Design of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams

As been discussed earlier, for a rectangular doubly reinforced concrete beam, the
following equation:

∑F x =0

⇒ A s fy = 0.85 fc' (b a − A s' ) + A s' fs'

⇒ A s fy = 0.85 fc' b a + A s' (fs' − 0.85 fc' )

So, from the above equation, one can easily notice the two terms "0.85 fc' b a"and

"A s' (fs' − 0.85 fc' )".As a result, one would look at the doubly reinforced beam as two

problems, as shown below.

∵ A s1 fy = 0.85 fc' b a

∵ A s2 fy = A s' (fs' − 0.85 fc' )

where :

A s1 : steel reinforcement due to concrete in compresion .

A s2 : steel reinforcement due to compresion reinforcement.

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 232

 Flexural Design of Double Reinforced Rectabgular Concrete Beam

Given:
M ult,max ,b,h, fc', fy
Get : w o (KN / m)
NO

is own weight included ? YES M ult,max,new = M ult,max

Get : M ult,max,new (KN.m)

d ≅ h − 90

d t ≅ h − 65

 0.85 fc' ≤ 28 MPa

 1.4 
f fc' ≤ 31.36 MPa 
 y   f ' - 28 
ρ min =  β 1 =  0.85 − 0.05  c  28 < fc < 56 MPa
'

 fc'   7 
 fc' > 31.36 MPa 
 4fy 
 0.65 fc' ≥ 56 MPa

 M ult,max,new ×10 6 
1- 1 - 2.36  
 φ f' b d 2 3 fc' d t 
 c  assume :φ = 0.9 ρ 0.004 =
ρ req =  0.85β 1 
 fy  7  fy d 
1.18  ' 
 fc 
A s1 fy
Singly a=
Reinforced 0.85 fc' b
ρ req > ρ min ? a
NO YES Beam c=
YES β1
A s1 = ρ 1 b d
ρ req = ρ min ρ req ≤ ρ 0.004 ?
ρ 1 = ρ 0.004 assume
φMn2 × 10 6
φ 1 = 0.817
A s2 =
φ2 f
y ( d − d' ) NO d' ≅ 65
  a 
φ M n1 = φ 1  0.85 fc' a b  d −  
  2 
Assume
A s,req = A s1 + A s2
φ 2 = 0.9
φ Mn2 = M ult,maX × 10 6 − φ Mn1

  d' 
600  1 −  A s2 fy
c  A s,req
'
= Make many bar selections for
fs' = min  
f − 0.85 fc'
'
s tension and compression

 fy reinforcement

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 233

 b − 2 (concrete cov er) − 2d st + s  db,t
n max,t = 
db,t + s s t = max 
b − 2 (concrete cov er) − 2d st + s 25 mm
n max,c = 
db,c + s
 db,c

s c = max 
Make your selections for tension and Now You have : 25 mm

compression reinforcement based on :
A s,provided
1) # of layers (take fewest layers)
2) Weight (kg/m) (take lightest) A s,provided
'

 db if needed, calculate the tension and

h - cover-d st - 2 ( one - layer )
d actual = compresion reinforcement centroids :

h - cover-d st - y ( multi - layer ) ~
 take datum from
yt =
∑ yA 


db A s,provided  top surface of stirrup 
d t,actual = h - cover-d st -  
2 ~
∑ yA  take datum from 
 db yc =  
cover + d st + 2 ( one-layer ) A s,provided
'
 top surface of stirrup 
d actual
'
=  

cover + d st + y ( multi - layer )

A s,provided ρ provided ≥ ρ min ?

ρ provided = NO
bd actual
A s,provided
' YES
ρ provided
'
= ρ provided = ρ min
bd actual

fc'  600  d actual

'  0.85 fc' 
ρ provided ≥ ρ lim ? ρ lim = 0.85 β 1   + ρ provided
'
1 − 
fy  600 − fy  d actual


 fy 


YES NO

case # 2

{ } {
solve : 0.85β 1 fc'b c actual 2 + A s,provided
'
( ) }
600 − 0.85 fc' − A s,provided fy c actual − 600A s,provided
'
d actual ' = 0

⇒ Get : c actual

case #1
3 fc' d t,actual 
ρ 0.004,new = 0.85β 1   d' 
fs' = fy 7  fy d actual  fs' = 600  1 − actual 
 c actual 

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 234

 fs' − 0.85 fc'
NO ρ provided ≤ ρ 0.004 ? ρ 0.004 = ρ 0.004,new + ρ 'provided ( )
fy

YES, case#1

too much steel YES, case#2

⇒ increase A s' !!
a actual =
'
A s,provided fy − A s,provided (f y − 0.85 fc' ) a actual = β 1 c actual
0.85 f b c
'

 a 


Mn,actual = 0.85 fc' a actual b  d actual − actual
 2
 '
( '
 + A s,provided fs − 0.85 fc

'
)( '
d actual − d actual) × 10 (KN.m)

−6

7
ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.004,new
8

fs' − 0.85 fc'

ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.005,new + ρ 'provided ( )
fy

ρ provided ≤ ρ 0.005,new ? YES

NO

 
 
7 ρ 0.004,new 
φ new = 0.234 + Get : φ new Mn,actual φ new = 0.9
12  ' ' 
(fs − 0.85 fc ) 
ρ − ρ provided
'
 provided fy 
 

Check

ΦM n > M ult,max

END

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 235

 Ex.
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam is desired to carry a maximum ultimate moment
Mult,max = 275 KN.m. Due to an architectural considerations, the width and height of the
beam is limited to 250 mm and 500 mm, respectively. Material strengths are fc’=20 MPa
and fy = 420 MPa. Concrete is normal weight. Allow for φ 10 for stirrups and provide a
concrete cover of 40 mm. Use φ 25 as the only available main reinforcement.

Solution:

d ≅ h − 90 = 500 − 90 = 410 mm

d t ≅ h − 65 = 500 − 65 = 435 mm

1.4 1, 4
ρ min = = = 0.0033
fy 420

β 1 = 0.85

3 fc' d t  3 20 435 
ρ 0.004 = 0.85β 1  = ρ 0.004 = 0.85 ∗ (0.85) = 0.0156
7  fy d  7 420 410 

assume φ = 0.9

 M ult,max,new ×10 6   275×10 6 

1- 1 - 2.36   1- 1 - 2.36 ∗  2 
 φf ' b d 2
 c   0.9 ∗ 20 ∗ 250 ∗ 410 
ρ req = = ρ req = = 0.0251
 fy   420 
1.18  '  1.18 ∗  
 fc   20 

ρ req = 0.0251 〉 ρ min = 0.0033 ⇒ O.K.

ρ req = 0.0251 〉 ρ 0.004 = 0.0156 ⇒ Need Compression Reinforcement !!

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 236

 assume : d ' = 65 mm

let ρ 1 = ρ 0.004 = 0.0156

A s1 = ρ 1 b d = 0.0156 ∗ 250 ∗ 410 = 1599 mm 2

A s1 fy 1599 ∗ 420
a= = = 158.02 mm
0.85 f bc
'
0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 250

a 158.02
c= = = 185.90 mm
β1 0.85

assume φ 1 = 0.817

  158.02  
⇒ φM n1 = 0.817 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 158.02 ∗ 250 ∗  410 −   ∗ 10
−6

  2 

⇒ φM n1 = 181.61 KN ⋅ m

φ M n2 = M ult,max − φ M n1 = 275 − 181.61 = 93.39 KN ⋅ m

assume φ 2 = 0.9

φM n2 × 10 6 93.39 ∗ 10 6
⇒ A s2 = = = 716.13 mm 2
(
φ 2 f d − d'
y )0.9 ∗ 420 ∗ (410 − 65)

∴ A s,req = 1599 + 716.13 = 2315.13 mm 2

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 237

   d'   65
600  1 −  600 ∗ (1 − ) = 390.21 MPa
fs' = min   c = 185.9

 
 fy  420 MPa

⇒ fs' = 390.21 Mpa

A s2 fy 716.13 ∗ 420
A s,req
'
= = A s,req
'
= = 805.91 mm 2
f − 0.85 f
s
'
c
'
390.21 − 0.85 ∗ (20)

∵ Using "φ25" Reinforcement:

Tension Reinforcement: 5 φ25 ⇒ A s,provided = 2550 mm 2

Compression Reinforcement: 2 φ25 ⇒ A s,provided

'
= 1020 mm 2

db,t = 25 mm

s t = max  ⇒ s t = 25 mm
 25 mm


db,c = 25 mm

s c = max  ⇒ s c = 25 mm
 25 mm


b − 2 (concrete cov er) − 2d st + s 250 − 2 ∗ (40) − 2 ∗ (10) + 25

n max,t = = = 3.5
db,t + s 25 + 25

b − 2 (concrete cov er) − 2d st + s 250 − 2 ∗ (40) − 2 ∗ (10) + 25

n max,c = = = 3.5
db,c + s 25 + 25

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 238

 25 25
~
3 ∗ 510 ∗ + 2 ∗ 510 * (25 + 25 + )
yt =
∑ yA = 2 2
A s,provided 5 ∗ 510

y t = 32.5 mm

d actual = 500 − 40 − 10 − 32.5 = 417.5 mm

25
d t,actual = 500 − 40 − 10 − = 437.5 mm
2

25
d actual
'
= 40 + 10 + = 62.5 mm
2

A s,provided 2550
ρ provided = = = 0.0244
bd actual 250 ∗ (417.5)

A s,provided
'
1020
ρ '
provided = = = 0.0098
bd actual 250 ∗ (417.5)

ρ provided = 0.0244 > ρ min = 0.0033 ⇒ O.K

fc'  600  d act

'  0.85 fc' 
ρ lim = 0.85 β 1   ual
+ ρ provided  1 −
'

fy  600 − fy  d actual


 fy 


20 600 62.5 0.85 ∗ 20

⇒ ρ lim = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗( )∗ + 0.0098 ∗ (1 − ) = 0.0266
420 600 − 420 417.5 420

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 〈 ρ lim = 0.0266

⇒ Case # 2 : compression steel did not yield

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 239

 {0.85β f b } c
1 c
'
actual
2
{
+ A s,provided
'
( ) }
600 − 0.85 fc' − A s,provided fy c actual − 600A s,provided
'
d actual ' = 0

{0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 250} c actual 2 + {1020 ∗ ( 600 − 0.85 ∗ 20 ) − 2550 ∗ 420} c actual − 600 ∗ 1020 ∗ 62.5 = 0

⇒ c actual = 188.14 mm [O.K.]

or

c actual = −56.27 mm NOT O.K.!!

 d'   62.5 
fs' = 600  1 − actual  = 600 ∗  1 −  = 400.68 MPa
 c actual   188.14 

3 fc' d t,actual  3  20 43705 

ρ 0.004,new = 0.85β 1  = ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0155
7  fy d actual  7  420 417.5 

 f ' − 0.85 fc'   400.68 − 0.85 ∗ 20 

ρ 0.004 = ρ 0.004,new + ρ 'provided  s  = 0.0155 + 0.0098   = 0.0244
 fy   420 

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 ≤ ρ 0.004 = 0.0244 ⇒ O.K.

a actual = β 1 c actual = 0.85 ∗ 188.14 = 159.92 mm

 a 

M n,actual = 0.85 fc' a actual b  d actual − actual
  2
 '
( '
)( '
 + A s,provided fs − 0.85 fc d actual − d actual 

'


)

  159.92  
= 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 159.92 ∗ 250  417.5 −  + 1020 ( 400.68 − 0.85 ∗ 20 ) ∗ ( 417.5 − 62.5 )  × 10
−6

  2  

∴ Mn,actual = 368.34 KN.m

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 240

 7 7
ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.004,new = ∗ 0.0155 = 0.0136
8 8

fs' − 0.85 fc'

ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.005,new + ρ 'provided ( )
fy

400.68 − 0.85 ∗20

⇒ ρ 0.005,new = 0.0136 + 0.0098 ∗ ( ) = 0.0226
420

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 > ρ 0.005,new = 0.0226

⇒ Transition-Region !!

 
 
7 ρ 0.004,new 
⇒ φ new = 0.234 +  ' 
12 '
(fs − 0.85 fc ) 
ρ
provided − ρ provided
'
 fy 
 

 
7  0.0155 
φ new = 0.234 +   = 0.819
12  (400.68 − 0.85 ∗ 20) 
 0.0244 − 0.0098 ∗ 
 420 

∴ φM n,actual = 0.819 ∗ 368.34 = 301.67 KN.m > M ult,max = 275 KN.m ⇒ Safe !!

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 241

 Note:

If you were not so “Comfy” with “ ρ provided = ρ 0.004 = 0.0244 ” (which really, you should not
be !!), increase the compression reinforcement (i.e. A s' ), As we will do now:

⇒ Use3 φ25 (A s' = 1530 mm 2 ) as your compression reinforcement

A s,provided
'
1530
ρ '
provided = = = 0.0147
bd actual 250 ∗ (417.5)

fc'  600  d actual

'  0.85 fc' 
ρ lim = 0.85 β 1   + ρ provided  1 −
'

fy  600 − fy  d actual


 fy 


20 600 62.5 0.85 ∗ 20

⇒ ρ lim = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗( )∗ + 0.0147 ∗ (1 − ) = 0.0313
420 600 − 420 417.5 420

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 〈 ρ lim = 0.0313

⇒ Case # 2 : compression steel did not yield

{0.85β f b } c
1 c
'
actual
2
{
+ A s,provided
'
( ) }
600 − 0.85 fc' − A s,provided fy c actual − 600A s,provided
'
d actual ' = 0

{0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 250} c actual 2 + {1530 ( 600 − 0.85 ∗ 20 ) − 2550 ∗ 420} c actual − 600 ∗ 1530 ∗ 62.5 = 0

⇒ c actual = 153.21 mm [O.K.]

or

c actual = −103.60 mm NOT O.K.!!

 d'   62.5 
fs' = 600  1 − actual  = 600 ∗  1 −  = 355.24 MPa
 c actual   153.21 

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 242

 3 fc' d t,actual  3  20 43705 
ρ 0.004,new =  0.85β  = ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0155
420 417.5 
1
7  fy d actual  7 

 f ' − 0.85 fc'   355.24 − 0.85 ∗ 20 

ρ 0.004 = ρ 0.004,new + ρ 'provided  s  = 0.0155 + 0.0147   = 0.0273
 fy   420 

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 < ρ 0.004 = 0.0273 ⇒ O.K.

a actual = β 1 c actual = 0.85 ∗ 153.21 = 130.23 mm

 a 


M n,actual = 0.85 fc' a actual b  d actual − actual
 2
 '
( '
 + A s,provided fs − 0.85 fc

'
)( '
)
d actual − d actual 


  130.23  
= 0.85 ∗ 20 ∗ 130.23 ∗ 250  417.5 −  + 1530 (355.24 − 0.85 ∗ 20 ) ∗ ( 417.5 − 62.5 )  × 10
−6

  2  

∴ Mn,actual = 378.75 KN.m

7 7
ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.004,new = ∗ 0.0155 = 0.0136
8 8

fs' − 0.85 fc'

ρ 0.005,new = ρ 0.005,new + ρ 'provided ( )
fy

355.24 − 0.85 ∗ 20
⇒ ρ 0.005,new = 0.0136 + 0.0147 ∗ ( ) = 0.0254
420

∵ ρ provided = 0.0244 < ρ 0.005,new = 0.0254

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 243

 ⇒ Tension-ControlledSection !!

⇒ φ new = 0.9

∴ φM n,actual = 0.9 ∗ 378.75 = 340.88 KN.m > M ult,max = 275 KN.m ⇒ Safe !!

So, when you added an additional compression reinforcement bar, you increased both, the
beam’s ductility and beam’s ultimate moment capacity !!

Dr. Ammar Ben-Nakhi CE373 Reinforced Concrete (I)-Spring 2007 244