Accounting Problems With Solutions

PAPER  1 : ACCOUNTING
QUESTIONS
Branch Accounting
1. Pappu Limited with its head office in Kolkata invoiced goods to its branch at Mumbai at
20% less than the catalogue price which is cost plus 50% with instructions that cash
sales were to be made at invoice price and credit sales at catalogue price. Head office
also gave the instruction to provide discount @ 15% of catalogue price on prompt
payments by debtors. From the particulars available from the branch, prepare the
Branch Stock Account, Branch Adjustment Account and Branch Profit and Loss Account
for the year ended 31st March, 2008 (showing workings) in the head office books:
Rs.
Stock on 1st April, 2007 (Invoice Price) 12,000
Debtors on 1st April, 2007 10,000
Goods received from H.O. (Invoice Price) 1,32,000
Sales (Cash) 46,000
Sales (Credit) 1,00,000
Cash received from Debtors 85,635
Discount allowed to Debtors 13,365
Expenses at the Branch 6,000
Remittances to H.O. 1,20,000
Debtors on 31st March, 2008 11,000
Cash in hand on 31st March, 2008 5,635
Stock on 31st March, 2008 (Invoice Price) 15,000

It was further reported that a part of the stock was lost by fire (not covered by insurance)
during the year whose value is to be ascertained and a provision should be made for
discount to be allowed to debtors as on 31 st March, 2008 on the basis of year’s trend of
prompt payments.
Hire Purchase System
2. Welwash (Pvt.) Ltd. sells washing machines for outright cash as well as on hire-purchase
basis. The cost of a washing machine to the company is Rs. 10,500. The company has
fixed cash price of the machine at Rs. 12,300 and hire-purchase price at Rs. 13,500
payable as to Rs. 1,500 down and the balance in 24 equal monthly instalments of
Rs. 500 each.
2
On 1st April, 2007 the company had 26 washing machines lying in its showroom. On that
date 3 instalments had fallen due, but not yet received and 675 instalments were yet to
fall due in respect of machines lying with the hire purchase customers.
During the year ended 31 st March, 2008 the company sold 130 machines on cash basis
and 80 machines on hire-purchase basis. After paying five monthly installments, one
customer failed to pay subsequent installments and the company had to repossess the
washing machine. After spending Rs. 1,000 on it, the company resold it for Rs. 11,500.
On 31st March, 2008 there were 21 washing machines in stock, 810 installments were yet
to fall due and 5 installments had fallen due, but not yet received in respect of washing
machines lying with the hire-purchase customers. Total selling expenses and office
expenses including depreciation on fixed assets totalled Rs. 1,60,000 for the year.
You are required to prepare for the accounting year ended 31st March, 2008:
1. Hire purchase Trading Account, and
2. Trading and Profit and Loss Account showing net profit earned by the company
after making provision for income-tax @ 35%.
Partnership Accounts (Piecemeal Distribution System)
3. A, B and C are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5:3:2. Their capitals
were Rs. 9,600, Rs. 6,000 and Rs. 8,400 respectively.
After paying creditors, the liabilities and assets of the firm were:
Rs. Rs.
Liability for interest on loans from : Investments 1,000
Spouses of partners 2,000 Furniture 2,000
Partners 1,000 Machinery 1,200
Stock 4,000
The assets realised in full in the order in which they are listed above. B is insolvent.
You are required to prepare a statement showing the distribution of cash as and when
available, applying maximum possible loss procedure.
Partnership Accounts: (Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c)

4. M/s Neptune & Co.’s Balance Sheet as at 31 st March, 2008:
Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs.
Bank overdraft Cash at Bank of India 800
(State Bank) 54,000
Sundry Creditors 1,56,000 Sundry Debtors 2,80,000
Stock 1,00,000
3
Capital Accounts : Motor Cars cost as 1,60,000

Mr. A per last B/S
Balance as per last 4,02,000 Less : Depreciation till
B/S date 54,000 1,06,000
Add : Profits for the Machinery cost as per
year 95,400 last B/S 3,00,000
4,97,400 Less : Depreciation till
Less : Drawings 40,000 4,57,400 date 1,40,000 1,60,000
Mr. B Land and Building 2,40,000
Balance as per last
B/s 2,00,000
Add : Profit for the
year 95,400
2,95,400
Less : Drawings 76,000 2,19,400
8,86,800 8,86,800
You have examined the foregoing Draft of the Balance Sheet and have ascertained that
the following adjustments are required to be carried out:
(i) Land and Buildings are shown at cost less Rs. 60,000 being the proceeds of the
sale during the year of premises costing Rs. 70,000.
(ii) Machinery having a net book value of Rs. 4,300 had been scrapped during the year.
The original cost was Rs. 12,300.
(iii) Rs. 2,000 paid for the Licence fees for the year ending 30th September, 2008 had
been written off.
(iv) Debts amounting to Rs. 10,420 were considered to be bad and further debts
amounting to Rs. 5,400 were considered doubtful and required 100% provision.
Provision for doubtful debts had previously been made for Rs. 10,000.
(v) An item in the inventory was valued at Rs. 37,400, but had a realisable value of Rs.
26,000 only. Scrap material having a value of Rs. 6,600 had been omitted from the
stock valuation.
(vi) The cashier had misappropriated Rs. 700.
(vii) The cash-book for the year ending 31 st March, 2008 included payments amounting
to Rs. 6,924, the cheques having been made out, but not despatched to suppliers
until April 2008.
(viii) Interest is to be allowed on the partners’ opening capital account balances less
drawings during the year at 9%.
4
You are required to prepare:

(a) Profit & Loss Adjustment Account for the year.
(b) Capital Accounts of the Partners.
Insolvency Accounts for Non-Corporate Entities
5. Ram commenced business on 1.7.2002 with a capital of Rs. 2,00,000. On 31st March,
2008 an adjudication order for insolvency was made against him. Following are the other
details available relating to his business as on 31.3.2008:
Rs.
Sundry Creditors 1,50,000
Mortgage Loan (of building) 1,00,000
Godown Rent (2 months) 5,000
Wages due 8,000
Mrs. Ram loan (given out of her own source) 25,000
Cost of Building (estimated to realise Rs. 1,00,000) 1,60,000
Debtors (includes bad of Rs. 10,000) 90,000
Stock in trade (Realisation value 10,000) 15,000
Cash in Hand/Bank 10,000
He maintained books upto 31.3.2005 and profit upto 31.3.2005 was Rs. 1,40,000. He did
not maintain books from 1.4.2005 onwards. He has been drawing Rs. 4,000 per month
and goods worth Rs. 1,500 per month uniformly from April, 2005 onwards.
Prepare statement of affairs and deficiency account.
Company Accounts (Redemption of Preference Shares & Bonus Issue)
6. The following is the Balance Sheet of Trinity Ltd. as at 31.3.2006:
Trinity Ltd.
Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2006
Share Capital Fixed Assets:
Authorised Gross Block 3,00,000
10,000 10% Redeemable Less : Depreciation 1,00,000 2,00,000
Preference Shares of Rs.
10 each 1,00,000
90,000 Equity Shares of Investments 1,00,000
Rs. 10 each 9,00,000
10,00,000 Current Assets and Loans
5
and Advances:
Issued, Subscribed and Inventory 25,000
Paid-up Capital:
10,000, 10% Redeemable Debtors 25,000
Preference
Shares of Rs. 10 each 1,00,000 Cash and Bank Balances 50,000
10,000 Equity Shares of Misc. Expenditure to the 20,000
Rs. 10 each 1,00,000 extent not written of
Reserves and Surplus:
General Reserve 1,20,000
Securities Premium 70,000
Profit and Loss A/c 18,500
Current Liabilities and
Provisions 11,500
4,20,000 4,20,000
For the year ended 31.3.2007, the company made a net profit of Rs. 15,000 after
providing Rs. 20,000 depreciation and writing off the miscellaneous expenditure of Rs.
20,000.
The following additional information is available with regard to company’s operation :
1. The preference dividend for the year ended 31.3.2007 was paid before 31.3.2007.
2. Except cash and bank balances other current assets and current liabilities as on
31.3.2007 was the same as on 31.3.2006.
3. The company redeemed the preference shares at a premium of 10%.
4. The company issued bonus shares in the ratio of one share for every equity share
held as on 31.3.2007.
5. To meet the cash requirements of redemption, the company sold a portion of the
investments, so as to leave a minimum balance of Rs. 30,000 after such
redemption.
6. Investments were sold at 90% of cost on 31.3.2007.
You are required to
(a) Prepare necessary journal entries to record redemption and issue of bonus
shares.
(b) Prepare the cash and bank account.
(c) Prepare the Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2007 incorporating the above
transactions.
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Final Accounts of Companies:

7. Provisional Balance Sheet of P Ltd. as at 31st March, 2008 was as under:
Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2008
Liabilities Rs. Rs. Assets Rs.
Share Capital: Fixed Assets (at cost less
50,000 equity shares of Rs. depreciation) 7,00,000
10 each, Rs. 7 per share Cash & Bank balances 2,00,000
called up 3,50,000
Less : Calls in arrear on Other Current assets 6,00,000
10,000 shares @ Rs. 2 per
share 20,000
3,30,000
Add : Calls in advance on
40,000 shares @ Rs. 3 per
share 1,20,000 4,50,000
20,000, 10% Redeemable
preference shares of Rs.
10 each, fully paid up 2,00,000
Reserves & Surplus:
Profit & Loss Account 2,70,000
Current Liabilities 2,80,000
15,00,000 15,00,000
Calls in arrear are outstanding for 6 months. Calls in advance were also received 6
months back.
Interest @ 10% p.a. on calls in advance and 12% p.a. on calls in arrear are
allowed/charged.
The Board of Directors have recommended that:
(i) Dividend for the year 2007-08 be allowed @ 20% on equity shares.
(ii) Money on calls in advance be refunded and partly paid equity shares be converted
as fully paid up by declaring bonus dividend to shareholders.
(iii) The preference shares, which are redeemable at a premium of 10% any time after
31st March, 2008 may be redeemed by issue of 10% Debentures of Rs. 100 in
cash.
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Show Journal Entries to give effect to the above proposals including payment and receipt
of cash and redraft the Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of P Ltd.
Profit or Loss Prior to Incorporation
8. The partners of Pal agencies decided to convert the partnership into a private limited
company called PA (P) Ltd with effect from 1 st January 2007. The consideration was
agreed at Rs. 11,70,000 based on the firm balance sheet as at 31 st December 2006.
However due to some procedural difficulties, the company could be incorporated only on
1st April 2007. Meanwhile, the business was continued on behalf of the company and the
consideration was settled on that day with interest at 12% p.a. the same books of
accounts were continued by the company which closed its account for the first time on
31st March 2008. Prepare the following summarized Profit and Loss Account
Rs.
Sales 23,40,000
Cost of goods sold 16,38,000
Salaries 1,17,000
Depreciation 18,000
Advertisements 70,200
Discounts 1,17,000
Managing director’s remuneration 9,000
Miscellaneous office expenses 12,000
Office cum showroom rent 72,000
Interest 95,100
21,48,300
Profit 1,91,700
The company only borrowing was a loan of Rs. 5,00,000 at 12% p.a. to pay the purchase
consideration due to the firm and for working capital requirements.
The company was able to double the average monthly sales of the firm, from 1 st April
2007 but salaries tripled from the date. It had to occupy additional space from July 2007
rent for which was Rs. 3,000 per month.
Prepare Profit and Loss Account in columnar from apportioning costs and revenue
between pre-incorporation and post incorporation periods. Also suggest how the pre-
incorporation profits are to be dealt with.
Amalgamation
9. Star and Moon had been carrying on business independently. They agreed to
amalgamate and form a new company Neptune Ltd. with an authorised share capital of
Rs. 2,00,000 divided into 40,000 equity shares of Rs. 5 each.
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On 31st December, 2007, the respective Balance Sheets of Star and Moon were as
follows:
Star Moon
Rs. Rs.
Fixed Assets 3,17,500 1,82,500
Current Assets 1,63,500 83,875
4,81,000 2,66,375
Less: Current Liabilities 2,98,500 90,125
Representing Capital 1,82,500 1,76,250
Additional Information :
(a) Revalued figures of Fixed and Current Assets were as follows :
Star Moon
Rs. Rs.
Fixed Assets 3,55,000 1,95,000
(b) The debtors and creditors—include Rs. 21,675 owed by Star to Moon.
The purchase consideration is satisfied by issue of the following shares and
debentures :
(i) 30,000 equity shares of Neptune Ltd., to Star and Moon in the porportion to the
profitability of their respective business based on the average net profit during
the last three years which were as follows :
Star Moon
2005 Profit 2,24,788 1,36,950
2006 (Loss)/Profit (1,250) 1,71,050
2007 Profit 1,88,962 1,79,500
(ii) 15% debentures in Neptune Ltd., at par to provide an income equivalent to 8%
return on capital employed in their respective business as on 31st December,
2007 after revaluation of assets.
You are requested to :
(1) Compute the amount of debentures and shares to be issued to Star and
Moon.
(2) A Balance Sheet of Neptune Ltd., showing the position immediately after
amalgamation.
9
Accounting of Banking Companies

10. The following is an extract from the Trial Balance of a Dena Bank as at 31 st March 2008:
Rs. Rs.
Bills Discounted 51,50,000
Rebate on bills discounted not yet due, April 1, 2007 30,501
Discount received 1,45,500
An analysis of the bills discounted as shown above shows the following:
Date of Bills Amount Rs. Term Months Rate of Discount
p.a.(%)
January 13 7,50,000 4 12
February 17 6,00,000 3 10
March 6 4,00,000 4 11
March 16 2,00,000 2 10
Find out the amount of discount received to be credited to Profit and Loss Account and
pass appropriate Journal Entries for the same. How the relevant items will appear in the
Dena Bank’s Balance Sheet? For calculation take 1 year = 365 days.
Accounting for Insurance Companies
11. The following are the Balances of Hercules Insurance Co. Ltd. as on 31st March, 2007:
(Rs. in ’000)
Capital 320,00
Balances of Funds as on 1.4.2006
Fire Insurance 800,00
Marine Insurance 950,00
Miscellaneous Insurance 218,65
Unclaimed Dividends 8,50
Amount Due to Other Insurance Companies 34,50
Sundry Creditors 72,50
Deposit and Suspense Account (Cr.) 22,80
Profit and Loss Account (Cr.) 80,40
Agents Balances (Dr.) 135,00
Interest accrued but not due (Dr.) 22,50
Due from other Insurance Companies 64,50
Cash in Hand 3,50
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Balance in Current Account with Bank 74,80

Furniture and Fixtures WDV (cost 100,00) 58,00
Stationery Stock 1,40
Expenses of Management
Fire Insurance 280,00
Marine Insurance 160,00
Miscellaneous Insurance 40,00
Others 30,00 510,00
Foreign Taxes—Marine 8,00
Outstanding premium 82,00
Donation Paid (No 80G Benefit) 10,00
Transfer Fees 1,00
Reserve for Bad Debts 11,70
Income Tax Paid 120,00
Mortgage Loan (Dr.) 975,00
Sundry Debtors 25,00
Government Securities Deposited with RBI 37,00
Government Securities (1,02,000) 1020,00
Debentures 465,50
Equity Shares of Joint Stock Companies 225,00
Claims Less Re-insurance
Fire 450,00
Marine 358,90
Miscellaneous 68,00 876,90
Premium Less Re-insurance
Fire 1762,50
Marine 1022,50
Interest and Dividends Received on 58,50
Investments
Tax Deducted at Source 11,70
Commission
Fire 500,00
Marine 350,00
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You are required to make the following
provisions :
Depreciation on Furniture—10% of Original
Cost
Depreciation on investments of Joint Stock 10,00
Companies Shares
Transfer to General Reserve 10,00
Outstanding claims as on 31.3.2007
Fire 200,00
Marine 50,00
Miscellaneous 32,50
Provision for tax @ 50%. Proposed dividends @ 20%. Provision for the unexpired risks
is to be made as follows:
(a) On Marine Policies - 100% Premium less reinsurance.
(b) On Other Policies - 50% Premium less reinsurance.
You are required to prepare the revenue and profit and loss account for the year ended
31.3.2007
Accounting of Electricity Companies
12. The Gurgaon Electricity Company Limited decided to replace one of its old plants with a
modern one with a larger capacity. The plant when installed in the year 2000 cost the
company Rs. 24 lakhs, the components of materials, labour and overheads being in the
ratio of 5:3:2. It is ascertained that the costs of materials and labour have gone up by
40% and 80% respectively. The proportion of overheads to total costs is expected to
remain the same as before.
The cost of the new plant as per improved design is Rs. 60 lakhs and in addition,
material recovered from the old plant of a value of Rs. 2,40,000 has been used in the
construction of the new plant. The old plant was scrapped and sold for Rs. 7,50,000.
The accounts of the company are maintained under Double Account system. Indicate
how much would be capitalised and the amount that would be charged to revenue. Show
the Ledger Accounts.
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Cash Flow Statement

13. The following are the changes in the account balance taken from the Balance Sheets of
Raj Ltd. at the beginning and end of the year:
Changes in Rupees
in Debit or (Credit)
Equity share capital 30,000 shares of Rs. 10 each issued and 0
fully paid
Capital reserve (49,200)
8% Debentures (50,000)
Debenture discount 1,000
Freehold property at cost/revaluation 43,000
Plant and machinery at cost 60,000
Depreciation on plant and machinery (14,400)
Debtors 50,000
Stock and work-in-progress 38,500
Creditors (11,800)
Net profit for the year (76,500)
Dividend paid in respect of earlier year 30,000
Provision for doubtful debts (3,300)
Trade investments at cost 47,000
Bank (64,300)
0
You are informed that :
(a) Capital reserve as at the end of the year represented realised profits on sale of one
freehold property together with surplus arising on the revaluation of balance of
freehold properties.
(b) During the year plant costing Rs. 18,000 against, which depreciation provision of
Rs.13,500 was lying, was sold for Rs. 7,000.
(c) During the middle of the year Rs. 50,000 debentures were issued for cash at a
discount of Rs. 1,000.
(d) The net profit for the year was after crediting the profit on sale of plant and charging
debenture interest.
13
You are required to prepare a statement which will explain, why bank borrowing has
increased by Rs. 64,300 during the year end. Ignore taxation.
Accounting from Incomplete Records
14. K. Azad, who is in business as a wholesaler in sunflower oil, is a client of your
accounting firm. You are required to draw up his final accounts for the year ended
31.3.2008.
From the files, you pick up his Balance Sheet as at 31.3.2007 reading as below:
Balance Sheet as at 31.3.2007
Rs. Rs.
Liabilities:
K. Azad’s Capital 1,50,000
Creditors for Oil Purchases 2,00,000
12% Security Deposit from Customers 50,000
Creditors for Expenses :
Rent 6,000
Salaries 4,000
Commission 20,000 30,000
Total 4,30,000
Assets:
Cash and Bank Balances 75,000
Debtors 1,60,000
Stock of Oil (125 tins) 1,25,000
Furniture 30,000
Less : Depreciation 3,000 27,000
Rent Advance 12,000
Electiricity Deposit 1,000
3–Wheeler Tempo Van 40,000
Less : Depreciation 10,000 30,000
Total 4,30,000
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A Summary of the rough Cash Book of K. Azad for the year ended 31.3.2008 is as
below :
Cash and Bank Summary
Receipts:
Cash Sales 5,26,500
Collections from Debtors 26,73,500
Payments to:
Landlord 79,000
Salaries 48,000
Miscellaneous Office Expenses 12,000
Commission 20,000
Personal Income–tax 50,000
Transfer on 1.10.2007 for 12% Fixed Deposit 6,00,000
Creditors for Oil Supplies 24,00,000
A scrutiny of the other records gives you the following information :

(i) During the year oil was purchased at 250 tins per month basis at a unit cost of Rs.
1,000. 5 tins were damaged in transit in respect of which insurance claim has been
preferred. The surveyors have since approved the claim at 80%. The damaged ones
were sold for Rs. 1,500 which is included in the cash sales. One tin has been used
up for personal consumption. Total number of tins sold during the year was 3,000 at
a unit price of Rs. 1,750.
(ii) Rent until 30.9.2007 was Rs. 6,000 per month and was increased thereafter by Rs.
1,000 per month. Additional advance rent of Rs. 2,000 was paid and this is included
in the figure of payments to landlord.
(iii) Provide depreciation at 10% and 25% of WDV on furniture and tempo van
respectively.
(iv) It is further noticed that a customer has paid Rs. 10,000 on 31.3.2008 as security
deposit by cash. One of the staff has defalcated. The claim against the Insurance
Company is pending.
You are requested to prepare final accounts for the year ended 31.3.2008
Introduction to Government Accounts
15. Define the term consolidated fund in context of Government accounting.
15
Accounting for Agricultural Forms

16. Describe what records are required for the compilation of accounting information for
agricultural farm.
Theory Questions
17. (a) Explain the purpose of the conceptual framework for preparation and presentation
of financial statements in brief.
(b) Write short note on liquidity norms of Banking Companies under section 24 of
Banking Regulations Act.
(c) Describe the term Co-insurance.
18. (a) What do you mean by over-riding preferential payments under section 529A of the
Companies Act?
(b) What are the advantages of maintaining subsidiary books by Trading/Manufacturing
organizations?
19. Theory questions based on Accounting Standards
(a) Explain the provisions of AS 20 for restatement of shares.
(b) If a sale and lease back transaction results in an operating lease, what provisions
will be applicable? Describe in line with AS 19.
(c) What criteria is applied for rating an enterprise as Level II enterprise for the purpose
of compliance of Accounting Standards in India?
20. (a) Which borrowing costs are eligible for capitalisation as per AS 16? Describe in
brief.
(b) A retail store has a policy of refunding purchases by dissatisfied customers, even
though it is under no legal obligation to do so. Its policy of making refunds is
generally known. Is it a liability?
(c) Explain the provisions of AS 26 relating to retirement and disposal of intangible
assets.
21. (a) Describe with reference to Accounting Standards, the methods which may be used
for recognising revenue on construction contracts.
(b) Discuss the accounting principles relevant to the auditors relating to:
(i) Prior period items.
(ii) Change in accounting estimates.
(c) Summarise briefly the requirements of AS 1 relating to the disclosure of significant
accounting policies.
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22. Practical problems based on application of Accounting Standards

(a) A raw material costing Rs. 150 has net realisable value (which can be the
replacement cost) Rs. 130. The finished goods for which this raw material is used
has other cost to incur Rs. 60. At what price raw material should be valued if
finished goods has a net realisable value (i) Rs. 210 or above (ii) less than Rs. 190
and (iii) Rs. 200.
(b) Astha Ltd. paid an interim dividend of Rs. 1,00,000 during the financial year 2007-
2008. Alongwith, it also paid Rs. 10,200 as corporate dividend tax, ABC Ltd., while
preparing cash flow statement for 2007-2008, classified dividend paid as financing
activities and Corporate Dividend Tax paid as cash flow from operating activities.
Do you agree with such treatment? Answer your question in framework of AS-3.
(c) Heera Ltd. has two divisions. It provides depreciation for both divisions on straight
line basis as per rates prescribed by Schedule XIV to the Companies Act. While
finalizing the accounts for the year ended 31-3-2007, it however wants to change
the method to Written Down Value method for one of its divisions since in the
opinion of the management the assets of the said division suffer faster wear and
tear. Please advise the company on the above and also whether the change should
be prospective or retrospective.
(d) A firm of contractors obtained a contract for construction of bridges across river
Revathi. The following details are available in the records kept for the year ended
31st March, 2007.
(Rs. in lakhs)
Total Contract Price 1,000
Work Certified 500
Work not Certified 105
Estimated further Cost to Completion 495
Progress Payment Received 400
To be Received 140
The firm seeks your advice and assistance in the presentation of accounts keeping
in view the requirements of AS 7 (Revised) issued by ICAI.
23. (a) A newly set up Private Ltd. manufacturing company has incurred following
expenditures for the acquisition of plant & Machinery:
(a) Foreign tour expenses of directors for purchasing Plant & Machinery.
(b) Technical staff’s salary for erection of Plant & Machinery.
(c) Non-techincal staff’s salary during the period of installation of Plant &
Machinery
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(d) Other sundry expenses such as stationery, printing, postage, telegram and
telephone and local conveyance charge etc.
The company intends to capitalize the above expenses. Is the company justified?
State with reasons.
(b) Daya Ltd. acquired a machine on 1-1-2004 for Rs. 10,00,000. The useful life is 5
years. The company had applied on 1-4-2004, for a subsidy to the tune of 80% of
the cost. The sanction letter for subsidy, was received in November 2007. The
company’s Fixed Assets Account as at 31-3-2008 shows a credit balance as under:
Machine (original cost) 10,00,000
Accumulated depreciation
(from 2004-2005 to 2006-2007 at straight line method) (6,00,000)
4,00,000
Less: Grant received (8,00,000)
(4,00,000)
How should the company deal with this asset in its account for 2007-08? Does it
need to charge depreciation or negative depreciation for 2007-08? Can it credit Rs.
4,00,000 to capital reserve?
(c) X Co. Ltd., has obtained an Institutional Loan of Rs. 680 lakhs for modernisation
and renovation of its plant & machinery. Plant & machinery acquired under the
modernisation scheme and installation completed on 31.3.2008 amounted to Rs.
520 lakhs, 30 lakhs has been advanced to suppliers for additional assets and the
balance loan of Rs. 130 lakhs has been utilized for working capital purpose. The
total interest paid for the above loan amounted to Rs. 62 lakhs during 2007-2008.
You are required to state how the interest on the institutional loan is to be
accounted for in the year 2007-2008.
24. (a) A Ltd. leased a machinery to B Ltd. on the following terms:
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Fair value of the machinery 20.00
Lease term 5 years
Lease Rental per annum 5.00
Guaranteed Residual value 1.00
Expected Residual value 2.00
Internal Rate of Return 15%
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Depreciation is provided on straight line method @ 10% per annum. Ascertain

unearned financial income and necessary entries may be passed in the books of the
Lessee in the First year.
(b) A Ltd. has income from continuing ordinary operations of Rs. 2,40,000, a loss from
discontinuing operations of Rs. 3,60,000 and accordingly a net loss of Rs. 1,20,000.
The company has 1,000 equity shares and 200 potential equity shares outstanding
as at March 31, 2008. Compute basic and diluted EPS.
(c) An enterprise has purchased an exclusive right to generate hydro-electric power for
sixty years. The costs of generating hydro-electric power are much lower than the
costs of obtaining power from alternative sources. It is expected that the
geographical area surrounding the power station will demand a significant amount
of power from the power station for at least sixty years.
25. (a) During 2004-05, Enterprise X gives a guarantee of certain borrowings of Enterprise
Y, whose financial condition at that time is sound. During 2005-06, the financial
condition of Enterprise Y deteriorates and at 30 September, 2005 Enterprise Y goes
into liquidation. How it will be dealt with by ‘X’?
(b) A company deals in petroleum products. The sale price of petrol is fixed by the
government. After the Balance Sheet date, but before the finalisation of the
company’s accounts, the government unexpectedly increased the price
retrospectively. Can the company account for additional revenue at the close of the
year? Discuss.
(c) A company had imported raw materials worth US Dollars 6,00,000 on 5 th January,
2007, when the exchange rate was Rs.43 per US Dollar. The company had
recorded the transaction in the books at the above mentioned rate. The payment
for the import transaction was made on 5 th April, 2007 when the exchange rate was
Rs.47 per US Dollar. However, on 31 st March, 2007, the rate of exchange was
Rs.48 per US Dollar. The company passed an entry on 31 st March, 2007 adjusting
the cost of raw materials consumed for the difference between Rs.47 and Rs.43 per
US Dollar.
In the background of the relevant accounting standard, is the company’s accounting
treatment correct? Discuss.
(d) A company signed an agreement with the Employees Union on 1.9.2007 for revision
of wages with retrospective effect from 30.9.2006. This would cost the company an
additional liability of Rs. 5,00,000 per annum. Is a disclosure necessary for the
amount paid in 2007-08?
19
SUGGESTED ANSWERS/HINTS
1. Cost Price 100

Catalogue Price (100x150%) 150
Invoice Price (150-20%) 120
In the books of Kolkata - Head Office

Mumbai Branch Stock Account
Rs. Rs.
To Balance b/d 12,000 By Branch Cash Account
(Cash Sales) 46,000
To Goods sent to Branch By Branch Debtors Account 1,00,000
Account 1,32,000 (Credit sales)
To Branch Adjustment By Branch Adjustment
Account (W.N.1) 20,000 Account (loading on stock 500
destroyed)
By Branch profit and Loss
Account (at cost) 2,500
(Stock destroyed by fire
Balancing Figure
Rs. 3,000)
By Balance c/d 15,000
1,64,000 1,64,000
Mumbai Branch Adjustment Account
Rs. Rs.
To Mumbai Branch Stock By Stock Reserve Account
Account (loading on stock (opening) 2,000
destroyed by fire) 500 By Goods sent to Branch
To Stock Reserve Account Account (loading) 22,000
(closing) 2,500 By Mumbai Branch Stock
To Branch Profit and Loss Account (W.N.1) 20,000
Account (Gross Profit) 41,000
44,000 44,000
20
Branch Profit and Loss Account

Rs. Rs.
To Branch Expenses By Branch Adjustment Account 41,000
Account (6,000 + 13,365) 19,365
To Mumbai Branch Stock
Account 2,500
(Cost of stock destroyed
by fire)
To Provision for Discount
Account (W.N.2) 1,485
To General Profit and Loss
Account 17,650
41,000 41,000
Working Notes :
1. Since the Branch Stock Account is prepared at invoice price, it is necessary to
calculate the invoice price of the goods sold on credit, i.e.,
1,00,000 120
 80,000
150
Hence, surplus of Rs.20,000 (1,00,000 – Rs.80,000) has been transferred to Branch
Adjustment Account.
2. Calculation of Provision for Discount on Debtors on 31 st March, 2008:
Rate of Discount (Given) 15%
Total discount allowed during the year (Given) Rs.13,365
Thus, the total amount of debtors who availed discount by making prompt payments
is:
13,365 100
 89,100
15
But the total amount of debtors who made payments during the year:
85,635 + 13,365 Rs.99,000
Thus, the amount of debtors likely to pay promptly out of the closing debtors could
be worked out as under:
89,100 11,000
 Rs.9,900
99,000
Provision for discount: 15% on Rs.9,900 = Rs.1,485.
21
2. In the books of Welwash (Pvt.) Ltd.

Hire Purchase Trading Account
for the year ended on 31 st March, 2008
Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
To Hire Purchase Stock By Cash (W.N. 1) 10,02,000
(Rs. 500 × 675) 3,37,500
To Instalments due By Stock Reserve 75,000
(Rs. 500 × 3) 1,500  3, 000 
 Rs . 3,37 ,500  
 13 ,500 
To Goods sold on Hire By Goods Repossessed

Purchase
(Rs. 13,500×80) 10,80,000 (Rs. 13,500–Rs. 1,500–Rs. 2,500) 9,500
To Stock Reserve 90,000 By Goods sold on Hire Purchase 2,40,000
 3,000   3,000 
 Rs.4,05,000    Rs.10,80,000  13,500 
 13,500   
To Profit and Loss A/c 2,25,000 By Hire Purchase Stock
(Transfer of profit) (Rs. 500 × 810) 4,05,000
By Instalments due
(Rs. 500 × 5) 2,500
17,34,000 17,34,000
Trading and Profit and Loss Account

for the year ended on 31 st March, 2008
Rs. Rs.
To Opening Stock 2,73,000 By Sales (Rs. 12,300×130) 15,99,000
(Rs.10,500×26)
To Purchases(W.N.2) 21,52,500 By Goods sold on Hire
Purchase
To Gross Profit 2,34,000 (Rs. 10,80,000–Rs. 8,40,000
2,40,000)
By Closing Stock (Rs.
10,500×21) 2,20,500
26,59,500 26,59,500
22
To Sundry Expenses 1,60,000 By Gross Profit 2,34,000

To Provision for Income By Hire Purchase Trading A/c 2,25,000
Tax
(35% of Rs.3,00,000) 1,05,000 By Goods Repossessed 1,000
To Net Profit for the year 1,95,000 (Rs. 11,500–R s.1,000–Rs.
9,500)
4,60,000 4,60,000
Working Notes :
1. Cash collected during the year Rs.
Hire purchase stock on 1.4.2007 3,37,500
Instalments due on 1.4.2007 1,500
Hire purchase price of goods sold during the year 10,80,000
14,19,000
Less : Repossessed goods 9,500
Hire purchase stock on 31.3.2008 4,05,000
Instalments due on 31.3.2008 2,500 4,17,000
Cash collected during the year 10,02,000
2. Washing machines purchased during the year

No. No.
Closing balance 21
Add : Cash Sales 130
Sales on hire purchase basis 80 231
Less : Opening stock 26
Purchase during the year 205
Purchases in Rs. 205 × Rs. 10,500 = Rs. 21,52,500
23
3. Statement of Distribution of Cash

Realisation Interest Interest Partners’ Capitals Total
on loans on loans
from from
partners’ partners
spouses
A B C
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs
Balances due 2,000 1,000 9,600 6,000 8,400 24,000
(i) Sale of
investments 1,000 (1,000) - - - - -
1,000 1,000 9,600 6,000 8,400 24,000
(ii) Sale of
furniture 2,000 (1,000) (1,000) - - - -
(a) - - 9,600 6,000 8,400 24,000
(iii) Sale of
machinery 1,200
Maximum
possible loss
Rs. 22,800
(total of capital
A/cs Rs. 24,000
less cash
available Rs.
1,200) allocated
to partners in
the profit
sharing ratio i.e.
5:3:2 (11,400) (6,840) (4,560) (22,800)
Amounts at
credit (1,800) (840) 3,840 1,200
Deficiency of A
and B written off
against C 1,800 840 (2,640) –
Amount paid (b) – – 1,200 1,200
Balances in
capital accounts
(a-b)=(c) 9,600 6,000 7,200 22,800
(iv) Sale of
stock 4,000
Maximum
possible loss
Rs. 18,800 (Rs.
22,800 – Rs.
24
4,000) Allocated
to partners in
the ratio 5 : 3 : 2 (9,400) (5,640) (3,760) (18,800)
Amounts paid
(d) 200 360 3,440 (4,000)
Balances in
capital accounts
left unpaid —
Loss (c)-(d)=(e) 9,400 5,640 3,760 18,800
4. M/s Neptune & Co.

Profit and Loss Adjustment Account
for the year ended 31 st March, 2008
Rs. Rs.
To Land & Building By Partners’
(Loss on sale) 10,000 Capital
Accounts :
To Machinery (Loss on Mr. A 95,400
scrapping) 4,300
To Provision for Mr. B 95,400 1,90,800
Doubtful Debts
(W.N.1) 5,820 By Prepaid
To Stock Adjustment expenses
(Fall in the Market (Licence
value) 11,400 fee) 1,000
To Cash (Misappropriated) 700 By Stock
Adjustment
(items
omitted) 6,600
To Interest on Capital (W.N.2)
Mr. A 32,580
Mr. B 11,160 43,740
To Profit transferred to
Partners’ Capital
Accounts:
Mr. A 61,220
Mr. B 61,220 1,22,440
1,98,400 1,98,400
25
(a) Partners’ Capital Accounts

as on 31st March, 2008
Mr. A Mr. B Mr. A Mr. B
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
To Drawings 40,000 76,000 By Balance b/d 4,02,000 2,00,000
To Profit & Loss By Profit & Loss 95,400 95,400
Adjustment A/c
Account 95,400 95,400 By Profit & Loss
Adjustment
A/c:
To Balance c/d 4,55,800 1,96,380 Interest on 32,580 11,160
capital
Profit for the 61,220 61,220
year
5,91,200 3,67,780 5,91,200 3,67,780
Working Notes :
(1) Provision for doubtful debts charged to profit and loss adjustment account
Provision for Doubtful Debts Accounts
Rs. Rs.
To Bad Debts 10,420 By Balance b/d 10,000
To Balance c/d (required) 5,400 By Profit & Loss Adjustment A/c
(balancing figure) 5,820
15,820 15,820
(2) Interest on Capitals
Mr. A Rs. 3,62,000 × 9% p.a. = Rs. 32,580
Mr. B Rs. 1,24,000 × 9% p.a. = Rs. 11,160
5. Statement of Affairs as on 31.3.2008
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
1,80,000 Unsecured Property as per list
creditors as per list E:
A (W.N.1) 1,80,000 Cash in hand 10,000 10,000
1,00,000 Creditors fully Stock in hand 15,000 10,000
secured as per list Book debts as per
B 1,00,000 list F:
26
Estimated value of Good 80,000 80,000

Security 1,00,000 -
Nil Creditors partly Bad 10,000 Nil
secured as per list 1, 00,000
C Nil
8,000 Creditors for taxes, Deduct creditors for

wages etc. being wages etc. as per
payable in full as 8,000 list D 8,000
per list D 92,000
Deducted as per contra 8,000 Nil Deficiency as
_______ _______ explained in list H 88,000
2,88,000 1,80,000 1,80,000
Deficiency Account (List H)

Rs. Rs.
Excess of assets over Net loss arising from carrying on of
liabilities on 1.7.2002 2,00,000 business from 1.4.2002 to the date of
Net profit upto 1,40,000 adjudication (W.N. 2) 1,55,000
31.3.2005
Deficiency 88,000 Loss on realisation of:
Building 60,000
Stock in trade 5,000
Debtors 10,000
Drawings for household expenses
_______ since 1.4.2005 1,98,000
4,28,000 4,28,000
Working Notes:
(1) The unsecured creditors in this case will be as follows:
Rs.
Sundry Creditors 1,50,000
Godown Rent 5,000
Mrs. Ram loan (Since loan was given out of her own sources) 25,000
1,80,000
(2) Since accounts were not prepared for the period of 1.4.2002 to 31.3.2005 it is
necessary to ascertain the profit or loss incurred in these three years. Hence, the
following trial balance has been prepared with the given book figures.
27
Trial Balance
Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
Building 1,60,000 Capital introduced 2,00,000
Book debts Add: Profit upto
Good 80,000 31.3.2005 1,40,000
Bad 10,000 90,000 3,40,000
Stock in trade 15,000 Less: Drawings for
Cash in hand/bank 10,000 (Rs. 5,500 × 36
Loss (balancing figure) 1,55,000 months) 1,98,000 1,42,000
Creditors 1,50,000
Mortgage on building 1,00,000
Godown rent 5,000
Wages due 8,000
_______ Mrs. Ram’s loan 25,000
4,30,000 4,30,000
6. (a) Journal Entries in the Books of Trinity Ltd.

Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
Securities Premium A/c Dr. 10,000
To Premium on Redemption of Preference
shares A/c 10,000
(Being amount of premium payable on redemption of
preference shares)
10% Redeemable Preference Capital A/c Dr. 10,00,000
Premium on redemption of Preference Shares A/c Dr. 10,000
To Preference Shareholders 1,10,000
(Being the amount payable to preference
shareholders on redemption)
General Reserve A/c Dr. 1,00,000
To Capital Redemption Reserve A/c 1,00,000
(Being transfer to the latter account on redemption of
shares)
28
Bank A/c Dr. 45,000

Profit and Loss A/c Dr. 5,000
To Investments A/c 50,000
(Being amount realised on sale of Investments and
loss thereon adjusted)
Preference shareholders A/c Dr. 1,10,000
To Bank A/c 1,10,000
(Being payment made to preference shareholders)
Capital Redemption Reserve A/c Dr. 1,00,000

To Bonus to Shareholders A/c 1,00,000
(Amount adjusted for issuing bonus shares in the
ratio of 1 : 1)
Bonus to Shareholders A/c Dr. 1,00,000
To Equity Share Capital A/c 1,00,000
(Balance on former account transferred to latter)
(b) Cash and Bank A/c

Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
To Balance b/d 50,000 By Preference
Dividend 10,000
To Cash from operations: By Preference
shareholders 1,10,000
Profit 15,000 By Balance c/d 30,000
Add : Depreciation 20,000
Add: Miscellaneous
expenditure written off 20,000 55,000
To Investments 45,000
1,50,000 1,50,000
29
(c) Balance Sheet of Trinity Limited

as at 31st March, 2007 (after redemption)
Share Capital: Fixed Assets:
Authorised Capital 10,00,000 Gross Block 3,00,000
Issued, Subscribed and Less:Depreciation 1,00,000
Paid-up Capital upto 31.3.2006
20,000 Equity 2,00,000 For the year 20,000 1,20,000 1,80,000
Share of Rs.
10 each fully
paid
allotted as Investments 50,000
Bonus (Market Value Rs.
Shares by 45,000- W.N.5)
capitalising
capital
Redemption
Reserve)
Current Assets, Loans and
Reserves and Surplus: Advances
General Inventory 25,000
Reserve
(WN.2) 20,000
Securities Debtors 25,000
Premium
(WN.3) 60,000
Profit and Cash and Bank
Loss A/c Balance 30,000 80,000
(WN.1) 18,500 98,500
Current Liabilities and
Provisions:
Sundry Creditors 11,500
3,10,000 3,10,000
Working Notes:
(i) Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st March, 2007 Rs.
Balance as on 1.4.2006 18,500
Add : Profit for the year 15,000
33,500
30
Less : Preference Dividend 10,000

Loss on sale of investments 5,000 15,000
Balance as on 31.3.2007 18,500
(ii) General Reserve 1,20,000

Less : Transfer to Capital Redemption Reserve 1,00,000
Balance as on 31.3.2007 20,000
(iii) Securities Premium 70,000

Less : Premium on Redemption of Preference shares 10,000
Balance as on 31.3.2007 60,000
(iv) Capital Redemption Reserve 1,00,000

Less : Transfer for Bonus Shares 1,00,000
Balance as on 31.3.2007 NIL
(v) Sale of Investments:
Cost of Investments 50,000
Less :Cash Received 45,000
Loss on Sale of Investments 5,000
Total Investments: 1,00,000
Less : Cost of Investments sold 50,000
Cost of Investments on hand 50,000
Market value (90% of Rs. 50,000) 45,000
7. Journal Entries
P Ltd.
Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
Interest on Calls in Arrear A/c Dr. 1,200
To Profit & Loss A/c 1,200
(Being interest @ 12 % p.a. on Rs. 20,000 for 6 months
credited to Profit and Loss Account)
31
Bank A/c Dr. 21,200

To Calls in Arrear A/c 20,000
To Interest on Calls in Arrear A/c 1,200
(Being interest on calls in arrear received)
Profit & Loss A/c Dr. 6,000
To Interest on Calls in Advance A/c 6,000
(Being interest @ 10% on Rs. 1,20,000 for 6 months
allowed on calls in advance)
To Preference Dividend 20,000
To Equity Dividend 70,000
(Being dividend @ 10% on Preference share capital &
20% on Equity share capital proposed)
Profit & Loss A/c Dr. 1,50,000
To Bonus to Equity Shareholders A/c 1,50,000
(Being bonus dividend declared)
Share Final Call A/c Dr. 1,50,000
To Equity Share Capital A/c 1,50,000
(Being final call made @ Rs. 3 on 50,000 shares)
Bonus to Equity shareholders A/c Dr. 1,50,000
To Share Final Call A/c 1,50,000
(Being adjustment of bonus dividend against final call)
Calls in Advance A/c Dr. 1,20,000
Interest on Calls in Advance A/c Dr. 6,000
(Being amount of calls in advance along with interest
refuned)
Bank A/c Dr. 2,20,000
To 10% Debentures A/c 2,20,000
(Being 2,200 Debentures of Rs.100 each issued in cash)
32

To Premium on Redemption of Preference shares A/c 20,000
(Being premium payable on redemption)

General Reserve A/c Dr. 1,94,800
To Capital Redemption Reserve A/c 2,00,000
(Transfer to capital redemption reserve)
Preference Share Capital A/c Dr. 2,00,000

Premium on Redemption of Preference Shares A/c Dr. 20,000
To Preference Shareholders A/c 2,20,000
(Amount due on redemption of preference shares)
Preference Shareholders A/c Dr. 2,20,000

(Amount paid to preference shareholders)
Profit & Loss Account of P Ltd.

for the year ended 31st March, 2008
Rs. Rs.
To Interest on calls in advance 6,000 By Balance b/d 2,70,000
To Balance c/d 2,65,200 By Interest on calls in arrear 1,200
2,71,200 2,71,200
To Premium on redemption 20,000 By Balance b/d 2,65,200
To Preference Dividend 20,000
To Equity Dividend 70,000
To Bonus Dividend 1,50,000
To Capital Redemption Reserve 5,200
2,65,200 2,65,200
33
Balance Sheet of P Ltd.

as on 31st March 2008
Share Capital: Fixed Assets 7,00,000
50,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each (Cost less depreciation)
fully paid up 5,00,000
(Of the above equity shares Rs. 3 per Cash & Bank balance (W.N.) 95,200
share has not been received in cash
but has been capitalised by issuing Other Current Assets 6,00,000
bonus dividend)
Reserves & Surplus:
Capital Redemption Reserve 2,00,000
Less: Utilised for redemption
of preference share 1,94,800 1,05,200
Profit & Loss Account —
10% Debentures 2,20,000
Current liabilities 2,80,000
Proposed dividend 90,000
13,95,200 13,95,200
Working Note :
Cash and Bank balance as on 31st March, 2008
Rs.
Cash and bank balance (given) 2,00,000
Add: Recovery of calls in arrear and interest thereon 21,200
Proceeds from issue of 10% Debentures 2,20,000
4,41,200
Less:Payment of calls in advance and interest thereon 1,26,000
Redemption of preference shares 2,20,000 3,46,000
95,200
Assumptions made:
1. It has been assumed that the amount of calls in arrear has been received.
2. It has also been assumed that 20% dividend on equity shares has been proposed
before the equity shares are made fully paid by way of bonus dividend.
34
8. PA (P) Ltd.
Dr. Profit and Loss Account for 15 months ended 31st March, 2008 Cr.
Particulars Notes Total Rs. Pre- Post- Particulars Notes Total Pre- Post-
Incopor- incor- Rs. incorpora incor-
ation poration tion poration
1.1.2007 1.4.2007 1.1.2007 1.4.2007
to 31.3. to 31.3. to 31.3. to
2007 2008 2007 31.3.200
8
To Salaries 2 1,17,000 9,000 1,08,000 By Gross 1 7,02,000 78,000 6,24,000
Profit
To Depreciation 3 18,000 3,600 14,400 By Goodwill - 1,900 -
To Advertisement 4 70,200 7,800 62,400
To Discounts 4 1,17,000 13,000 1,04,000
To M.D.’s 5 9,000 - 9,000
remuneration
To Misc. office 3 12,000 2,400 9,600
exp.
To Rent 6 72,000 9,000 63,000
To Interest 7 95,100 35,100 60,000
To Net Profit 1,91,700 - 1,93,600
7,02,000 79,900 6,24,000 7,02,000 79,900 6,24,000
35
Working Notes:
(1) Gross Profit = Sales – Cost of goods sold
= Rs.23,40,000 – 16,38,000 = Rs.7,02,000
Gross Profit is apportioned in the ratio of sales which is calculated as follows:
Let, the average monthly sales of 3 months ending on 31st March, 2007 = Rs.100.
the average monthly sales of remaining 12 months starting from 1 st April, 2007
= Rs.100 ×200. The total sales of pre-incorporation period will be = 100 × 3
= Rs.300 and that of post-incorporation period will be Rs.200 × 12 = 2400.
Therefore, the ratio of sales will be: 3:24 or 1:8.
Rs.7,02,000
Gross profit of Pr e  1  Rs.78,000
9
Rs.7,02,000
Post   8  Rs.6,24,000
9
(2) Let, the pre-incorporation monthly salary = Rs.100. Therefore, the monthly salary
of post-incorporation period = Rs.100 × 3 = 300. Total salary of pre-incorporation
period = Rs.100 × 3 = Rs.300 and that of post-incorporation period will be Rs.300 ×
12 = 3,600. Hence, the ratio = 2300: 3,600 or 1:12.
(3) These expenses have been apportioned on the basis of time: 3:12 or 1:4.
(4) Advertisement and discounts are apportioned in the ratio of sales i.e., 1:8.
(5) Managing Directors’ remuneration is related to post-incorporation period.
(6) Rent to be apportioned as follows:

Total rent as per Profit and Loss Account =Rs.72,000
Less:Additional rent for 9 months @ Rs.30,000 =Rs.27,000
=Rs.45,000
45,000
Therefore, rent of pre-incorporation period is calculated as  3  Rs.9,000
15
45,000
And that of post-incorporation period = 12  Rs.27,000  Rs.63,000.
15
(7) Interest for the pre-incorporation period is calculated as

12 3
 Rs.11,70,000   Rs.35,100
100 12
The balance interest (Rs.95,100 – Rs.35,100) = Rs.60,000 is related to post-
acquisition period.
36
9. (1) Computation of Amount of Debentures and Shares to be issued:

Star Moon
Rs. Rs.
(i) Average Net Profit
2,24,788 – 1,250  1,88,962
= 1,37,500
3
1,36,950  1,71,050  1,79,500 = 1,62,500
3
(ii) Equity Shares Issued

(a) Ratio of distribution
Star : Moon
1,375 1,625
(b) Number
Star : 13,750
Moon: 16,250
30,000
(c) Amount
13,750 shares of Rs. 5 each = 68,750
16,250 shares of Rs. 5 each = 81,250
(iii) Capital Employed (after revaluation of assets)
Fixed Assets 3,55,000 1,95,000
5,04,750 2,73,875
Less: Current Liabilities 2,98,500 90,125
2,06,250 1,83,750
(iv) Debentures Issued
8% Return on capital employed 16,500 14,700
15% Debentures to be issued to provide
equivalent income :
Star : 16,500 × 100 = 1,10,000
15
Moon : 14,700 × 100 = 98,000

15
37
(2) Balance Sheet of Neptune Ltd.

As at 31st December, 2007
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Rs. Rs.
Share Capital: Fixed Assets 5,50,000
Authorised Current Assets 2,06,950
40,000 Equity Shares of Rs. 5 each 2,00,000
Issued and Subscribed
30,000 Equity Shares of Rs. 5 each 1,50,000
(all the above shares are allotted
as fully paid-up pursuant to a
contract without payments being
received in cash)
Reserves and Surplus
Capital Reserve 32,000
Secured Loans
15% Debentures 2,08,000
Unsecured Loans –
Current Liabilities and Provisisons
Current Liabilties 3,66,950
Provisions –
7,56,950 7,56,950
Working Notes :
Star Moon Total
Rs. Rs. Rs.
(1) Purchase Consideration
Equity Shares Issued 68,750 81,250 1,50,000
15% Debentures Issued 1,10,000 98,000 2,08,000
1,78,750 1,79,250 3,58,000
38
(2) Capital Reserve

(a) Net Assets Taken Over
Fixed Assets 3,55,000 1,95,000 5,50,000

Current Assets 1,49,750 57,200 2,06,950
5,04,750 2,52,200 7,56,950
Less : Current Liabilities 2,76,825 90,125 3,66,950
2,27,925 1,62,075 3,90,000
(b) Purchase Consideration 1,78,750 1,79,250 3,58,000
(c) Capital Reserve [(a) - (b)] 49,175
(d) Goodwill [(b) - (a)] 17,175
(e) Capital Reserve [Final Figure(c) - (d)] 32,000
10. Calculation of Unexpired Discounts or Rebate on Bills Discounted

Date of Date of No. of Amount Rate of Total Proportionate Discount for
Bill Maturity days Rs. discount Annual days after 31st March
including after % p.a. Discount
three days March
of grace 31
2008 2008
 46 
Jan. 13 May 16 46 7,50,000 12 90,000 11,342  90,000 
 365 
 50 
Feb.17 May 20 50 6,00,000 10 60,000 8,219  60,000  
 365 
 100 
March 6 July 9 100 4,00,000 11 44,000 12,055  44,000  
 365 
 49 
March 16 May 19 49 2,00,000 10 20,000 2,685  20,000  
 365 
34,301
So, unexpired discounts on 31 st March, 2008, Rs.34,301.

78, 875 - 21,675

2,98,500 - 21,675
39
The amount to be credited to Profit and Loss Account is ascertained from the Discount
Account as follows:
Discount Account
2008 Rs. 2008 Rs.
March To Profit and Loss Mar. 31 By Sundries 1,45,500
31 A/c (Bal. fig.)
(transferred) 1,41,700
March To Rebate on Bills March By Rebate on
31 Discounted (on 31 Bills
31.3.08) 34,301 Discounted
(on 1-4-2007) 30,501
1,76,001 1,76,001
Journal Entries
2008 Rs. Rs.
March 31 Rebate on Bills Discounted A/c Dr. 30,501
To Discount Account 30,501
(Being unexpired discount brought forward
from the previous year, credited to Discount
Account)
March 31 Discount Account Dr. 34,301
To Rebate on Bills Discounted Account 34,301
(Being provision for unexpired discount
required at the end of the year)
March 31 Discount Account Dr. 1,41,700
To Profit and Loss Account 1,41,700
(Being discount earned for the year 2007-08
transferred)
Extracts of Balance Sheet

as at 31-3-2008
Other Liabilities Advances
Rebate on Bills Discounted 34,301 Bills Discounted 51,50,000
40
11. Form B – RA (Prescribed by IRDA)

Hercules Insurance Co. Ltd.
Revenue Account for the year ended 31st March, 2007
Fire, Marine and Misc. Insurance Businesses
Sch Fire Marine Misc.
edu Current Current Current
le Year Year Year
Rs. ‘000 Rs. ‘000 Rs. ‘000
Premiums earned (net) 1 1762,50 1022,50 262,25
Change in provision for unexpired risk (-)81,25 (-) 72,50 87,52
Interest, Dividends and Rent – Gross — — —
Double Income Tax refund — — —
Profit on sale of motor car — — —
Total (A) 1681,25 950,00 349,77
Claims incurred (net) 2 650,00 408,90 100,50

Commission 3 500,00 350,00 80,00
Operating expenses related to Insurance 4 280,00 160,00 40,00
business
Bad debts — — —
Indian and Foreign taxes — 8,00 —
Total (B) 1430,00 926,90 220,50
Profit from Marine Insurance business (A-B) 251,25 23,10 129,27
Schedules forming part of Revenue Account
Schedule –1
Fire Marine Misc.
Current Current Current
Year Year Year
Premiums earned (net) Rs. ‘000 Rs‘000. Rs. ‘000
Premiums less reinsurance (net) 1762,50 1022,50 262,25
Schedule – 2
Claims incurred (net) 650,00 408,90 100,50
41
Schedule – 3
Commission paid 500,00 350,00 80,00
Schedule – 4
Operating expenses related to insurance
business
Expenses of Management 280,00 160,00 40,00
Form B-PL
Hercules Insurance Co. Ltd.
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2007
Particulars Sched Current Previous
ule Year Year
Rs. ’ (000) Rs. ’ (000)
Operating Profit/(Loss)
(a) Fire Insurance 251,25
(b) Marine Insurance 23,10
(c) Miscellaneous 129,27
Income From Investments
(a) Interest, Dividend & Rent–Gross 58,50
Other Income
Transfer Fees 1,00
Total (A) 463,12
Provisions (Other than taxation)
Depreciation of Furniture 10,00
Depreciation of Investments 10,00
Other Expenses
Expenses of Management 30,00
Donation 10,00
Total (B) 60,00
Profit before Tax 403,12
42
Provision for Taxation 206,56

Profit after Tax 196,56
Profit Appropriated
(a) Interim dividends paid during the year —
(b) Proposed final dividend (64,00)
(c) Dividend distribution tax —
(d) Transfer to General Reserves or Other
Accounts (to be specified) (10,00)
122,56
Balance of profit/loss brought forward from last
year 80,40
Balance carried forward to Balance Sheet 202,96
Working Notes :
1. Reserve for unexpired risk 50% of net premium for fire and miscellaneous and
100% of net premium for marine.
2. Provision for Taxation Rs.
Net Profit before tax 403,12
Add : Donation 10,00
Taxable Profit 413,12
Tax @ 50% 206,56
12. Gurgaon Electricity Company Limited
Plant Account
Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
To Balance b/d 24,00,000 By Balance c/d 49,20,000
To Bank Account 22,80,000
(Cost of new plant-
capitalised)
To Replacement Account
(Old parts) 2,40,000
49,20,000 49,20,000
To Balance b/d 49,20,000
43
Replacement Account
Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
To Bank Account 37,20,000 By Bank Account 7,50,000
(Current cost of (Sale of scrap)
replacement)
By Plant Account
(Old material used) 2,40,000
By Revenue Account
(Transfer) 27,30,000
37,20,000 37,20,000
Working Notes :
(1) Cost to be incurred for replacement of present plant :
Cost of Increase Current Cost
Existing Plant % Rs.
Rs.
Materials 12,00,000 40% 16,80,000
Labour 7,20,000 80% 12,96,000
29,76,000
Overheads (1/4 of above or 1/5 of 7,44,000
total)
Current Replacement Cost 37,20,000
Total Cash Cost 60,00,000
Amount capitalised, excluding old materials used 22,80,000
13. Cash Flow Statement of Raj Ltd.

for the year ended ...........
Rs. Rs.
Cash flows from operating activities
Net profit 76,500
Adjustments for
44
Depreciation (W.N.4) 27,900

Profit on sale of plant (W.N.2) (2,500)
Accrued Interest on debentures for half year 2,000
Operating profit before working capital changes 1,03,900
Adjustments for:
Increase in debtors less provision for doubtful debts (46,700)
Increase in stock and work-in-progress (38,500)
Increase in creditors 11,800
Net cash from operating activities 30,500
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of plant and machinery (W.N.1) (78,000)
Proceeds from sale of plant 7,000
Proceeds from sale of freehold property (W.N.3) 6200
Increase in trade investments (47,000)
Net cash used in investing activities (1,11,800)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of debentures at discount 49,000
Debenture interest paid (2,000)
Dividend paid in respect of earlier year (30,000)
Net cash from financing activities 17,000
Excess of outflows over inflows (64,300)
Add: Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year Nil
Cash & cash equivalents at the end of the year (64,300)
Thus, the shortfall of Rs. 64,300 was made up through borrowings from bank.
45
Working Notes:
Rs.
1. Acquisition of plant and machinery:
Amount of increase, at cost 60,000
Add: Cost of plant disposed of 18,000
Cost of plant and machinery purchased 78,000
2. Profit on sale of plant = Rs. 7,000 - (Rs. 18,000 - Rs. 13,500)

= Rs. 7,000 - Rs. 4,500 = Rs. 2,500
3. Proceeds from sale of freehold property:

Capital reserve 49,200
Less: Increase in freehold property (given) 43,000
Proceeds from sale 6,200
4. Depreciation on Plant and Machinery provided for the year:

Increase in Provision for Depreciation (given) 14,400
Add: Accumulated depreciation on plant sold 13,500
Depreciation for the year .. 27,900
14. In the books of K. Azad

Trading and Profit and Loss Account
for the year ended 31st March, 2008
Rs. Rs.
To Opening Stock 1,25,000 By Sales 52,50,000
To Purchases 30,00,000 By Damaged Stock A/c 5,000
Less : Transferred to By Closing Stock 1,19,000
Drawings A/c 1,000 29,99,000
To Gross Profit c/d 22,50,000
53,74,000 53,74,000
To Salaries 44,000 By Gross Profit b/d 22,50,000
To Rent 78,000 By Interest accrued
To Miscellaneous Office Expenses 12,000 on fixed deposit 36,000
To Loss of Deposit 10,000 By Profit on Damaged Stock 500
To Interest on Security Deposits 6,000
46
To Depreciation :
Furniture 2,700
Tempo Van 7,500 10,200
To Net profit 21,26,300
22,86,500 22,86,500
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2008

Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
K.Azad’s Capital Furniture 27,000
Balance 1,50,000 Less : Depreciation 2,700 24,300
Add : Net Profit 21,26,300
22,76,300 3–Wheeler Tempo Van 30,000
Less : Drawings 51,000 22,25,300 Less : Depreciation 7,500 22,500
12% Security Deposit from Customers 60,000 Closing Stock 1,19,000
Interest Payable on Security Deposit 6,000 Debtors 22,11,500
Creditors for Oil Purchases 8,00,000 Cash and Bank Balances 66,000
Outstanding Rent 7,000 Fixed Deposit 6,00,000
Interest Accrued on Fixed Deposit 36,000
Rent Advance 14,000
Electricity Deposit 1,000
Insurance Claim Receivable 4,000
30,98,300 30,98,300
Working Notes :
(1) Memorandum Stock Account
No. Cost (Rs.) No. Cost (Rs.)
To Opening Stock 125 1,25,000 By Damages 5 5,000
To Purchases 3,000 30,00,000 By Drawings 1 1,000
By Sales 3,000 30,00,000
By Closing Stock 119 1,19,000
3,125 31,25,000 3,125 31,25,000
47
(2) Damaged Stock Account

Rs. Rs.
To Trading Account 5,000 By Insurance Claim Receivable A/c 4,000
To Profit and Loss Account By Cash and Bank A/c (Sale) 1,500
(Balance Transferred) 500
5,500 5,500
(3) Debtors Account
Rs. Rs.
To Balance b/d 1,60,000 By Cash and Bank A/c 26,73,500
To Sales A/c (Credit Sales*) 47,25,000 By Balance c/d 22,11,500
48,85,000 48,85,000
*Credit Sales in respect of (normal) sales of 3,000 tins
Total Sales (3,000 × Rs. 1,750) = 52,50,000
Less : Cash Sales (5,26,500 – 1,500) = 5,25,000
47,25,000
(4) Creditors Account
Rs. Rs.
To Cash and Bank A/c 24,00,000 By Balance b/d 2,00,000
To Balance c/d 8,00,000 By Purchases A/c 30,00,000
32,00,000 32,00,000
(5) Cash and Bank Account
Rs. Rs.
To Balance b/d 75,000 By Rent A/c 79,000
To Sales A/c 5,25,000 By Salaries A/c 48,000
To Damaged Stock A/c 1,500 By Miscellaneous Office Expenses 12,000
To Debtors A/c 26,73,500 By Commission 20,000
To Security Deposit A/c 10,000 By Drawings A/c 50,000
(Personal Income–tax)
By Fixed Deposit A/c 6,00,000
By Creditors A/c 24,00,000
48
By Loss of deposit A/c 10,000

(Defalcation of security deposit)
By Balance c/d 66,000
32,85,000 32,85,000
Notes :
(1) 12% interest on Fixed Deposit is assumed to be per annum. Similar assumption
applies to 12% Security Deposit from customers.
(2) The treatment of claim pending against the Insurance Company in respect of
defalcation of security deposit by one of the staff has been considered on the basis of
Conservatism Concept. Conservatism suggests non–consideration of claim as an asset in
anticipation. Where the ability to assess the ultimate collection with reasonable certainly is
lacking at the time of raising any claim, revenue recognition is postponed to the extent of
uncertainty involved (AS 9). In this case, it may reasonably assume that collectability of
claim is not certain.
15. In India, Government accounts are kept in three main parts i.e., consolidated fund,
contingency fund and public account.
Revenue of the Government arising out of taxation, other receipts classified as revenue,
certain capital receipts by way of deposits, advances and expenditure there from are
classified and accounted under “Consolidated fund”.
Accounting for the Central Government and State Government is done separately i.e., in
consolidated fund of India for the Central Government and a separate consolidated fund
for each state and Union Territory. The two main sub-divisions under the consolidated
fund are Revenue A/c and Capital A/c.
16. Agricultural activities are carried on mostly in an unorganized manner. The farmer has no
office and also does not find time for day by day record keeping. The transactions and
events are also not supported by vouchers or other documents in most of the cases. So it
is desirable to maintain a Diary to record happenings of the day. This Diary becomes the
source document for record keeping.
Seven registers are required for running the accounting system.
1. Cash Book: to record cash transactions.
2. Fixed Assets Register: to record details of fixed assets like description of assets,
cost of purchases/construction/generation, disposal, depreciation and balance.
3. Loan Register: to record borrowings from bank, cooperatives and other agencies
trade creditors along with interest paid or payable.
4. Stock Register: to record details of input, output and by product – receipts,
utilization, wastage and balance.
49
5. Debtors and Creditors Register: to record credit transactions classified by parties

involved.
6. Register for National Transactions: to record transactions between farm and farm
household.
7. Cost Analysis Register: to record cropwise input and output inclusive of
apportionment of common costs and finding out crop profit.
17. (a) Purpose of the Conceptual Framework:
The framework sets out the concepts underlying the preparation and presentation of
general-purpose financial statements prepared by enterprises for external users.
The main purpose of the framework is:
(a) To assist enterprises in preparation of their financial statements in compliance
with the accounting standards and in dealing with the topics not yet covered by
any accounting standard.
(b) To assist Accounting Standard Board (ASB) of ICAI in its task of development
and review of accounting standards.
(c) To assist ASB in promoting harmonisation of regulations, accounting standards
and procedures relating to the preparation and presentation of financial
statements by providing a basis for reducing the number of alternative
accounting treatments permitted by accounting standards.
(d) To assist auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statements
conform to the accounting standards.
(e) To assist the users in interpretation of financial statements.
(b) Liquidity Norms: Banking companies have to maintain sufficient liquid assets in
the normal course of business. In order to safeguard the interest of depositors and
to prevent banks from over-extending their resources, liquidity norms have been
settled and given statutory recognition. Every banking company has to maintain in
cash, gold or unencumbered approved securities, an amount not less than 25% of
its demand and time liabilities in India. However, this percentage is changed by the
Reserve Bank of India from time to time considering the general economic
conditions. This is in addition to the average daily balance which a scheduled bank
is required to maintain under Section 42 of the Reserve Bank of India Act and in
case of other banking companies, the cash reserve required to be maintained under
Section 18 of the Banking Regulations Act.
(c) Co-Insurance: In cases of large risks the business is shared between more than
one insurer under co-insurance arrangements at agreed percentages. The leading
insurer issues the documents, collects premium and settles claims. Statements of
Account are rendered by the leading insurer to the other co-insurers. Accounting
for premium, claims etc. under co-insurance is done in the same manner as that of
the direct business except in respect of the following peculiar features:
50
(i) Premium: The co-insurer books the premium based on the statement received
from the leading insurer usually by issuing dummy documents. Entries are
made in the Premium Register from which the Premium Account is credited
and the Leading Insurer Company’s Account debited. In case the statement is
not received, the premium is accounted for on the basis of advices to ensure
that all premium in respect of risk assumed in any year is booked in the same
year; share of premium relatable to further extension/endorsements on policies
by the leading insurer are also accounted for on the basis of subsequent
advices. Reference to the relevant communications should be made from the
concerned companies to ensure that premium collected by them and
attributable to the company is recorded.
(ii) Claims Paid: Normally, on the basis of claims paid, advices received from the
leading insurer, the Claims Paid Account is debited with a credit to the co-
insurer. All such advices are entered into the Claims Paid Register. It is a
practice to treat all claims paid advices relating to the accounting year received
upto 31st January of the subsequent year from leading insurer as claims paid.
Outgoing co-insurance: The share of the insurer only for both premium and claims
has to be accounted under respective accounts. The share of other co-insurers is
credited or debited, as the case may be, to their personal accounts and not routed
through revenue accounts.
18. (a) Over-riding preferential payments under Section 529A of the Companies Act,
1956:
The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1985 introduced Section 529A which states that
certain dues are to be settled in the case of winding up of a company even before
the payments to preferential creditors under Section 530. Section 529A states that
in the event of winding up of a company, workmen’s dues and debts due to secured
creditors, to the extent such debts rank under Section 529(1)(c), shall be paid in
priority to all other debts. The workmen’s dues and debts to secured creditors shall
be paid in full, unless the assets are insufficient to meet them, in which case they
shall abate in equal proportions.
Workmen’s dues, in relation to a company, means the aggregate of the following
sums:
1. all wages or salary including wages payable for time or piece work and salary
earned wholly or in part by way of commission of any workman, in respect of
services rendered to the company and any compensation payable to any
workman under any of the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947;
2. all accrued holiday remuneration becoming payable to any workman, or in the
case of his death to any other person in his right, on the termination of his
employment before, or by the effect of, the winding up order or resolution;
3. all amounts due in respect of any compensation or liability for compensation
under Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 in respect of death or disablement
51
of any workman of the company.

4. all sums due to any workman from a provident fund, pension fund, a gratuity
fund or any other fund for the welfare of the workmen, maintained by the
company.
(b) Advantages of maintaining subsidiary books by a trading/manufacturing
organization are:
(i) Division of work: In place of one journal, there are many subsidiary books.
The accounting work can be divided amongst a number of people.
(ii) Specialisation and efficiency: As a person is handling only one type of work,
he acquires full knowledge and becomes efficient in handling the work.
Accounting work is done efficiently.
(iii) Saving of time: Various accounting processes can be undertaken
simultaneously because of the use of a number of books. This results in
quicker completion of work.
(iv) Availability of information: Since a separate register is kept for each class of
transactions, the information relating to each class of transaction is available at
one place.
Additional information for sales tax, excise, octroi etc., can also be compiled
from the appropriate columns in the pruchases and sales registers.
(v) Facility in checking: When the trial balance does not agree, the location of
errors is facilitated by the existence of separate books. Similarly audit of the
various books of prime entry can be conducted simultaneously by a team of
audit staff.
19. (a) According to para 44 of AS 20, ‘If the number of equity or potential equity shares
outstanding increases as a result of a bonus issue or share split or decreases as a
result of a reverse share split (consolidation of shares), the calculation of basic and
diluted earnings per share should be adjusted for all the periods presented. If these
changes occur after the balance sheet date but before the date on which the
financial statements are approved by the board of directors, the per share
calculations for those financial statements and any prior period financial statements
presented should be based on the new number of shares. When per share
calculations reflect such changes in the number of shares, that fact should be
disclosed.
(b) As per para 50 and 52 of AS 19, ‘if a sale and leaseback transaction results in an
operating lease, and it is clear that the transaction is established at fair value, any
profit or loss should be recognised immediately. If the sale price is below fair value,
any profit or loss should be recognised immediately except that, if the loss is
compensated by future lease payments at below market price, it should be deferred
and amortised in proportion to the lease payments over the period for which the
asset is expected to be used. If the sale price is above fair value, the excess over
52
fair value should be deferred and amortised over the period for which the asset is
expected to be used.
For operating leases, if the fair value at the time of a sale and leaseback transaction
is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss equal to the amount of the
difference between the carrying amount and fair value should be recognised
immediately.’
(c) Enterprises which are not Level I enterprises but fall in any one or more of the
following categories are classified as Level II enterprises:
(i) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises, whose turnover
for the immediately preceding accounting period on the basis of audited
financial statements exceeds Rs. 40 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 50 crores.
Turnover does not include ‘other income’.
(ii) All commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises having
borrowings, including public deposits, in excess of Rs. 1 crore but not in
excess of Rs. 10 crores at any time during the accounting period.
(iii) Holding and subsidiary enterprises of any one of the above at any time during
the accounting period.
20. (a) To the extent that funds are borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining a
qualifying asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation on that
asset should be determined as the actual borrowing costs incurred on that
borrowing during the period less any income on the temporary investment of those
borrowings.
To the extent that funds are borrowed generally and used for the purpose of
obtaining a qualifying asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation
should be determined by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditure on that
asset. The capitalization rate should be the weighted average of the borrowing costs
applicable to the borrowings of the enterprise that are outstanding during the period,
other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying
asset. The amount of borrowing costs capitalized during a period should not exceed
the amount of borrowing costs incurred during that period.
(b) It is a present obligation as a result of past obligating event. The obligating event is
the sale of the product which gives rise to an obligation because obligations also
arise from normal business practices. An outflow of resources, embodying
economic benefits in settlement is probable because a proportion of goods are
returned for refund. For the best estimate of the cost of refunds, a provision should
be recognized as per AS 29.
(c) Para 87, 88 and 89 of AS 26 states that an intangible asset should be derecognised
(eliminated from the balance sheet) on disposal or when no future economic
benefits are expected from its use and subsequent disposal.
53
Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of an intangible asset should
be determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying
amount of the asset and should be recognised as income or expense in the
statement of profit and loss.
An intangible asset that is retired from active use and held for disposal is carried at
its carrying amount at the date when the asset is retired from active use. At least at
each financial year end, an enterprise tests the asset for impairment under
Accounting Standard on Impairment of Assets, and recognises any impairment loss
accordingly.
21. (a) As per AS 7, when the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably,
contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract
should be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the
stage of completion of the contract activity at the reporting date. An expected loss
on the construction contract should be recognised as an expense immediately in
accordance with paragraph 35 of the same standard.
(b) (i) The nature and amount of prior period items should be separately disclosed in
the statement of profit and loss in a manner that their impact on the current
profit or loss can be perceived.
(ii) The effect of a change in an accounting estimate should be included in the
determination of net profit or loss in:
(a) the period of the change, if the change affects the period only; or
(b) the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.
The effect of a change in an accounting estimate should be classified
using the same classification in the statement of profit and loss as was
used previously for the estimate.
The nature and amount of a change in an accounting estimate which has
a material effect in the current period, or which is expected to have a
material effect in subsequent periods, should be disclosed. If it is
impracticable to quantify the amount, this fact should be disclosed.
(c) For disclosure of significant accounting policies, AS 1 in its para nos. 24, 25, 26 and
27 requires, ‘all significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation and
presentation of financial statements should be disclosed.
The disclosure of the significant accounting policies as such should form part of the
financial statements and the significant accounting policies should normally be
disclosed in one place.
Any change in the accounting policies which has a material effect in the current
period or which is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later periods
should be disclosed. In the case of a change in accounting policies which has a
material effect in the current period, the amount by which any item in the financial
54
statements is affected by such change should also be disclosed to the extent

ascertainable. Where such amount is not ascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact
should be indicated.
If the fundamental accounting assumptions, viz. Going Concern, Consistency and
Accrual are followed in financial statements, specific disclosure is not required. If a
fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, the fact should be disclosed.’
22. (a) (i) The raw material price has declined to Rs. 130 but the cost of finished goods
Rs. 210 including raw material cost Rs. 150 is fully realizable hence no need to
write down inventory to Rs. 130 i.e. raw material will be valued at Rs. 150.
(ii) If the net realizable value of finished goods say Rs. 190 or less, is less than its
cost of Rs. 210 then raw material should be valued at Rs. 130.
(iii) Although wordings of AS 2 does not say so clearly but if finished goods can be
sold at Rs. 10 less than its expected total cost, then raw material can be
valued at Rs.140 i.e. Rs. 10 less than its cost. That is, it need not be written
down to Rs.130. This is in view of the purpose of writing down to net realizable
in AS 2. According to AS 2, the practice of writing down inventories below cost
to net realizable value is consistent with the view that assets should not be
carried in excess of the amount that can be realized from its use since it is
held for the purpose of that use. Hence the entire cost of Rs. 150 is not
recovered by use in finished production. Only Rs. 140 is recoverable by use in
production i.e. (Rs. 140+60= 200). Hence, the stock of raw materials should be
valued at Rs. 140.
(b) Both dividend paid and Corporate Dividend Tax paid should be shown as financing
activities as per AS 3.
(c) According to the Guidance Note on Accounting for Depreciation in Companies
issued by ICAI, it is permissible for a company to adopt more than one method of
depreciation simultaneously that is to say that-
1. Company may follow different methods for different types of assets; and
2. Company geographical locations can follow different methods.
Only condition is that same methods should be consistently adopted from year
to year.
Change in the method of depreciation is a change in accounting policy.
According to AS 6, such a change is permissible only when at least one of the
following 3 conditions is satisfied:-
(i) Such change is required by law.
(ii) Such change is required by the Accounting Standards
(iii) Such change will result in more appropriate presentation.
Here, from the facts given it appears that condition (iii) is satisfied i.e. change
55
will lead to more appropriate presentation (since WDV method will better
represent the pattern of faster wear & tear instead of SLM).
According to AS 6, change should be retrospective. Any difference arising
thereon should be changed/ credited to P&L account in the year of change.
(d) (i) Amount of foreseeable loss (Rs in lakhs)
Total cost of construction (500 + 105 + 495) 1,100
Less: Total contract price 1,000
Total foreseeable loss to be recognized as expense 100
According to para 35 of AS 7 (Revised 2002), when it is probable that total

contract costs will exceed total contract revenue, the expected loss should be
recognized as an expense immediately.
(ii) Contract work-in-progress i.e. cost incurred to date are (Rs in lakhs)
Rs. 605 lakhs
Work certified 500
Work not certified 105
605
This is 55% (605/1,100  100) of total costs of construction.
(iii) Proportion of total contract value recognised as revenue as per para 21 of AS

7 (Revised).
55% of Rs. 1,000 lakhs = Rs. 550 lakhs
(iv) Amount due from/to customers = Contract costs + Recognised profits –
Recognised losses – (Progress payments received + Progress payments to be
received)
= [605 + Nil – 100 – (400 + 140)] Rs. in lakhs
= [605 – 100 – 540] Rs. in lakhs
Amount due to customers = Rs. 35 lakhs
The amount of Rs. 35 lakhs will be shown in the balance sheet as liability.
(v) The relevant disclosures under AS 7 (Revised) are given below:
Rs. in lakhs
Contract revenue 550
Contract expenses 605
Recognised profits less recognized losses (100)
56
Progress billings (400 + 140) 540

Retentions (billed but not received from contractee) 140
Gross amount due to customers 35
23. (a) 1. Yes, as foreign tour expenses of directors for purchase of Plant and Machinery
is for the acquisition of the asset, therefore it should be capitalised.
2. Yes, salary of technical staff for erection of Plant and Machinery is the cost
directly attributable for bringing the asset to its working conditions for its
intended use. Therefore, it should be capitalised.
3. No, as per para 9 of AS 10 only salary of technical staff can be said to as
directly attributable to bring the asset to its working conditions for its intended
use. Therefore, salary of non-technical staff cannot be capitalised.
4. No, as per para 9.3 of AS 10, ‘administration and other general overhead
expenses are usually excluded from the cost of fixed assets because they do
not relate to a specific fixed asset.’ Hence the same should not be capitalized.
(b) In respect of depreciable assets, AS 12 does not permit the crediting of the grant or
any part thereof to capital reserve. The company has only two options – reduce the
grant from the cost of fixed assets or treat it as deferred income. It appears that
company follows the first option. Out of the Rs. 8,00,000 that has been received,
Rs. 4,00,000 is the balance in Machinery account and so Rs. 4,00,000 should be
credited to the Machinery account. The balance Rs. 4,00,000 may be credited to
profit & loss account as already the cost of the assets to the tune of Rs. 6,00,000
has been debited to profit and loss account in the earlier years and Rs. 4,00,000
transferred to profit & loss account would be partial recovery of that cost. There is
no need to provide depreciation for 2007-08 or 2008-09 as the depreciable amount
is now Nil.
(c) Statement showing the treatment for total interest amount of Rs. 62 lakhs
Purpose Nature Interest to be Interest to be charged
capitalized to profit and loss
account
Rs. in lakhs Rs. in lakhs
Modernisation and Qualifying 62  520
renovation of plant asset
 47.41
680
and machinery
Advance to Qualifying 62  30
suppliers for asset
 2.74
680
additional assets
57
Working Capital Not a qualifying 62  130

asset 680
_____ = 11.85
50.15 11.85
24. (a) Computation of Unearned Finance Income

(i) Gross investment = Minimum lease payments + Unguaranteed residual value
= (Total lease rent + Guaranteed residual value) +
Unguaranteed residual value
= [(Rs. 5,00,000  5 years) + Rs. 1,00,000] + Rs. 1,00,000
= Rs. 27,00,000
(ii) Table showing present value of (i) Minimum lease payments (MLP) and (ii)
Unguaranteed residual value (URV).
Year MLP inclusive of URV Internal rate of Present
return Value
(Discount
factor 15%)
Rs. Rs.
1 5,00,000 .8696 4,34,800
2 5,00,000 .7561 3,78,050
3 5,00,000 .6575 3,28,750
4 5,00,000 .5718 2,85,900
5 5,00,000 .4972 2,48,600
1,00,000 .4972 49,720
(guaranteed residual value) ________
17,25,820 (1)
1,00,000 .4972 49,720 (2)
(unguaranteed residual value) ________
(1) + (2) 17,75,540
Unearned Finance Income = Gross investment – PV of MLP
= Rs. 27,00,000 – Rs. 17,75,540
= Rs. 9,24,460
58
Journal Entries in the books of B Ltd.

Rs. Rs.
At the inception of lease
Machinery account Dr. 17,25,820 
To A Ltd.’s account 17,25,820*
(Being lease of machinery recorded at
present value of MLP)
At the end of the first year of lease
Finance charges account (Refer W. N.) Dr. 2,58,873
To A Ltd.’s account 2,58,873
(Being the finance charges for first year
due)
A Ltd.’s account Dr. 5 ,00,000
To Bank account 5,00,000
(Being the lease rent paid to the lessor
which includes outstanding liability of
Rs. 2,41,127 and finance charge of Rs.
2,58,873)
Depreciation account Dr. 1,72,582
To Machinery account 1,72,582
(Being the depreciation provided @
10% p.a. on straight line method)
Profit and loss account Dr. 4,31,455
To Depreciation account 1,72,582
To Finance charges account 2,58,873
(Being the depreciation and finance
charges transferred to profit and loss
account)
59
Working Note:
Table showing apportionment of lease payments by B Ltd. between the finance
charges and the reduction of outstanding liability.
Year Outstanding Lease rent Finance Reduction Outstanding
liability charge in liability
(opening outstanding (closing
balance) liability balance)
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
1 17,25,820 5,00,000 2,58,873 2,41,127 14,84,693
2 14,84,693 5,00,000 2,22,704 2,77,296 12,07,397
3 12,07,397 5,00,000 1,81,110 3,18,890 8,88,507
4 8,88,507 5,00,000 1,33,276 3,66,724 5,21,783
5 5,21,783 5,00,000 78,267 5,21,783 1,00,050*
8,74,230 17,25,820
*The difference between this figure and guaranteed residual value (Rs.
1,00,000) is due to approximation in computing the interest rate implicit in the
lease.
(b) As per para 39 of AS 20, ‘Potential Equity Shares should be treated as dilutive
when, and only when, their conversion to equity shares would decrease net profit
per share from continuing ordinary operations.’
As income from continuing operations is the control figure as per para 40, Rs.
2,40,000 should be considered and not Rs. (1,20,000) for deciding whether the
potential equity shares are dilutive or anti-dilutive. Accordingly, 200 potential equity
shares would be dilutive potential equity shares since their inclusion decrease the
net profit per share from continuing operations from Rs. 240 (i.e. Rs.2,40,000/ 1,000
shares) to Rs. 200 (i.e. Rs.2,40,000/1,200 shares). In view of the above, the basic
loss per share would be Rs. 120 and diluted loss per share would be Rs. 100.
(c) According to AS 26, the enterprise should amortise the right to generate power over
sixty years, unless there is evidence that its useful life is shorter. But the enterprise
should subject this right to impairment testing at each year end during its useful life
since useful life is considered to be more than 10 years.
25. (a) (i) At 31 March, 2005
The giving of the guarantee, gives rise to a possible obligation.
No outflow of benefits is probable at 31 March, 2005 since financial position of
Y is sound. Hence, no provision is recognised. The guarantee is disclosed as a
contingent liability unless the probability of any outflow is regarded as remote.
60
(ii) At 31 March, 2006

The obligating event is the giving of the guarantee, which gives rise to a legal
obligation to make good enterprise Y’s defaults.
At 31 March 2006, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying
economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, since enterprise Y
has gone into liquidation.
A provision should be recognised for the best estimate of the obligation.
Note: This example deals with a single guarantee. If an enterprise has a
portfolio of similar guarantees, it will assess that portfolio as a whole in
determining whether an outflow of resources embodying economic benefit is
probable. Where an enterprise gives guarantees in exchange for a fee,
revenue is recognised under AS 9, Revenue Recognition.
(b) According to para 8 of AS 4 (Revised 1995), the unexpected increase in sale price
of petrol by the government after the balance sheet date cannot be regarded as an
event occurring after the Balance Sheet date, which requires an adjustment at the
Balance Sheet date, since it does not represent a condition present at the balance
sheet date. The revenue should be recognized only in the subsequent year with
proper disclosures. The retrospective increase in the petrol price should not be
considered as a prior period item, as per AS 5, because there was no error in the
preparation of previous period’s financial statements.
(c) As per AS 11 (revised 2003), ‘The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates’,
monetary items denominated in a foreign currency should be reported using the
closing rate at each balance sheet date. The effect of exchange difference should
be taken into profit and loss account. Sundry creditors is a monetary item, hence
should be valued at the closing rate i.e, Rs.48 at 31 st March, 2007 irrespective of
the payment for the same subsequently at lower rate in the next financial year. The
difference of Rs.5 (48-43) per US dollar should be shown as an exchange loss in
the profit and loss account for the year ended 31 st March, 2007 and is not to be
adjusted against the cost of raw- materials. In the subsequent year, the company
would record an exchange gain of Re.1 per US dollar, i.e., the difference between
Rs.48 and Rs.47 per Us dollar. Hence, the accounting treatment adopted by the
company is incorrect.
(d) It is given that revision of wages took place on 1st September, 2007 with
retrospective effect from 30.9.2006. Therefore wages payable for the half year from
1.10.2006 to 31.3.2007 cannot be taken as an error or omission in the preparation
of financial statements and hence this expenditure cannot be taken as a prior period
item.
Additional wages liability of Rs. 7,50,000 (for 1½ years @ Rs. 5,00,000 per annum)
should be included in current year’s wages.
61
It may be mentioned that additional wages is an expense arising from the ordinary
activities of the company. Although abnormal in amount, such an expense does not
qualify as an extraordinary item. However, as per para 12 of AS 5 (Revised), when
items of income and expense within profit or loss from ordinary activities are of such
size, nature or incidence that their disclosure is relevant to explain the performance
of the enterprise for the period, the nature and amount of such items should be
disclosed separately.
Note: AS 1 to AS 29 are applicable for November, 2008 Examination
APPENDIX
Announcement
Withdrawal of the Announcement issued by the Council on ‘Treatment of exchange
differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11 (revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in
Foreign Exchange Rates vis-à-vis Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956’
1. The Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India had issued an
Announcement on ‘Treatment of exchange differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11
(revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates vis-à-vis Schedule VI to
the Companies Act, 1956’, which was published in the November 2003 issue of ‘The
Chartered Accountant’ (pp. 497) 1
2. Subsequent to the issuance of the above Announcement, the Ministry of Company Affairs
(now known as the Ministry of Corporate Affairs) issued the Companies (Accounting
Standards) Rules, 2006, by way of Notification in the Official Gazette dated 7th December,
2006. As per Rule 3(2) of the said Rules, the Accounting Standards shall come into effect in
respect of accounting periods commencing on or after the publication of these accounting
standards under the said Notification.
3. AS 11, as published in the above Government Notification, carries a footnote that “it may
be noted that the accounting treatment of exchange differences contained in this Standard is
required to be followed irrespective of the relevant provisions of Schedule VI to the
Companies Act, 1956”.
4. In view of the above footnote to AS 11, the Council of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India has decided at its 269th meeting held on July 18, 2007, to withdraw the
Announcement on ‘Treatment of exchange differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11
(revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates vis-à-vis Schedule VI to
the Companies Act, 1956’, published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’ of November 2003.
Accordingly, the accounting treatment of exchange differences contained in AS 11 notified as
above is applicable and not the requirements of Schedule VI to the Act, in respect of
accounting periods commencing on or after 7th December, 2006.
62
Students are advised to refer the following rates of Non-Performing Assets in case of
Banking Companies
PROVISIONS
Taking into account the time lag between an account becoming doubtful of recovery, its
recognition as such, the realisation of the security and the erosion over time in the value of
security charged to the banks, it has been decided that banks should make provision against
sub-standard assets, doubtful assets and loss assets on the following basis:
(a) Loss assets : The entire amount should be written off or full provision should be made for
the amount outstanding.
(b) Doubtful assets : (i) Full provision to the extent of the unsecured portion should be
made. In doing so, the realisable value of the security available to the bank should be
determined on a realistic basis. DICGC/ECGC cover is also taken into account (this aspect is
discussed later in this chapter). In case the advance covered by CGTSI guarantee becomes
non-performing, no provision need be made towards the guaranteed portion. The amount
outstanding in excess of the guaranteed portion should be provided for as per the extant
guidelines on provisioning for non-performing advances.
(ii) Additionally, 20% - 100% of the secured portion should be provided for, depending upon
the period for which the advance has been considered as a doubtful asset, as follows:
Period for which the advance has been considered as doubtful % of provision on secured
portion
Upto 1 year 20%
More than 1 year and upto 3 years 30%
More than three years
i. Outstanding stock of NPA’s as on 31.03.2004 60% w.e.f. 31.03.2005
75% w.e.f. 31.03.2006
100% w.e.f. 31.03.2007
ii. Advances classified as doubtful for more than three years on or 100% w.e.f. 31.03.2005
after 01.04.2004
(iii) Banks are permitted to phase the additional provisioning consequent upon the reduction
in the transition period from substandard to doubtful asset from 18 to 12 months over a four
year period commencing from the year ending March 31, 2005, with a minimum of 20% each
year.
(c) Sub-standard assets : A general provision of 10% on total outstanding should be made
without making any allowance for DICGC/ECGC cover and securities available. An additional
provision of 10% (i.e., total 20% of total outstanding) is required to be made on ‘unsecured
exposure’ ab initio sanction of loan. Generally such a situation may arise in case of personal
and education loans etc. Unsecured exposure is defined as ‘an exposure where the realizable
value of security is not more than 10% of the outstanding exposure (fund based and non-fund
based). Security should not include guarantees, comfort letters etc
63
(d) Standard assets : A general provision of a minimum of 0.40% of total standard assets
should be made. It has been clarified that the provision should be made on global loan
portfolio basis and not on domestic advances alone.
For the practice of students following illustrations are given below:
Illustration 1 (Existing stock of advances classified as ‘doubtful more than 3 years’ as on 31
March, 2004.)
The outstanding amount as on 31 st March, 2004: Rs.25,000.
Realisable value of security: Rs.20,000.
Period for which the advance has remained in ‘doubtful’ category as on 31 st March, 2004: 4
years (i.e., Doubtful more than 3 years)
Solution:
Provisioning requirement:
As on…. Provisions on secured Provisions on unsecured portion Total (Rs.)
portion
Rate (in %) Amount Rate (in %) Amount
31 March 2004 50 10,000 100 5,000 15,000
31 March 2005 60 12,000 100 5,000 17,000
31 March 2006 75 15,000 100 5,000 20,000
31 March 2007 100 20,000 100 5,000 25,000
Illustration 2 (Advances classified as ‘doubtful more than three years’ on or after 1 April, 2004.)
The outstanding amount (funded as well as unfunded) as on 31 st March, 2004: Rs.10,000
Realisable value of security: Rs.8,000
Period for which the advance has remained in ‘doubtful’ category as on 31 st March, 2004: 2.5
years.
Solution:
Provisioning requirement:
As on… Asset Classification Provisions on Provisions on Total
secured portion unsecured (Rs.)
portion
% Amount % Amount
31 March, 2004 Doubtful 1 to 3 years 30 2,400 100 2,000 4,400
31 March, 2005 Doubtful more than 3 100 8,000 100 2,000 10,000
years

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What are the different types of accounts used in branch accounting?

What are the different types of accounts used in branch accounting?

What are the key considerations for hire purchase accounting?

What are the key considerations for hire purchase accounting?

PAPER  1 : ACCOUNTING

Stock on 31st March, 2008 (Invoice Price) 15,000

Partnership Accounts: (Profit and Loss Adjustment A/c)

Capital Accounts : Motor Cars cost as 1,60,000

You are required to prepare:

Final Accounts of Companies:

Accounting of Banking Companies

Balance in Current Account with Bank 74,80

Miscellaneous 80,00 930,00

Cash Flow Statement

A scrutiny of the other records gives you the following information :

Accounting for Agricultural Forms

22. Practical problems based on application of Accounting Standards

Depreciation is provided on straight line method @ 10% per annum. Ascertain

1. Cost Price 100

In the books of Kolkata - Head Office

Branch Profit and Loss Account

2. In the books of Welwash (Pvt.) Ltd.

To Goods sold on Hire By Goods Repossessed

Trading and Profit and Loss Account

To Sundry Expenses 1,60,000 By Gross Profit 2,34,000

2. Washing machines purchased during the year

3. Statement of Distribution of Cash

4. M/s Neptune & Co.

(a) Partners’ Capital Accounts

Estimated value of Good 80,000 80,000

8,000 Creditors for taxes, Deduct creditors for

Deficiency Account (List H)

6. (a) Journal Entries in the Books of Trinity Ltd.

Bank A/c Dr. 45,000

Capital Redemption Reserve A/c Dr. 1,00,000

(b) Cash and Bank A/c

(c) Balance Sheet of Trinity Limited

Less : Preference Dividend 10,000

(ii) General Reserve 1,20,000

(iii) Securities Premium 70,000

(iv) Capital Redemption Reserve 1,00,000

Bank A/c Dr. 21,200

Profit & Loss A/c Dr. 20,000

Profit & Loss A/c Dr. 5,200

Preference Share Capital A/c Dr. 2,00,000

Preference Shareholders A/c Dr. 2,20,000

Profit & Loss Account of P Ltd.

Balance Sheet of P Ltd.

(5) Managing Directors’ remuneration is related to post-incorporation period.

(6) Rent to be apportioned as follows:

(7) Interest for the pre-incorporation period is calculated as

9. (1) Computation of Amount of Debentures and Shares to be issued:

(ii) Equity Shares Issued

Moon : 14,700 × 100 = 98,000

(2) Balance Sheet of Neptune Ltd.

(2) Capital Reserve

10. Calculation of Unexpired Discounts or Rebate on Bills Discounted

So, unexpired discounts on 31 st March, 2008, Rs.34,301.

Extracts of Balance Sheet

11. Form B – RA (Prescribed by IRDA)