following types of cams are supplied along with the unit.
1. Circular arc cam
2. Eccentric cam
3. Tangent cam
B) Three type of follower are provided.
1. Mushroom follower
2. Roller follower
3. Knife edge follower
C) Compression Spring: -
Two springs are provided. The (approx). Stiffness is 4.5 kg/cm 5.5 kg/cm for the
bigger and the smaller spring respectively.
D) Weights: -
a) One set of three weights is provided. All the weights have a
central hole so that they can be accommodated in the push rod. Total weight provided is
1600gms.
b) The weights of the reciprocating parts are as follows:-
1. Push rod with lock nuts.
2. Rest plates and two lock nuts.
3. Spring seat and lock nut.
4. Wt. Of spring (Y3 of the spring Wt. Is to be taken as
reciprocating wt.)
5. Roller follower.
6. Mushroom follower.
7. Knife-edge follower.

STARTING AND STOPPING:-

1) See that instruction given in Fig.1) above are observed.
2a) Selected a suitable cam and follower combination. Fix the cam on the driving shaft. Fix the
follower on push rod and properly tighten the check nut, such that knife-edge of follower
(or axis of roller in case of roller follower) is parallel to axis of camshaft.
c) Give required initial compression to the spring. In order that initial compression is
not lost during operation, the check nut is to be tightened against spring seat.
d) Choose suitable amount of weight to be added to the follower. Weights with
central hole can be inserted from the top end of push rod. A rest plate for the weights
should be firstly screwed to the lowest position, tightened against it, so that there will be
no loosening of the rest plate after adding required weights. Tighten the second nut from
the top to secure the weights tightly to the push rod.
3. See that the knob of dimmer stat is at zero position.

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4. Now switch on the supply and increase the speed of the motor gradually with the
help of dimmer stat. Do not operate the control vigorously.

EXPERIMENTS: -
Following experiments can be conducted using this machine: -
1. To plot N-θ (follower displacement vs. angle of cam rotation). Curve for different
cam follower pairs. The N-θ plot can be used to find out the velocity and
acceleration of the follower system.
For this experiment, arrange the set up as shown in Fig. 1. The exact profile of the
can be obtained by taking observations n v s e. Where N = displacement of the
follower from rotating initial position and θ = angle of cam rotation with
reference from axis of symmetry chosen. Twice, differentiating the N-θ curve
once and twice, the velocity and acceleration can plot curves for the follower and
cam under study.

2. SPEED:- To observe the phenomenon of jump. For this, use of a stroboscope is

necessary. The speed of cam rotation and stroboscope frequency of neon lamp are
gradually and simultaneously increased and at the time of jump to occur the follower is
seen thus can be obtained from the stroboscope. When jump occurs the follower pounds
on the cam surface giving a good thumping sound.
Upward inertia force = Downward retaining force.
w.w2 r = w = s
g
This is the equilibrium of force equation when the jump will just start.

W = Follower weight (Assembly).

S = Spring force.
W = Angular velocity of cam.
R = Distance according to the geometry of cam.
3. To study the effect of follower assembly weight on the jump speed when the
spring force is kept constant. To study this effect keep the initial spring
compression at a certain level and observe jump speed for different follower weight
by adding them successively and plot the graph of follower weights vs. jump speed
(see graph no. 1.)
W = (w + s ) g
w. r
This relation shown that as the following increases the jump speed goes on decreasing.

4. To study the effect of spring compression on the jump speed with constant
follower weight. To study this keep the follower assembly weight the same and go
on observing the jump speed for various sets of initial spring compression and plot
graph of spring force vs. jump speed. (See graph No. 2).

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

Questionnaire:-
Q.1 Classify the Cam and Follower.
Q.2 Write the uses of Cam and Follower.
Q.3 What is specified Contour Cam?
Q.4 What are the different methods to draw the Cam Profile?
Q.5 What is Jump Phenomenon?
Q.6 Write the Simple Harmonic Motion, Constant Velocity Motion and Cycloid
motion.
Q.7 Write the different material specification used for manufacturing the Cam.

*******

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

EXPERIMENT NO.:-2

JOURNAL BEARING APPARATUS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. To find out the lubrication process in journal bearing apparatus.
2. To find out the coefficient of friction of lubricating oil.
3. To know the different type of lubricating oil.
4. To Know behavior of bearing during lubrication.
Do’s
1. Fill the oil tank fully and open the bottom cock to allow the oil inter into bearing.
2. Set the pressure gauge at 00 and set the pointer on the torque arm fitted on the frame.
3. Now switch on the power point and the electrical motor at required speed.
4. Now put required weight on the weight hanger.
5. Put small weight on the balancing hook and adjust the distance.
6. Now increase the pressure build up, when pressure remain constant note down the
pressure.
7. Put the oil try below the bearing and collect oil flowing out for 30 second and measure the
oil temp.
8. Repeat the same procedure at different speed and load.
Don’t’s
1. Do not allow oil deep in the floor.
2. Do not increase the oil pressure suddenly.
3. Do not increase the rpm rapidly.
4. Do not touch the electrical cable.

Rotating shafts are widely used in engineering practice, which are supported by different
types of bearings, viz. ball bearing, roller bearings, bush bearings etc. Bush bearing is one simple
& cheap type of bearing & it is quit common in earlier days. In this practical the main object is to
determine the coefficient of friction and required oil flow to maintain the co-efficient of friction &
to cope up side leakages.

THE APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a journal with brass bush pressed over outer diameter, which rotates in
steel bearing. Brass lined bearing caps are provided on both side of bearing to which a loading
attachment is fixed. The journal is rotated by a variable speed d.c. motor A torque arm with scale
is fixed to bearing, which is used along with sliding weight to determine the friction torque. An
oil collector tray is provided for measurement of oil flow from bearing.

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Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up sufficient oil in the oil supply tank and open the bottom cock so that oil is flowing
to bearing.
2. Adjust the pressure gauge at 0o. Adjust the pointer on torque arm to match with the
stationary pointer fitted on the frame.
3. Pressure will start to develop. Put the required weight in the weight hanger.
4. Put small weight in balancing hook & adjust the distance . Note down weight and its
distance.
5. Wait for some time for pressure to built up. When pressure remains steady, note down
pressure. Similarly note the pressures on either sides of oo, at the intervals of 50 or 100.
6. Insert oil collecting stray below the bearing & collect the oil flowing out for 300 sec. Also,
hold thermometer in dropping oil & note down oil temperature.
7. Repeat the procedure for different speed and loads, and complete the observation table.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No. Speed Load Torque arm Oil Temp.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION:
Sl. No. Angle
0o 10 o 20 o 30 o 40 o …. -10 o -20 o -30 o

CALCULATIONS:
Let some terms be defined first-
1. R = radius of bearing =0.025 m.
2. C = radial clearance = 0.0001 m.
3. h = oil film thickness.
4. e = eccentricity of journal (distance between journal & bearing centers, when oil film is
established) = c-h min.
5. ∈ = eccentricity ratio = e/C.
6. ψ = attitude angle (angle at hmin from load line)
7. e = angle measured from maximum oil film thickness.

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Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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i) Load carrying capacity of the bearing,

W= u η L3/C2 x π /4 x ∈/ (1-∈2)2 (0.062 ∈2 + 1)0.5
Where,
W = total load, Newtons.
U = Surface speed of shaft, m/s
= π DN/60 where D = shaft dia = 0.0498 m.
L = length of bearing = 0.05m
η = viscosity of oil, Nsec./m2 = Centripoise reading /1000
from known (applied) load, determine ∈ by some trial and error.
ii) As journal starts rotating, firstly it rolls inside the bearing opposite to its direction
of rotation till the oil film is formed, & then it starts floating and moves forward of
load line in the direction of its rotation. Minimum oil film thickness occurs at this
position, which is at angle ψ , forward of load line.

π (1− ∈2 )0.5
tan ψ =
4 ∈
∴ψ =
Now that 0o position of pressure guage is θ =(180 - ψ )o as θ is measured from
maximum oil film thickness.

iii) Pressure around the bearing,

6 uηR ∈ sin θ ( 2 + ∈ cos θ )
P= x N / m2
C 2
( 2 + ∈ ) (1+ ∈ cos θ )
2 2

P/9.81 x 104 = Pressure in Kg/cm2.

iv) Coefficient of friction, µ ,

2π ηURL
µ= .
(I−∈ )2 CW
v) Friction horsepower :-
FHP = 2 π η U2 RL /C. watts.
vi) Actual Co-efficient of friction -
Frictional force acting at Shaft diameter,
F = balancing Wt. X distance
R
µ expt = F/W
vii) Graphs – plot the graph of co-efficient of friction vs. sommerfeld number
2
ηN R 
pb C 
Where, pb = bearing pressure = Load .= W
N/m2
Projected bearing area 0.0025

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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Practically, due to difficulty of correct measurement of oil temperature inside the

bearing and great dependence of oil viscosity over temperature & pressure, correct
viscosity cannot be known & hence all the parameters cannot be correctly determined, but
those can give an idea about the behavior of the bearing.

Questionnaire:-
Q.1 What are the purpose of Lubrication?
Q.2 Write the different grades of Lubricating oil.
Q.3 What is Journal?
Q.4 Name the types of Lubrication
Q.5 What are unit of Lubrication?
Q.6 What is Frictional Horse Power?

******

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
CORIOLLI’S COMPONENT OF ACCELERATION APPARATUS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:-
1. To find out the corroilis acceleration of conponent.
2. To find out the RPM rating at different water flow rate.

Do’s :-
1. Fill the sufficient water in the tank.
2. Check all nut & bolt for tightening.
3. Ensure the coupling for free rotation.
4. Measure the torque at the speed of 150 rpm .
5. Start the pump adjust the water flow rate.
6. Repeat the process at difference speed.

Don’t:-
1) Do not touch the electric cable wetted hand.
2) Do not run the electrical motor without filling the water in tank.
3) Do not over speed the motor.
4) Do not over flow the tank.

Theory:
If a point moving along a line, with the line having rotational motion, the absolute
acceleration of the point, is vector sum of –w
1. Absolute acceleration of coincident point over the link relative to fixed center.
2. Acceleration of point under consideration relative top coincident point, and
3. The third component, called coriolli’s component of acceleration.
Therefore, coriolli’s component of acceleration.
Theoretically
CA =2VxW
= 2V X 2 π N / 60
Practically
2 g T m / sec2
CA = ---------------------
2W a l

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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THE APPRATUS:-
The apparatus used hydraulic analogy to determine coriolli’s components of acceleration.
The apparatus consists of two brass tubes connected to a central rotor distributor. The distributor
is rotated by a variable speed D.C. motor. Water is supplied to a distributor by a pump though
rotometer. Where tubes are rotating with water flowing through tubes with various measurements
provided, coriolli’s components can be determined experimentally and theoretically.

PROCEDURE:-
Fill-up sufficient water in the tank. Rotate the coupling to ensure free rotation. Check nut
bolts for tightening. Start the motor and set the speed as required, e. g. say 150 rpm. Measure the
torque required for free rotation of tubes at that speed, (for measuring the torque, pointer over the
torque arm must coincide with the stationary pointer, before taking spring balance reading.)

Now start the pump and adjust the flow with the help of by-pass valve, so that water does
not overflow through central glass tube and also pipes un full of water. Now adjust the speed to
previous value and measure the torque. Note down water flow rate.
Repeat the procedure at different speeds.
PRECAUTION:-
1. While filling the water, see that there is sufficient gap between the tubes and water
surface.
2. Remove the glass tube with its water supply nozzle after the experiment is over.
3. Drain the water after the experiment is over.
4. Operate all the switches and control gently.

SPECIFICATION:-
Pipe : 12mm I.D. 120 mm Effective length : 2 Nos.
Drive motor : 1HP, 1500 rpm DC series motor, Swinging field type
with speed control
Torque arm : Radius 0.150 m with 2Kg. Capacity spring balance
Pump : 0.5 HP capacity 25x25 mm connection single phase.
Rotometer : 0 to 10 LPM capacity

CALCULATION:-
1. Bore dia of tube = 12mm
Flow rate of tube = 8 x 10-3 m
Total flow area = 5.024 x 10-5 m2
2. Flow rate = Q = LPM / 3.6 X 10-6 m3 /sec
Velocity of water through the tubes = V m/sec
Q
V = ------------------- m/s
A

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1. Length of torque arm = 0.150 m.

T = ( spring bal. Difference) X 0.150 kg-m

2. Now theoretically,
CA = 2 V w
= 2V ( 2 π N / 60)
Practically
2gT
CA = ------------------------- m / sec2
2W. a l
Where W = specific weight of water
= 1000 kg / m3
I = Effective length of tube
= 0.120m
a = Flow area of tube
= 5.024 X 10-3 m2S

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

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Questionnaire:

Q.1 Define Corioll’s Component of Acceleration.

Q.2 How to draw Velocity and Acceleration diagram?
Q.3 Define Tangential Velocity & Radial Velocity.
Q.4 How to calculate Torque?
Q.5 In which principle this Apparatus works?

*********

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Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

SLIP & CREEP MEASUREMENT APPRATUS IN BELT DRIVE

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:-
1. To find out slip and creep phenomenon.
2. To find out coefficient of friction of different belt material.
3. To find out belt speed at pulley rpm.
Do’s:-
1. Fix the sample of belt for whom the friction are to be calculated.
2. Find out the friction by using formula.
1. Find the velocity belt with the help of diameter of pulley.
2. Find out the initial tension by spring balance reading fitted between fixed based and
sliding base.
3. Run the unit and measure the rpm of pulley.
4. Tight belt with 3.5kg tension find the percentage of slip.

Don’ts:-
1. Do not run the motor with heavy speed.
2. Do not loose the belt in the pulley.
3. Do not lean your body parts towards pulley belt.

AIM:-
1. To measure coefficient of friction between pulley material and different belt material.
2. To measure power transmitted with varied belt tension and plotting graph of (T1 - T2 )
Vs ( T1 + T 2) / 2 ‘ Tension Characteristics’.
3. To measure percentage slip at belt tension by varying load on brake drum and plot graph
of ( T1 – T2 ) Vs. percentage slip i.e. “slip Characteristics”

DESCRIPTION:-
The apparatus consists of a variable speed DC motor driving pulley and driven
pulley of equal diameter. The pulleys are mounted on input shafts (Motor Shafts) and output
shafts. The driver pulley can slide on the base with motor change initial tension in belt. The
brake drum is mounted on output shaft which helps to measure power output. The motor
speed is varied by variable DC power supply. Two separate RPM indicator is provided to
measure speeds of driver and driven pulleys respectively. A surface plate of same material
(pulley material) is fixed on the apparatus with a friction pulley and a wooden block having
the arrangement to hold the sample of different types of belts and a weight pan and same
weight for the measurement of coefficient of friction.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
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SPECIFICATIONS:-
• DC motor –1 HP/1500RPM variable speed.
• Driven and driven pulley of equal diameters.
• Brake drum along with spring balance.
Flat belt of fixed length of following material:
1. Fiber Belt.
2. Rubber Belt.
Belt tightening arrangement and a spring balance attached to measure the tension.
Speed cantilever unit.
AIM: -
To measure coefficient of friction between pulley material and different belt material.

APPARATUS USED:
Friction slide apparatus ( A horizontal surface plate of pulley material fixed on the
apparatuses frame. A wooden block, friction pulley and weight pan.)

THEORY:
The maximum value of force which comes into play, when a body just begins to slide over
the surface of other body is known as limiting friction.

In limiting friction, the required force to slip block on weight (W) on a horizontal plane is
F = µ . R.

Or µ = F/R = P/W
Where µ = Coefficient of friction between two surface.

P = Applied horizontal force ( weight pan + weight applied)

R= reaction between body and plane
W= Weight applied + weight of wooden block.
PROCEDURE:
• Fix the sample piece of belt at the bottom surface of wooden block.
• Put the wooden block on surface plate and hang a weight pan on one end of a
thread passing the friction pulley and other end of thread is connected to the wooden block.
• Put some weight in wooden block and apply the load gradually weight pan
until wooden block comes in slipping stage.
• Perform this experiments three times and note the results.

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1. Weight of pan: = 20 gms.

2. Weight of wooden block = 200 gm

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl.No. Weight Applied Weight Total Weight in gms. µ = P/w = Average

to block Applied to
On block = On Weight (w1+w4) / µ
Weight Pan (w2+w3)
w2+w3 = w1 Pan = w1 +
w4 = w2

OBJECT
To measure power transmitted with varied belt tensions and pointing graph of ( T 1 - T2 )
Vs ( T1 + T2 ) “ Tension Characteristics”.

APPARATUS:-
Slip and Creep Measurement Apparatus in belt drives.
THEORY:-
In belt drive power transmission, If T1 and T2 are the tensions in tight slide and slack side
of the belt respectively and ‘V’ is the velocity of belt in m/sec. The power transmission by the
below drive.

P = ( T1 - T2 ) v N m/Sec. or Watt

If T1 and T2 are in Kg f and V in m/sec.

( T1 - T2) V
P = ------------------- H. P.
75
To calculate the ‘V’
V = π dN
----------
60
where d = diameter of pulley = 150 mm
N = Speed of pulley in RPM = 500 RPM

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To calculate T1 and T2
We know that initial tension in belt when not running position is

T1 + T2 T1 + T2
To = ------------- = 3.5 = ----------------
2 2

Or T1 + T2 = 7.0 ……..(1)

Ratio of driving tension and belt drive

T1
µθ
------------- = e ……..(2)
T2

Where µ = coefficient of friction and θ = Angle of Lap

= 180 – 2 and sin = ( r1 - r2)

-----------
I
Where r1 and r2 are the radius of pulleys respectively r1 = r2 = 150 /2 mm
I = distance between pulleys = 320 mm
= 1800
T1 π
------- e 0.68 X 1800 X ………
T2 180o

PROCEDURE:-
Measure the diameter of pulleys and speed of pulleys to calculate the velocity of belt.
Tight the belt with the help of sliding arrangement of pulley and measure the initial tension (To)
by spring balance fitted between fixed base and sliding.
Run the unit and measure the RPM of pulleys and to vary the speed of motor. A speed controller
switch is provided on the control panel.

OBJECT:
To measure percentage slip at fixed belt tension by varying load on brake drum and plot graph of
( T1 – T2) Vs. percentage slip i.e. “Slip Characteristics”.

APPRATUS:
Sleep and Creep Measurement Apparatus in belt drives.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

THEORY:-
SLIP: The forward motion of driver pulley without carrying the belt with it or the forward
motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it, is called the Slip of the belt and is
generally expressed as a percentage.

CREEP: When the belt passes from the slake side to tight side, a certion of the belt
extended and it contacts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to thee
changes of length there is a relative motion between the bent and the pulley surface. This relative
motion is termed as creep. The total of creep is to reduce the speed of the driven pulley or
follower.

Where d1 and d2 = Diameter of driver and driven pulleys.

The total effect of slip P = P1 + P2 in percentage and the velocity ratio.

N2/N1 = D1/ D2 ( 1 – P/ 100) where D1 = D2

PROCEDURE
Measure the diameter of pulley and speed of pulleys to calculate the velocity of belt.
Tight the belt with the help of sliding arrangement of pulley up to initial tension of
3.5 to 4kg.
Run the unit and apply the load find out the result.

Questionnaire:
Q.1 Define Slip and Creep.
Q.2 Write the difference between Belt drive and Chain drive.
Q.3 What is the purpose of Pulley?
Q.4 Define Angle of Lap and Coefficient of friction.
Q.5 How to find out the power of Belt drive?
Q.6 How to prevent the slip phenomenon?

******

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

EXPERIMENT NO 5
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, REVERTED& EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN AND
HOLDING TORQUE APPARATUS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:-
1. To find out the torque of epicyclic gear train.
2. To find out the graph between torque verses rpm rating.
3. To find out the different position of planet gear, sun gear and internal gear
position in epicyclic gear train.

Do’s:-

1. Check the nut & bolt for tightening.

2. Tighten the rope planet carrier pulley .
3. Note the observation for different torque.

Don’ts:-
1. Do not load the motor above 1.8 AMP.
2. Do not run the motor without lubrication.
3. Do not increase the RPM and current abruptly

AIM:-
To find the speed and torque of different gears in an epicyclic gear train.

THEORY:-
Whenever the distance between the driving and driven members is small or when a
positive slip less is required, gear drives are used. Such a combination of two or more gears is
called gear train. Gear trains may be simple, compound or epicyclic gear trains. The axis of gears
have fixed position relative to each other. But in epicyclic trains, the axis of gears may have
relative motion to earth other.

The apparatus consists of sun and planet gear type epicyclic gear train. A driving motor
drives the sun wheel. The Planetary gear, which mesh with the sun gear and mounted on pins,
which are fitted to planet carrier pulley. Externally, planet gears mesh with the internal gear which
is mounted over a shaft. This shaft also carries a pulley. Both pulleys are provided with rope
brake with spring balance, so that either planet carrier pulley or internal gear pulley can be held
stationary and output torque with holding can be measured. Input torque has been calibrated in
terms of motor current.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

PROCEDURE:-
1. Check the nut bolts for tightening ( normally all nut are tightened) connect the electrical
supply to the unit and start the unit.
2. Tighten the rope on planet carrier so that it does not rotate. Now, slightly tighten the rope
over internal gear pulley.
3. Note down the observations. Repeat the procedure for different torques.
(Note:- When rope on internal gear pulley is tightened, planet carrier starts rotating. Keep
the tension of the rope over the pulley ( internal gear pulley) so that it just does not rotate)
4. Now, hold the planet carrier pulley and let internal gear pulley to rotate.
Repeat the same procedure for different torques and complete the observation table.

TORQUE:-
Let, Ts = input torque
Tc = torque on planet carrier
T1 = torque on internal gear
If friction is neglected.
Input power= output power.
Ts Ws + Tc Wc+ + T1 W1 = 0
Either Wc OR W1 will be zero
Hence Ts Ws = Tc Wc (or T1 W1)
With the calibration chart of motors, find out torque at the current reading.
Ts
(a) Torque on planet carried
0.05 + 0.012
Tc = (-----------------------------) x 9.81 x S. B. Difference
2
(b) Torque on internal gear
0.120 + 0.022
T1 = (-------------------------) x 9.81 S. B. Difference
2

Tc = Ts + T1

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Do not load the motor above 1.9 amp current.
2. Before starting the experiment put some lubrication oil to gears & bearings.
3. Operate al, the switches and controls gently.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

SPECIFICATION:-
1. GEAR TRAIN : Sun gear 14 Teeth 22mm
Planet gear 21 teeth 50 mm
Internal gear with 56 teeth 120 mm

2. TORQUE MEASUREMENT:

i) Input Torque- Motor current calibrated for motor torque

ii) Planet carrier- Pulley of 50 mm dia. And spring balance
iii) Internal Gear- Pulley, 120 mm dia and spring balances. Both pulley
are provided with rope of 12 mm dia.
iv) Drive Motor- 1 HP Dc motor rpm motor operating on 220 Volts 50
Hz, Supply, driving the sun gear.

MOTOR CALIBRATIONCHART
CURRENT (AMPS) TORQUE (N-m

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

Questionnaire:
Q.1 What is the difference between Simple Gear Train and Epicyclic Gear Train?
Q.2 Define Torque.
Q.3 Draw a diagram of Epicyclic Gear Train.
Q.4 What are the uses of Epicyclic Gear Train.
Q.5 How to solve the problem in Analytical method?
Q.6 Prove the law of Gearing.
Q.7 What is mean by Undercutting of Gears?
Q.8 What are the interference of Gears?

*****

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory

Name of the Student:…………………………………………….. Roll No.:……………………………
Semester : ………………………………………………………… Date……... …………………………

KINEMATICS OF MACHINE LAB

LIST OF INSTRUCTIONS
Do’s

1. Operate the machines after learning thoroughly from operating manual.

2. Follow the instructions as per given format in manual.
3. Handle the machines gently.
4. Use proper devices before operating the machines.
5. Take necessary sub-items which are needed for different practicals.
6. Clean the machines before and after use.
7. All the items are to be deposited to concerned staff after performing
practical.
8. Note down all the readings in the Lab files and find out the results.

Don’ts

1. Do not handle the machine without proper precaution.

2. Do not wear loose clothes while handling the machines.
3. Do not touch the electrical cable and electrical motor while running.
4. Be away from running machines.
5. Do not run the machine in dry condition.

RCET/Department of Mechanical Engineering /Kinematics of Machine Laboratory