GSM AND CDMA

A Project Presentation
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION

 CELLULAR SYSTEM CONCEPT AND ARCHITECTURE
 CELLULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 GSM TECHNOLOGY
 CDMA TECHNOLOGY
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
 GSM VS CDMA
 GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION IN INDIA
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
 TWO MAIN COMPONENTS:
 MOBILE EQUIPMENT

 BASE STATION

 EACH MOBILE USES SEPARATE AND TEMPORARY RADIO

CHANNEL TO TALK TO BASE STATION.

 THE BASE STATION TALKS TO MANY MOBILE AT ONCE USING

ONE CHANNEL PER MOBILE.

 CHANNELS USE A PAIR OF FREQUENCY FOR COMMUNICATION

 FORWARD LINK

 REVERSE LINK
CELLULAR SYTEM
CONCEPT AND
ARCHITECTURE
 CELLULAR CONCEPT
 INTERFERENCE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY MOBILE UNITS
USING THE SAME CHANNEL IN ADJACENT AREAS PROVED
THAT ALL CHANNELS COULD NOT BE REUSED IN EVERY
CELL

 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT EMPLOYS VARIABLE LOW-

POWER LEVELS, WHICH ALLOWS CELLS TO BE SIZED
ACCORDING TO THE SUBSCRIBER DENSITY AND DEMAND
OF A GIVEN AREA.

 FREQUENCIES USED IN ONE CELL CLUSTER CAN BE

REUSED IN OTHER CELLS. CONVERSATIONS CAN BE
HANDED OFF FROM CELL TO CELL TO MAINTAIN
CONSTANT PHONE SERVICE AS THE USER MOVES
BETWEEN CELLS.
CELLULAR CONCEPT
 CELLS: A CELL IS THE BASIC GEOGRAPHIC UNIT OF A
CELLULAR SYSTEM.
 CLUSTERS: A CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS. NO
CHANNELS ARE REUSED WITHIN A CLUSTER.
FREQUENCY RE-USE: THE CONCEPT OF FREQUENCY REUSE
IS BASED ON ASSIGNING TO EACH CELL A GROUP OF RADIO
CHANNELS USED WITHIN A SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREA. THE
COVERAGE AREA OF CELLS IS CALLED THE FOOTPRINT.
 CELL SPLITTING: AS A SERVICE AREA BECOMES FULL OF
USERS, THIS APPROACH IS USED TO SPLIT A SINGLE AREA
INTO SMALLER ONES.
 HANDOFF: HANDOFF OCCURS WHEN THE MOBILE
TELEPHONE NETWORK AUTOMATICALLY TRANSFERS A
CALL FROM RADIO CHANNEL TO RADIO CHANNEL AS
MOBILE CROSSES ADJACENT CELLS
CELLULAR SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
 PSTN: THE PSTN IS MADE UP OF LOCAL NETWORKS, THE
EXCHANGE AREA NETWORKS, AND THE LONG-HAUL
NETWORK THAT INTERCONNECT TELEPHONES AND
OTHER COMMUNICATION DEVICES ON A WORLDWIDE
BASIS.

 MOBILE TELEPHONE SWITCHING OFFICE (MTSO)

THE MTSO IS THE CENTRAL OFFICE FOR MOBILE
SWITCHING. IT HOUSES THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER
(MSC), FIELD MONITORING AND RELAY STATIONS FOR
SWITCHING CALLS FROM CELL SITES TO WIRELINE
CENTRAL OFFICES (PSTN).
 THE CELL SITE: THE TERM CELL SITE IS USED TO
REFER TO THE PHYSICAL LOCATION OF RADIO
EQUIPMENT THAT PROVIDES COVERAGE WITHIN A CELL

 MOBILE SUBSCRIBER UNITS (MSUS): THE

MOBILE SUBSCRIBER UNIT CONSISTS OF A CONTROL
UNIT AND A TRANSCEIVER THAT TRANSMITS AND
RECEIVES RADIO TRANSMISSIONS TO AND FROM A CELL
SITE.
GSM
HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE AND FEATURES AND
ADVANTAGES
 GSM
 GSM: STANDS FOR GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

 OLDER THAN CDMA (AND ALSO TDMA). BUT GSM IS NOT

INFERIOR OR WORSE THAN CDMA.

 THE EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

STANDARDIZATION INSTITUTE (ETSI) ADOPTED THE GSM
STANDARD IN 1991, AND GSM IS NOW USED IN 135
COUNTRIES.
 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

 THE MOBILE STATION (MS)

 THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

 THE BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS)
 THE BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

 THE NETWORK SUBSYSTEM

 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER (OMC)

 GSM FREQUENCIES

 GSM900:
 UPLINK: 890±915 MHZ (= MOBILE STATION TO BASE
STATION)
 DOWNLINK: 935±960 MHZ (= BASE STATION TO
MOBILE STATION)

 GSM1800 (PREVIOUSLY: DCS-1800):

 UPLINK: 1710±1785 MHZ
 DOWNLINK: 1805±1880 MHZ

 GSM1900 (PREVIOUSLY: PCS-1900):

 UPLINK: 1850±1910 MHZ
 DOWNLINK: 1930±1990 MHZ
 SYSTEM FEATURES
 ROAMING
 HANDOVER
 MULTIPATH EQUALIZATION
 FREQUENCY HOPPING
 DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION (DTX)
 DISCONTINUOUS RECEPTION (DRX)
 POWER CONTROL
 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS)
 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT (MM)
 AUTHENTICATION
 ADVANTAGES OF GSM
 SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL ROAMING

 DISTINCTION BETWEEN USER AND DEVICE

IDENTIFICATION

 EXCELLENT SPEECH QUALITY

 WIDE RANGE OF SERVICES

 INTERWORKING (E.G. WITH ISDN)

 EXTENSIVE SECURITY FEATURES

 ADDITIONAL FEATURES
 GSM ALSO STANDS OUT FROM OTHER TECHNOLOGIES WITH
ITS WIDE RANGE OF SERVICES:
 TELEPHONY

 ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS DATA SERVICES (2.4/4.8/9.6

KBPS)

 ACCESS TO PACKET DATA NETWORK (X.25)

 TELEMATIC SERVICES (SMS, FAX, VIDEOTEXT, ETC.)

 MANY VALUE-ADDED FEATURES (CALL FORWARDING, CALLER ID,

VOICE MAILBOX)

 E-MAIL AND INTERNET CONNECTIONS

CDMA
HISTORY, BASIC PRINCIPLE , SYSTEM AND
FEATURES
 HISTORY
 CLAUDE SHANNON AND ROBERT PIERCE HAD PROVIDED CDMA
FRAMEWORK IN 1949

 DE-ROSA-ROGOFF DEFINED THE DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD

SPECTRUM METHOD IN 1950

 CELLULAR SPREAD-SPECTRUM APPLICATION WAS SUGGESTED

BY COOPER AND NETTLETON IN 1978

 IS-95, THE NARROW BAND CDMA MOBILE NETWORK, HAS BEEN

STANDARDIZED IN 1993 AND COMMERCIAL NETWORKS WERE
INTRODUCED IN 1995

 3G WIDEBAND CDMA SYSTEMS, SUCH AS CDMA2000 IN U.S. AND

EUROPEAN WCDMA DEVELOPED FROM 1990S AND STILL
ONGOING
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
 ALL USERS USE SAME FREQUENCY AND MAY TRANSMIT
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

 NARROWBAND MESSAGE SIGNAL MULTIPLIED BY

WIDEBAND SPREADING SIGNAL, OR CODEWORD.

 EACH USER HAS ITS OWN PSEUDO-CODEWORD

(ORTHOGONAL TO OTHERS)

 RECEIVERS DETECT ONLY DESIRED CODEWORD. ALL

OTHER APPEAR AS NOISE.

 RECEIVERS MUST KNOW TRANSMITTER’S CODEWORD.

 CDMA SYSTEM
 POWER LIMITED SYSTEM: COCKTAIL PARTY
ANALOGY
 BAND PLAYING “RANDOM NOISE” WHILE PEOPLE
TALKING.
 NEED TO EXTRACT CONVERSATION FROM THE
BACKGROUND NOISE.
 IF PEOPLE SPEAK IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, IT IS
EASIER TO DISTINGUISH INDIVIDUAL SPEAKERS BUT
IF NOT IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL SPEAKERS.
 NOW IMAGINE THAT BAND STARTS PLAYING MORE
LOUDLY!
 IF BECOMES TOO LOUD, NOBODY CAN SPEAK.
 SPEAKERS TRY TO TALK TOO LOUDLY, INCREASING
THE NOISE.
 NEAR-FAR PROBLEM.
 CDMA SYSTEMS
 HOW TO INCREASE THE NO. OF ATTENDEES AT PARTY:
 BAND AGREES TO PLAY AT LOW LEVEL
(BACKGROUND NOISE)

 PARTICIPANTS AGREE TO SPEAK MORE SOFTLY AS

NEW GUESTS ARRIVE.

 HOST(BASE STATION) CENTRALIZES ALL

CONVERSATIONS, REQUIRING ALL GUESTS TO SPEAK
TO HIM/HER AT THE SAME RELATIVE SOUND LEVEL,
NO MATTER HOW FAR ARE THEY FROM THE
HOST(POWER CONTROL)
 CDMA FEATURES
 SOFT CAPACITY LIMIT: SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DEGRADES
FOR ALL USERS AS NUMBER OF USERS INCREASE.

 WIDE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM REDUCES FADING.

 RAKE RECEIVER: SEPARATE MULTIPATH SIGNALS OF

DIFFERENT DELAYS BY “CHIP” UNIT.

 CELL FREQUENCY REUSES 1: NO FREQUENCY PLANNING.

 SOFT HANDOVER INCREASED CAPACITY.

 UTILIZATION OF VOICE ACTIVITY(TALK SPURTS)

 HANDOVER IN CDMA
 HARD HANDOVER - “BREAK-BEFORE-MAKE”:
 ALL THE OLD RADIO LINKS IN THE UE ARE REMOVED
BEFORE THE NEW RADIO LINKS ARE ESTABLISHED.
 HANDOVER THAT REQUIRES A CHANGE OF THE
CARRIER FREQUENCY
 SOFT HANDOVER –“MAKE-BEFORE-BREAK”:
 THE RADIO LINKS ARE ADDED AND REMOVED IN A
WAY THAT THE UE ALWAYS KEEPS AT LEAST ONE
RADIO LINK TO THE RAN.
 NORMALLY SOFT HANDOVER CAN BE USED WHEN
CELLS OPERATED ON THE SAME FREQUENCY ARE
CHANGED.

BS A and BS B transmit the same

signal to the MS simultaneously

Cell B Cell A

Soft handover : break (old cell A) after make connection (new cell B)
SPREAD SPECTRUM
DIRECT SEQUENCE AND FREQUENCY HOPPING
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
 ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED FOR MILITARY AND NAVIGATION
PURPOSES

 HARD TO BE INTERCEPTED

 ANTI-JAMMING

 NOWADAYS FEASIBLE FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

ESPECIALLY FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 AVERAGE ENERGY OF THE TRANSMITTED SIGNAL IS

SPREAD OVER A BANDWIDTH, WHICH IS WIDER THAN THE
INFORMATION BANDWIDTH. THE SPREAD FACTOR IS
DEFINED AS FSS= WSS/BWSIGNAL
 DIRECT SEQUENCE
 NARROWBAND INPUTS FROM A USER IS CODED
(“SPREAD”) BY A USER UNIQUE BROADBAND CODE, THEN
TRANSMITTED.
 BROADBAND SIGNAL IS RECEIVED, RECEIVER KNOWS,
APPLIES USER’S CODE, RECOVER USER’S DATA.
 FREQUENCY HOPPING
 EACH USER’S NARROWBAND SIGNAL HOPS AMONG DISCRETE
FREQUENCIES, AND THE RECEIVER FOLLOWS IN SEQUENCE.

 FHSS CDMA IS NOT CURRENTLY USED IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS,

ALTHOUGH USED IN MILITARY APPLICATIONS.

 PSEUDO-RANDOM FREQUENCY CHANGE RANDOMIZES

CHANNEL OCCUPANCY.
 AT ANY GIVEN TIME, FH SIGNAL OCCUPIES ONLY A SINGLE,
NARROW CHANNEL; MAKES MA POSSIBLE.

 SLOW HOPPING: MULTIPLE BITS BEFORE FREQUENCY HOPS.

 FAST HOPPING: MULTIPLE FREQUENCY HOPS PER BIT.

 ADVANTAGES
 VOICE ACTIVITIES CYCLES
 NO HARD HANDOFF
 NO GUARD TIME IN CDMA
 LESS FADING
 CAPACITY ADVANTAGE
 NO FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT OR ASSIGNMENT
NEEDED
 SOFT CAPACITY
 COEXISTENCE
 FOR MICROCELL AND IN-BUILDING SYSTEMS
 NO EQUALIZER NEEDED
GSM VS CDMA
 GSM VS CDMA
 COVERAGE

 DATA TRANSFER SPEED

 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM) CARDS

 ROAMING

 INTERNATIONAL ROAMING
GENERATIONS OF
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
1G, 2G, 3G, GPRS AND EDGE
 1ST GENERATION

 ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM (AMPS)

 NORDIC MOBILE TELEPHONE (NMT)

 TOTAL ACCESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (TACS)

 2ND GENERATION
 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM) WAS THE
FIRST COMMERCIALLY OPERATED DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM

 TDMA IS-136 IS THE DIGITAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE ANALOG

AMPS TECHNOLOGY

 CDMA IS-95 INCREASES CAPACITY BY USING THE ENTIRE RADIO

BAND WITH EACH USING A UNIQUE CODE (CDMA OR CODE
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

 PERSONAL DIGITAL CELLULAR (PDC) IS THE SECOND LARGEST

DIGITAL MOBILE STANDARD ALTHOUGH IT IS EXCLUSIVELY
USED IN JAPAN WHERE IT WAS INTRODUCED IN 1994

 PERSONAL HANDY PHONE SYSTEM (PHS) IS A DIGITAL SYSTEM

USED IN JAPAN, FIRST LAUNCHED IN 1995 AS A CHEAPER
ALTERNATIVE TO CELLULAR SYSTEMS
 3RD GENERATION (3G)
 3G IS THE THIRD-GENERATION OF MOBILE PHONE
TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS.

 3G HAS ENHANCED OR MADE POSSIBLE A MYRIAD OF

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS SUCH AS MOBILE VIDEO,
SECURE MOBILE ECOMMERCE, LOCATION-BASED
SERVICES, MOBILE GAMING AND AUDIO ON DEMAND

 THE FIRST-EVER 3G NETWORK WAS ESTABLISHED BY

JAPAN'S NTT DOCOMO UNDER THE FOMA BRAND NAME

 IN AUSTRALIA, THE FIRST-EVER COMMERCIAL 3G NETWORK

WAS INTRODUCED ON APRIL OF 2003 BY HUTCHISON
TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNDER THE BRAND NAME "THREE."
 CONCEPT BEHIND 3G
 3G TECHNOLOGY BRINGS IN WIRELESS BROADBAND
SERVICES INTO 3G-COMPATIBLE UNITS

 3G TECHNOLOGY IS COMPRISED OF SEVERAL ACCESS

TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDING TIME-DIVISION
SYNCHRONOUS CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TD-
SCDMA), 2G CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA2000), AND WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS (WCDMA)

 NETWORK OPERATORS AND PROVIDERS WHO ARE

ALREADY USING GPRS CAN SWITCH DIRECTLY INTO 3G
TECHNOLOGY BY GOING FOR A UMTS SYSTEM
 WHT 3G CAN OFFER…?
 3G MOBILES CAN OFFER VARIOUS POSSIBILITIES WHEN
IT COMES TO DATA TRANSFER AND ACCESS THROUGH
THE INTERNET.

 MUSIC VIDEO STREAMING

 ACCESS ON-DEMAND
 VIDEO CONFERENCING
 TV STREAMING
 HIGH-SPEED ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION MAPS
 FASTER DOWNLOAD TIME
 3G STANDARDS: IMT 2000
 AFTER OVER TEN YEARS OF HARD WORK UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF THE ITU, A HISTORIC DECISION WAS
TAKEN IN THE YEAR 2000 : UNANIMOUS APPROVAL OF THE
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THIRD GENERATION
SYSTEMS UNDER THE BRAND IMT-2000

 THE SPECTRUM BETWEEN 400 MHZ AND 3 GHZ IS

TECHNICALLY SUITABLE FOR THE THIRD GENERATION

 THE SYSTEM ENVISAGES A PLATFORM FOR DISTRIBUTING

CONVERGED FIXED, MOBILE, VOICE, DATA, AND INTERNET
AND MULTIMEDIA SERVICES.  ONE OF ITS KEY VISIONS IS
TO PROVIDE SEAMLESS GLOBAL ROAMING, ENABLING
USERS TO MOVE ACROSS BORDERS WHILE USING THE
SAME NUMBER AND HANDSET
 GPRS AND EDGE
 GPRS
 GPRS (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE) IS A VERY WIDELY
DEPLOYED WIRELESS DATA SERVICE, AVAILABLE NOW WITH
MOST GSM NETWORKS

 GPRS OFFERS THROUGHPUT RATES OF UP TO 40 KBPS, SO

THAT USERS HAVE A SIMILAR ACCESS SPEED TO A DIAL-UP
MODEM.
 EDGE
 FURTHER ENHANCEMENTS TO GSM NETWORKS ARE
PROVIDED BY ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM
EVOLUTION (EDGE) TECHNOLOGY, WHICH PROVIDES UP TO
THREE TIMES THE DATA CAPACITY OF GPRS.

 EDGE USES THE SAME STRUCTURE, AS TODAY'S GSM

NETWORKS. FOR MANY EXISTING GSM/GPRS NETWORKS,
EDGE IS A SIMPLE SOFTWARE-UPGRADE.
 GSM AND CDMA IN INDIA

“INDIA’S WIRELESS SUBSCRIBER BASE DURING

THE FIRST HALF OF APRIL 2008 WILL SURPASS
THAT OF USA AND WILL BECOME SECOND
LARGEST WIRELESS NETWORK IN THE
WORLD.” INDIAN MOBILE SAGA IS AN EPIC
STORY OF VARIOUS CHALLENGES. ACTIONS
AND COURSE CORRECTIONS”
 IN MARCH 2008, OVER 7.6 MILLION GSM ADDITIONS! –
GLOBAL HIGHEST

 ESTIMATED TOTAL MOBILE ADDS OF NEARLY 10

MILLION!!!

 INDIAN CONSUMERS GET THE WORLD’S LOWEST MOBILE

TARIFFS.

 INDIAN CONSUMERS HAVE HIGHEST MINUTES OF USAGE.

CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION
 TECHNOLOGY’S ONLY CONSTANT IS CHANGE

 APART FROM MEETING THE DATA SPEED REQUIREMENTS OF

THE URBAN AND ITES/BPO SECTOR, 3G WILL HELP MEET THE
CRUCIAL BROADBAND REQUIREMENTS OF THE RURAL
SECTOR

 OPPORTUNITIES ENORMOUS IN RURAL HEALTH CARE,

EDUCATION AND GOVERNANCE

 MOBILE BROADBAND TO OVERTAKE FIXED BROADBAND BY

2010

 A BOOM IS UNDERWAY, SUCH THAT MANY GSM USERS FIND

LIFE WITHOUT THEIR PHONE PRACTICALLY INCONCEIVABLE
ANY QUESTIONS?