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1.?  !"#u used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2.? !"#u used to measure internal diameter of an object
3.? $%u used to measure depths of an object or a hole
4.? cu scale marked every mm
5.? cu scale marked in inches and fractions
6.?  gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better
7.?  gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch
8.?
u used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a
measurement

The vernier, dial, and digital calipers give a direct reading of the distance measured to high
accuracy. They are functionally identical, with different ways of reading the result. These
calipers comprise a calibrated scale with a fixed jaw, and another jaw, with a pointer, that
slides along the scale. The distance between the jaws is then read in different ways for the
three types.

The simplest method is to read the position of the pointer directly on the scale. When
the pointer is between two markings, the user can mentally interpolate to improve the
precision of the reading. This would be a simple calibrated caliper; but the addition of
avernier scale allows more accurate interpolation, and is the universal practice; this is
the vernier caliper.

Vernier, dial, and digital calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the
uppermost jaws in the picture at right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws,
and in many cases depth by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable head and slides
along the centre of the body. This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves that may
prove difficult for other measuring tools.

The vernier scales may include metric measurements on the lower part of the scale
and inch measurements on the upper, or vice versa, in countries that use inches. Vernier
calipers commonly used in industry provide a precision to a hundredth of a millimetre
(10 micrometres), or one thousandth of an inch. They are available in sizes that can measure
up to 72 in (1,800 mm).

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A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a

calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical
engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological
instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are often, but not always,
in the form of calipers.


 


Dial indicators, also known as dial gauges and probe indicators, are instruments used to
accurately measure small linear distances, and are frequently used in industrial and
mechanical processes. They are named so because the measurement results are displayed in a
magnified way by means of a dial.

A special variety of the dial indicator is the dial test indicator (DTI) which is
primarily used in machine setups. The DTI measures displacement at an angle of a lever or
plunger perpendicular to the axis of the indicator. A regular dial indicator measures linear
displacement along that axis.

Dial indicators may be used to check the variation in tolerance during the inspection
process of a machined part, measure the deflection of a beam or ring under laboratory
conditions, as well as many other situations where a small measurement needs to be
registered or indicated. Dial indicators typically measure ranges from 0.25 mm to 300 mm
(0.015 in to 12.0 in), with graduations of 0.001 mm to 0.01 mm (metric) or 0.00005 in to
0.001 in (imperial).

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A sine bar is a tool used to measure angles in metalworking.

It consists of a hardened, precision ground body with two precision ground cylinders
fixed at the ends. The distance between the centers of the cylinders is precisely controlled,
and the top of the bar is parallel to a line through the centers of the two rollers. The
dimension between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole number (for ease of later
calculations) and forms the hypotenuse of a triangle when in use. The image shows a 10 inch
and a 100 mm sine bar, however, in the U.S., 5 inch sine bars are the most commonly used.

When a sine bar is placed on a level surface the top edge will be parallel to that surface. If
one roller is raised by a known distance, usually using gauge blocks, then the top edge of the
bar will be tilted by the same amount forming an angle that may be calculated by the
application of the sine rule.

ë? The hypotenuse is a constant dimension ² (100 mm or 10 inches in the examples

shown).
ë? The height is obtained from the dimension between the bottom of one roller and the
table's surface.
ë? The angle is calculated by using the sine rule. Some engineering and metalworking
reference books contain tables showing the dimension required to obtain an angle from 0-
90 degrees, incremented by 1 minute intervals.

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A Go-NoGo gauge (or Go/no go) refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece
against its allowed tolerances. Its name derives from its useu the gauge has two tests; the
check involves the workpiece having to pass one test (Go) and fail the other (No Go).

It is an integral part of the quality process that is used in the manufacturing industry
to ensure interchangeability of parts between processes, or even between different
manufacturers.

A Go NoGo gauge is a measuring tool that does not return a size in the conventional
sense, but instead returns a state. The state is either acceptable (the part is within tolerance
and may be used) or it is unacceptable (and must be rejected).

They are well suited for use in the production area of the factory as they require little
skill or interpretation to use effectively and have few, if any, moving parts to be damaged in
the often hostile production environment.

   
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These gauges are referred to as plug gauges; they are used in the manner of a plug. They are
generally assembled from standard parts where the gauge portion is interchangeable with
other gauge pieces (obtained from a set of pin type gauge blocks) and a body that uses
the collet principle to hold the gauges firmly. To use this style of gauge, one end is inserted
into the part first and depending on the result of that test, the other end is tried.

In the right hand image, the top gauge is a thread gauge that is screwed into the part to be
tested, the labeled GO end will enter into the part fully, the NOT GO end should not. The
lower image is a plain plug gauge used to check the size of a hole, the green end is the GO,
red is the NO GO. The tolerance of the part this gauge checks is 0.30mm where the lower
size of the hole is 12.60mm and the upper size is 12.90mm, every size outside this range
is out of tolerance. This may be initially expressed on the parts drawing in a number of
styles, three possibilities may beu

ë? 12.75mm +/- 0.15mm

ë? 12.60mm +0.30 -0.00
ë? 12.90mm +0.00 -0.30
  

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Snap gauges are oftentimes used when a large quantity of workpieces must be inspected. The
snap gauge has fouranvils or jaws, the first one or pair (outermost) are set using the upper
limit (tolerance) of the part and the inner set adjusted to the lower limit of the part. A
correctly machined part will pass the first set of jaws and stop at the second ² end of test. In
this manner a part may be checked in one action, unlike the plug gauge that needs to be used
twice and flipped to access the second gauge.
 

  

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Threading gauges, pictured on the right, are also referred to as pitch gauges and are used to
measure the pitch or lead of screw threads. The uppermost gauge in the image is an ISO
metric pitch gauge, the larger gauge in the center is for measuring the Acme Thread Form,
and the lower gauge is for imperial screws.

Thread pitch gauges are used as a reference tool in determining the pitch of a thread
that is on a screw or in a tapped hole. This tool is not used as a precision measuring
instrument. This device allows the user to determine the profile of the given thread and
quickly categorize the thread by shape and pitch. This device also saves time, in that it
removes the need for the user to measure and calculate the thread pitch of the threaded item.



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A screw gun is a tool used to install sheetrock, also known as drywall. Screw guns look like a
normal drill although they have a "nose" as opposed to a chuck. The nose holds an
interchangeable 0.25 inches (6 mm) shank bit, commonly known as a tip. Most commonly
used is a 1 inch (25 mm) #2 phillips.

The nose can be adjusted to countersink screws to desired depth. Pressure must be
applied to the bit in order to engage the clutch and drive the screws. Some screw gun users
like to keep their motor running constantly, and this practice is recommended by
manufacturers. There are screw guns which auto-feed screws from a clip. Decking screw
guns have a long handle so the tradesman does not have to bend over.




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A drill or drill motor is a tool fitted with a rotating cutting tool, usually a drill bit, used
for drillingholes in various materials. The cutting tool is gripped by a chuck at one end of the
drill and rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip of the cutting tool does the
work of cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings (twist
drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil drilling), crushing and removing pieces
of the workpiece (SDS masonry drill),countersinking, counterboring, or other operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and most "do it
yourself" projects. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and
other applications.

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A reamer is a metalworking tool used to create an accurate sized hole. The process is
called reaming. They may be used as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling
machine or drill press.



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A tap cuts a thread on the inside surface of a hole, creating a female surface which functions
like a nut. The three taps in the image illustrate the basic types commonly used by
most machinistsu

ë? 6ottoming tap or plug tapu The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous
cutting edge with almost no taper ² between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical. This
feature enables a bottoming tap to cut threads to the bottom of a blind hole. A bottoming
tap is usually used to cut threads in a hole that has already been partially threaded using
one of the more tapered types of tap; the tapered end ("tap chamfer") of a bottoming tap
is too short to successfully start into an unthreaded hole. In the US they are commonly
known as bottoming taps, but in Australia and 6ritain they are also known as plug taps.

ë? Intermediate tap, second tap, or plug tapu The tap illustrated in the middle of the image
has tapered cutting edges, which assist in aligning and starting the tap into an untapped
hole. The number of tapered threads typically ranges from 3 to 5. Plug taps are the most
commonly used type of tap. In the US they are commonly known as plug taps, whereas in
Australia and 6ritain they are commonly known as second taps.

ë? Taper tapu The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to a plug tap but
has a more pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper tap a very
gradual cutting action that is less aggressive than that of the plug tap. The number of
tapered threads typically ranges from 8 to 10. A taper tap is most often used when the
 material to be tapped is difficult to work (e.g., alloy steel) or the tap is of a very small
diameter and thus prone to breakage.
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A hammer is a tool meant to deliver an impact to an object. The most common uses are for
driving nails, fitting parts, forging metal and breaking up objects. Hammers are often
designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure. The usual
features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head. The basic design is
hand-operated, but there are also many mechanically operated models for heavier uses.

The hammer may be the oldest tool for which definite evidence exists. Stone hammers are
known which are dated to 2,600,000 6
.

The hammer is a basic tool of many professions. 6y analogy, the name hammer has also been
used for devices that are designed to deliver blows, e.g. in the caplock mechanism of
firearms.



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A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applyingtorque to turn objects²usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts²or keep
them from turning.

In 6ritish
nglish, spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-
ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench refers to a type of adjustable spanner.

In American
nglish, wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are calledopen-
end wrench and box-end wrench. In American
nglish, spanner refers to a specialized
wrench with a series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the
holes or notches cut into the object to be turned.) In American commerce, such a wrench may
be called a spanner wrench to distinguish it from the 6ritish sense of spanner.

Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and
are often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion and ease
cleaning.

Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenchesr?

   

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