Introduction

BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS

BA(M) – 531

MBA - I
Feb 02,2010 1
 Important Notes
 Maintain a separate register for
Mathematics
 Probability of having a Quiz in each
class is very high
 No late assignments will be
accepted
 Switch off cell phones
 Late comers will be marked absent
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 Division of Marks [ 40 ]
 Internal finals = 20
 Hourly Exam = 8 (average)
 Quiz = 2
 Assignment = 2
 Attendance = 2
 Past papers = 4
 Register = 2

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 Basic Algebra
 Rules
1. -,-=+
2. +,-=-
3. -,+=-
4. +,+=+

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 Some Preliminaries
Chapter No 1

Pg no 4

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 Terms
● A variable is a letter which represents an
unknown number. Any letter can be used as
a variable. such as x , y,z
● An algebraic expression contains at least
one variable.
Examples: a, x+5, 3y – 2z
● An equation is a sentence that states that
two mathematical expressions are equal.
Example:
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2x-16=18 6
 First Degree Equations in
One Variable
 Three types of equations
 Identity equation
 Conditional equation
 False statement

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 Steps to Solving Equations
● Simplify each side of the equation, if needed, by
distributing or combining like terms.
● Move variables to one side of the equation by using
the opposite operation of addition or subtraction.
● Isolate the variable by applying the opposite
operation to each side.
• First, use the opposite operation of addition or subtraction.
• Second, use the opposite operation of multiplication or
division.
● Check your answer.

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 Examples
3y  6  9
6  6
● “y” is the variable.
3 y  15 ● Add 6 to each side to isolate
33 the variable.
y 5 ● Now divide both sides by 3.
● The answer is 5.

Check: 3(5)-6=9 ● Check the answer by

15-6=9 substituting it into the
original equation.

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 Try this. . .

4 x  8  24

Did you get x = - 4?

You were right!

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 Second Degree Equations in
one Variable
 Quadratic Equations
 Generalized form
ax2 +bx + c

Where a,b and c are constants

and
a≠0
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 Solving Quadratic
Equations
 Types of roots
 No real root
 One real root
 Two real roots
 Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
 if b2 – 4ac < 0 no real root
 if b2 – 4ac = 0 One real root
 if b2 – 4ac > 0 Two real roots

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 Two methods
 Factoring Method
 Example

X2 -4x =0
X( x – 4 ) = 0
Either x =0 or x -4=0
x=4
 Quadratic Formula
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 Section 1.3 Inequalities

An inequality is like an equation, but instead of

an equal sign (=) it has one of these signs:

< : less than

≤ : less than or equal to
> : greater than
Feb 02,2010 ≥ : greater than or equal to 16
 Types of Inequalities
 Absolute Inequality
 Which is always true
 Conditional Inequality
 Is true under certain conditions x >
100
 Double Inequality
 Is an interval 0< y < 100

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 Interval Notation
 Open interval
(a,b)
a < x < b
 Closed interval
[a,b]
a ≤ x ≤ b
 Half open interval
 (a,b] or [a,b)

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-10 -5 0 5 10

A number line is a line with marks on it that are placed at

equal distances apart.
One mark on the number line is usually labeled zero and then
each successive mark to the left or to the right of the zero
represents a particular unit such as 1 or ½.

On the number line above, each small mark represents ½

unit and the larger marks represent 1 unit.

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-10 -5 0 5 10

Number lines can be used to represent:

A. Whole numbers – The set {0, 1, 2, 3, …}.
B. Positive numbers – any number that is greater than
zero.
C. Negative numbers – any number that is less than zero.
D. Integers – The set of numbers represented as
{…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
The arrows at the ends of the number line show that the
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number line continues in both directions without ending.
-10 -5 0 5 10

A number can be graphed on a number line by placing a point

at the appropriate position on the number line.

Example
a) {4} (blue point)
b) {integers between –10 and –5} (purple)

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 Number
“x <line
5” and Inequality

means that whatever

value x has, it must be
less than 5.
Try to name ten numbers
that are less than 5!
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Numbers less than 5 are to the left
of 5 on the number line.

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

• If you said 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, etc., you are right.

• There are also numbers in between the integers, like
2.5, 1/2, -7.9, etc.
• The number 5 would not be a correct answer,
though, because 5 is not less than 5.
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 “x ≥ -2”
means that whatever value
x has, it must be greater
than or equal to -2.
Try to name ten numbers
that are greater than or
equal to -2!
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Numbers greater than -2 are to the
right of 5 on the number line.

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

-2
• If you said -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., you are right.
• There are also numbers in between the integers,
like -1/2, 0.2, 3.1, 5.5, etc.
• The number -2 would also be a correct answer,
because of the phrase, “or equal to”.
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 Example : Adding and Subtracting to Solve
Inequalities

Solve and graph.

A. k +3 > –2
k +3 > –2 Subtract 3 from both sides.
–3 –3
k > –5

–5 0

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 Example 1B: Adding and Subtracting to Solve
Inequalities Continued

Solve and graph.

B. r – 9  12
r – 9  12
r – 9 + 9  12 + 9 Add 9 to both sides.
r  21

15 21 24
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Additional Example 1C: Adding and Subtracting to
Solve Inequalities Continued

Solve and graph.

C. u – 5  3
u–53
u–5+53+5 Add 5 to both sides.
u8

0 5 8 10

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Additional Example 1D: Adding and Subtracting to
Solve Inequalities Continued

Solve and graph.

D. c + 6  2
c+62
–6 –6 Subtract 6 from both sides.
c  –4

–7 –4 0 4
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 Try This: Example 1A

Solve and graph.

A. y + 7  –1
y + 7  –1
–7 –7 Subtract 7 from both sides.
y  –8

–11 –8 0
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Sometimes you must multiply or divide to isolate
the variable. Multiplying or dividing both sides of
an inequality by a negative number gives a
surprising result.

5 > –1 5 is greater than –1.

–1 • 5 –1 • (–1) Multiply both sides by –1.
–5 1 > or < ?
–5 < 1
You know –5 is less than 1, so you should use <.
–5 < 1

–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Feb 02,2010
5 > –1 31
 MULTIPLYING INEQUALITIES BY
NEGATIVE INTEGERS

Words Original Multiply/

Result
Inequality Divide
Multiplying or
dividing by a 3>1 Multiply by –2 –6 < –2
negative
number
reverses the
inequality –4  12 Divide by –4 1  –3
symbol.
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Helpful Hint
The direction of the inequality changes
only if the number you are using to
multiply or divide by is negative.

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Additional Example 2: Multiplying and Dividing to
Solve Inequalities
Solve and graph.

A. –3y  15 Divide each side by

–3y  15 –3;  changes to .
–3 –3
y  –5 –7 –5 0 4

B. 7m < 21
7m < 21 Divide each side by 7.
7 7
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m<3 –3 0 3 5 34
 Try This: Example 2
Solve and graph.

A. –8y  24 Divide each side by

–8y  24 –8; changes > to <.
–8 –8
y  –3 –7 –3 0 4

B. 9f > 45
9f > 45 Divide each side by 9.
9 9
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f>5 0 5 10 35
 Solving Absolute Value
Inequalities
Section 1.4
• Solving absolute value inequalities is a
combination of solving absolute value
equations and inequalities.
• Rewrite the absolute value inequality.
• For the first equation, all you have to do is drop
the absolute value bars.
• For the second equation, you have to negate the
right side of the inequality and reverse the
inequality sign.
Feb 02,2010 36
 Solve: |2x + 4| > 12

2x + 4 > 12 or 2x + 4 < -12

2x > 8 2x < -16
x>4 or x < -8

x < -8 or x > 4

-8 0 4

Feb 02,2010 37
 Solve: 2|4 - x| < 10
|4 - x| < 5

4-x<5 and 4 - x > -5

-x<1 - x > -9
x > -1 and x<9

-1 < x < 9

-1 0 9

Feb 02,2010 38
 Assignment # 1

 Section 1.1 [5,15,19 ]

 Section 1.2 [ 9,27]
 Section 1.3 [23,27,35,41 ]
 Section 1.4 [11,21,24,25,]
 Section 1.5 [3,23 ]
Submission Date :Feb 08,2010,
to be done on sheets

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