Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)) 2000-E-41 118

cos ω t:
ω A + [1/CR1]B = 0 ⇒ A = -B/ω CR1
sin ω t:
-ω B + [1/CR1]A = I0/C
-ω B + [1/CR1][-B/ω CR1] = I0/C

B = I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]

A = -[I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]/ω CR1

Complete solution
V(t) = Ke-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]/ω CR1]sin ω t + [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]cos ω t
At t = 0+
V(0+) = Ke-(1/CR1)0+ + [-[I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]/ω CR1]sin ω (0+) + [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]cos
ω (0+)
I0sin ω t [R1 + R2] = K(1) + [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]
I0sin ω t [R1 + R2] = K + [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]

K = I0sin ω t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]

V(t) = [I0sin ω t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]]e-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[-ω -

1/C2R12]]/ω CR1]sin ω t + [I0/C[-ω - 1/C2R12]]cos ω t

Q#6.29: Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.

1. Determine the characteristic equation.
2. Locus of the roots of the equation.
3. Plot the roots of the equation.
Solution:

R L
C
V(t)
i(t)

For t ≥ 0
According to KVL
di 1
L + ∫ idt + Ri = V(t)
dt C
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
d2i i di
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 119

L + +R =0
dt2 C dt
Dividing both sides by ‘L’
d2i i Rdi
+ + =0 (i)
dt2 LC Ldt
The characteristic equation can be found by substituting the trial solution i = est or
by the equivalent of substituting s2 for (d2i/dt2), and s for (di/dt); thus

1 R
2
s + + s=0
LC L

2)

ζ =0 jω
jω n

ζ =1

ζ→∞ σ
ζ →∞

-jω n
ζ =0

1 R
s2 + + s=0
LC L
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
a 1
R
b
L
1
c
LC

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 120

R R 2 1
- ± - 4(1)
L L LC

s1, s2 =
2(1)

R R 2 1
- ± - 4(1)
L L LC

s1, s2 =
2 2

R R 2 1
- ± - 4(1)
L L LC

s1, s2 =
2 4

R R 2 1
= - ± - 4(1)
2L 2L 4LC

R R 2 1
= - ± -
2L 2L LC radical term (ii)

Hint: 4 = 2
To convert equation (i) to a standard form, we define the value of resistance that causes
the radical (pertaining to the root) term in the above equation as the critical resistance, Rcr.
This value is found by solving the equation

2
R 1
- =0
2L LC
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 121

R = Rcr
2
Rcr 1
- =0
2L LC

2
Rcr 1
=
2L LC

Taking square root of both the sides

2
Rcr 1
=
2L LC

Rcr 1
=
2L LC

Using cross multiplication

L
Rcr = 2
C

Hint: 1 =1

R
ζ =
Rcr

R C
ζ =
2 L
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 122

1
ω n=
LC

R
2ζ ω n =
L

1
ω n
2
=
LC
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (i) we get
s2 + 2ζ ω ns + ω n2 = 0
roots of the characteristic equation are

Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
a 1
b 2ζ ω n

c ω n2

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a

-2ζ ω n ± √(2ζ ω n )2 – 4(1)(ω n

2
)
s1, s2 =
2(1)

-2ζ ω n √4ζ 2ω n
2
– 4ω n
2

s1, s2 = ±
2 2

Simplifying we get

s1, s2 = -ζ ω n ± ω n√ ζ 2
–1

when ζ = 0

s1, s2 = -(0)ω n ± ω n√(0)2 – 1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 123

s1, s2 = ± ω n√–1

s1, s2 = ± jω n

Hint: √–1 = j

3)

R 500 Ω
L 1H
C 1 × 10-6 F

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (ii)

500 500 2 1
= - ± -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10-6) (ii)

= -250 ± √62500 - 1000000

= -250 ± √-937500
= -250 ± √937500√-1

s1, s2 = -250 ± j968.246

R 1000 Ω
L 1H
C 1 × 10-6 F

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (ii)

1000 1000 2 1
= - ± -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10-6) (ii)

= -500 ± √250000 - 1000000

= -500 ± √-750000
= -500 ± √750000√-1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 124

s1, s2 = -500 ± j 866.025

R 3000 Ω
L 1H
C 1 × 10-6 F

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (ii)

3000 3000 2 1
= - ± -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10-6) (ii)

= -1500 ± √2250000 - 1000000

= -1500 ± √ 1250000
= -1500 ± 1118.034
= (-1500 + 1118.034), (-1500 - 1118.034)

s1, s2 = -381.966, -2618.034

R 5000 Ω
L 1H
C 1 × 10-6 F

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (ii)

5000 5000 2 1
= - ± -
2(1) 2(1) (1)(10-6) (ii)

= -2500 ± √6250000 - 1000000

= -2500 ± √ 5250000
= -2500 ± 2291.288
= (-2500 + 2291.288), (-2500 - 2291.288)

s1, s2 = -208.712, -4791.288

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 125

Q#6.31: Analyze the network given in the figure on the loop basis, and determine the
characteristic equation for the currents in the network as a function of k1. Find
the values of k1 for which the roots of the characteristic equation are on the
imaginary axis of the s plane. Find the range of values of k1 for which the roots
of the characteristic equation have positive real parts.
Solution:
1H

i2 -
+
1Ω
K1i1
+ 1Ω
1Ω 1Ω
- V1(t)
i1 i3

1F

Loop i1:
For t ≥ 0
According to KVL
V1(t) = (i1)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i2)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i3)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i3)(XC)
1
XC =
j2π fc
ω = 2π f
j2π fc = jω c
jω = s
1
XC =
sc
c =1F

1
XC =
s(1 F)
1
XC =
s 1
V1(t) = (i1)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i2)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i3)(1 Ω ) + (i1 – i3)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 126

Simplifying s
1 1
V1(t) = i1 + i1 – i2 + i1 – i3 + i1 - i3
s s

1 1
V1(t) = (3 + )i1 – i2 – (1 + ) (i)
s s

Loop i2:
For t ≥ 0
According to KVL
(i2 – i1)(1 Ω ) + i2(XL) = 0
XL = jω L
s = jω
XL = s(1 H)
XL = s
Substituting
(i2 – i1)(1 Ω ) + i2(s) = 0
Simplifying
i2 – i1 + si2 = 0

(1 + s)i2 – i1 = 0 (ii)

Loop i3:
For t ≥ 0
According to KVL
Sum of voltage rise = sum of voltage drop (a)
Sum of voltage rise = k1i1
1
Sum of voltage drop = (i3 – i1)(1 Ω ) + (i3 – i1) + (i3)(1 Ω )
s
Substituting in (a)
1
(i3 – i1)(1 Ω ) + (i3 – i1) + (i3)(1 Ω ) = k1i1
s

Simplifying
1
(i3 – i1)(1 Ω ) + (i3 – i1) + (i3)(1 Ω ) - k1i1 = 0
s
1 1
i3 – i1 + i3 - i1 + i3 – k1i1 = 0
s s
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 127

1 1
- + k1 + 1 i1 + 2 + i3 = 0 (iii)
s s

Equations (i), (ii) & (iii) can be written in matrix form

1 1
3+ -1 - 1+ i1 V1
s s

-1 (1 + s) 0 i2
= 0

1 1
- 1 + k1 + 0 2+ i3 0
s s

A X B

Determinant of A =

1 1 1 1
3+ (1 + s) 2 + - (0)(0) - (-1) (-1) 2+ - 1 + k1 +
s s s s

1 1
(0) + (-) 1+ (-1)0 – (-) 1 + k1 + (1 + s)
s s

After simplifying
Characteristic equation:
(5 – k1)s2 + (6 – 2k1)s + (2 – k1) = 0
When k1 = 0
(5 – 0)s2 + (6 – 2(0))s + (2 – 0) = 0
5s2 + 6s + 2 = 0
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 128

a 5
b 6
c 2

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a

-6 ± √62 – 4(5)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(5)

-6 ± √36 – 40
s1, s2 =
10

-6 ± √-4
s1, s2 =
10

-6 ± √-1√4
s1, s2 =
10

-6 ± j2
s1, s2 =
10
s1, s2 = -0.6 ± j0.2

s1, s2 = (-0.6 + j0.2), (-0.6 - j0.2)

When k1 = 1
(5 – 1)s2 + (6 – 2(1))s + (2 – 1) = 0
4s2 + 4s + 1 = 0
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here

a 4
b 4
c 1

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 129

-4 ± √42 – 4(4)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(4)

-4 ± √16 – 16
s1, s2 =
8

-4 ± √0
s1, s2 =
8
-4 ± 0
s1, s2 =
8

s1, s2 = -0.5, -0.5

When k1 = 2
(5 – 2)s2 + (6 – 2(2))s + (2 – 2) = 0
3s2 + 2s + 0 = 0
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
a 3
b 2
c 0

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a

-2 ± √22 – 4(3)(0)
s1, s2 =
2(3)

-2 ± √4 – 0
s1, s2 =
6
-2 ± √4
s1, s2 =
6

-2 ± 2
s1, s2 =
6

s1, s2 = 0, 0.667
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 130

When k1 = -1
(5 – (-1))s2 + (6 – 2(-1))s + (2 – (-1)) = 0
6s2 + 8s + 3 = 0
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
a 6
b 8
c 3

-b ± √b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a

-8 ± √82 – 4(6)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(6)

-8 ± √64 – 72
s1, s2 =
12
-8 ± √-8
s1, s2 =
6

-8 ± √-1√8
s1, s2 =
6
-8 ± j2.828
s1, s2 =
6

s1, s2 = (-1.334 + j0.472), (-1.334 - j0.472)

Q#6.32: Show that equation 6-121 can be written in the form

ζω
i = ke- nt cos (ω n√1 - ζ 2 t + φ )

Give the values for k and φ in terms of k5 and k6 of Eq. (6-121).

Solution:

Let k5 = kcosφ (i)

k6 = -ksinφ (ii)
k = (kcosφ ) + (-ksinφ )2
2

k = k2cos2φ + k2sin2φ
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 131

k = k2(cos2φ + sin2φ )
k = k2(1)

k = √k2 = √k52 + k62

Dividing Eq. (i) by (ii)

kcosφ k5
= -cot φ =
-ksinφ k6

-1 k5
φ = cot -
k6

Using the trigonometric identity

cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y

Q#6.33: A switch is closed at t = 0 connecting a battery of voltage V with a series RL

circuit.
(a) Solution:
sw

t=0
R L

V
i

For t ≥ 0
According to KVL

di
V = iR + L
dt
Dividing both sides by ‘L’
di R V
+ i=
dt L L
This is a linear non-homogeneous equation of the first order and its solution is,

Thus
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 132

R
P=
L

V
Q=
L

Hence the solution of this equation

i = e-Pt∫ QePtdt + ke-Pt

V
i = e-(R/L)t∫ e(R/L)tdt + ke-(R/L)t
L

V
i=e -(R/L)t
∫ e(R/L)tdt + ke-(R/L)t
L

e(R/L)t
∫e (R/L)t
dt =
d
(R/L)t
dt

L e(R/L)t
∫ e(R/L)tdt =
R

Substituting

V L e(R/L)t
i = e-(R/L)t + ke-(R/L)t
L R

V
i= + ke-(R/L)t
R
i(0-) = i(0+) = 0
Substituting i = 0 at t = 0

V
0= + ke-(R/L)(0)
R
0
e =1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 133

V
k=-
R
Substituting

V -V
i= + e-(R/L)t
R R

V
i= (1 - e-(R/L)t )
R

P = i2R

t
WR = ∫ i2R dt
0

t V 2
WR = ∫ (1 - e-(R/L)t )2Rdt
0 R
(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

t V2
WR = ∫ (1 + e-2(R/L)t – 2(1)(e-(R/L)t))Rdt
2
0 R

t V2
WR = ∫ (1 + e-2(R/L)t – 2e-(R/L)t)dt
0 R

V2 t t t
WR = ∫ (1)dt + ∫ e-2(R/L)tdt + ∫ (-2e-(R/L)tdt)
R 0 0 0
Simplifying

V2 2L L 3L
WR = t+ e-(R/L)t - e-2(R/L)t -
R R 2R 2R

(b)
Li2
WL =
2

LV2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 134

WL = (1 - e-(R/L)t )2
2
2R

(c)
At t = 0
V2 2L L 3L
-(R/L)(0)
WR = (0) + e - e-2(R/L)(0) -
R R 2R 2R

V2 2L L 3L
0 0
WR = (0) + e - e -
R R 2R 2R

V2 2L L 3L
WR = (1) - (1) -
R R 2R 2R

V2
WR = 0
R

WR = 0 joules

At t = 0
LV2
WL = (1 - e-(R/L)0)2
2
2R
LV2
WL = (1 – e0)2
2
2R
LV2
WL = (1 – 1)2
2R2

WL = 0 joules

At t = ∞
LV2
∞
WL = (1 - e-(R/L) )2
2R2

LV2
∞
WL = (1 – e- )2
2R2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 135

LV2
WL = (1 – 0)2
2R2

LV2
WL = joules
2R2

(d)

In steady state total energy supply

W = WR + WL

V2 2L L 3L LV2
W = t+ e-(R/L)t - e-2(R/L)t - + (1 – e-(R/L)t)2
R R 2R 2R 2R2

Q#6.34: In the series RLC circuit shown in the accompanying diagram, the
frequency of the driving force voltage is
(1) ω = ω n
(2) ω = ω n√1 - ζ 2
Solution:

1000 Ω 1H
+
100 sin ω t i(t)
-
1µ F

For t ≥ 0
According to KVL
di 1
100 sin ω t = L + iR + ∫ idt
dt C
Here
ω =ω n
di 1
100 sin ω nt = L + iR + ∫ idt … (i)
dt C
1
ω n=
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 136

LC

L=1H
C = 1 × 10-6 F
1
ω n=
(1 H)( 1 × 10-6 F)

After simplifying
ω n = 1000 rad/sec
Substituting in (i) we get
di 1
100 sin 1000t = L + iR + ∫ idt … (i)
dt C
Differentiating both the sides & substituting the values of L & C we get
d2i di i
100 (1000) cos 1000t = (1) + (1000) +
dt2 dt 10-6
Simplifying we get
d2i di
100000cos 1000t = + (1000) + 1000000i
2
dt dt
The trial solution for the particular integral is
ip = A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t
d2ip dip
100000cos 1000t = + (1000) + 1000000ip
dt2 dt
(ip)′ = -1000A sin 1000t + B 1000cos 1000t
(ip)′ ′ = -1000000A cos 1000t - B 1000000sin 1000t
(ip)′ = Ist derivative
(ip)′ ′ = 2nd derivative
100000cos 1000t = -1000000A cos 1000t - B 1000000sin 1000t + 1000(-1000A sin 1000t
+ B 1000cos 1000t) + 1000000(A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t)
Simplifying
100000cos 1000t = -1000000A cos 1000t – 1000000B sin 1000t - 1000000A sin 1000t +
1000000B cos 1000t + 1000000A cos 1000t + 1000000B sin 1000t
Simplifying
Equating the coefficients
Cos:
100000 = 1000000B

100000
B=
1000000

B = 0.1
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 137

Sin:

0 = - 1000000B – 1000000A + 1000000B

0 = –1000000A

A=0

ip = A cos 1000t + B sin 1000t

Substituting the values of A & B
ip = (0) cos 1000t + (0.1) sin 1000t

ip = 0.1 sin 1000t

ω ωt
ej t – e-j
sin ω t =
2j
Here ω = 1000

ej1000t – e-j1000t
sin 1000t =
2j

ej1000t – e-j1000t
ip = 0.1 Transient response
2j

In steady state
At resonance
XL = XC
In a series RLC circuit
Z = R + j(XL - XC)
Z = R + j(XC - XC)
Z=R
V
Im =
Z

100
Im =
1000

Im = 0.1 A

(2) ω = ω n√1 - ζ 2
Determine the values of ω n & ζ substitute & simplify
Do yourself.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-41 138

THE END