Swine Flu Project

TO EVALUATE THE DRIVERS AND BARRIERS AMONG DOCTORS TO USE
SWINE FLU H1N1 VACCINE NOW (AUGAST – JULY)
Summer Project Report
Submitted
In the Partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Business Administration
Pharmaceutical MBA
Semester-II
By
PATEL ARCHITKUMAR
Roll No.19
Under the Guidance of:
Prof. Romy Sebastian
Centre for Management Studies
Pharmaceutical MBA
Submitted To:
Ganpat University,
Kherva, Mahesana.
July 2010
1
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the contents of this report entitled ―To evaluate the drivers and berries
among the doctors to use the swine flu vaccine now (July-August)‖ by Patel Architkumar
Maheshkumar. Submitted to Centre for Management Studies, Pharmaceutical MBA for the
Award of Master of Business Administration (MBA Sem-II) is original research work carried
out by him/her/them under my supervision.
This report has not been submitted either partly or fully to any other University or Institute
for award of any degree or diploma.
Prof. Romy Sebastian

Ganpat University.
Kherva.
Date:
Place:
2
CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT
I hereby declare that the work incorporated in this report entitled ―To evaluate the drivers and
berries among the doctors to use the swine flu vaccine now (July-August)‖ in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Business Administration (Sem. - II)
is the outcome of original study undertaken by me/us and it has not been submitted earlier to
any other University or Institution for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Patel Architkumar Maheshkumar
Date:
Place:
3
PREFACE
As a partial fulfillment of the MBA programme, I need to make a summer training

project report so I have prepared this project report on To evaluate the drivers and
berries among the doctors to use the swine flu vaccine now (July-August)
This project was undertaken after my second year of MBA, at Zydus

Cadila ltd, Ahmedabad. This project work is basically meant to acquire knowledge
about the doctor behavior about the swine flu vaccine.
Professionalization of management is very necessary. Therefore the personal doctor

visit is to make us more intelligent in the management market. Moreover, such visit
provide us an opportunity to interact with people who works in those units, and gets
some practical experience about their work and working conditions
Preparing this project report is a good learning experience for me

wherein I came to know about the various new aspects & environment of the Doctors
& Consumer behavior in Ahmedabad.
I feel great pleasure in submitting this report. I hope you will accept
and appreciate my efforts.
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my sincere regards to the management of Zydus Vaxxicare, for
permitting me to complete my summer training project in their organization.
I owe words of acknowledgement to all those who directly or indirectly helped me in my

project. In particular I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. D P Mishra-Marketing
Manager at Zydus Vaxxicare.
I also express my special thanks to Prof. Romy Sebastian my faculty guide for her
cooperation and tremendous support during this summer training.
I wish to express my profound gratitude and sincere thanks to our esteemed learned Director
Dr. Mahendra Sharma, Director CMS-GNU, and Kherva, who allowed me to conduct the
summer project.
I would first like to thank my Parents and my sister whose kind and constant support
during the project was my biggest strength, and to whom this project has been
dedicated.
I owe thanks to, Mr. Santosh Pandey, Deputy Manager And Mr. Utsav Shah, Management
staff at Zydus Vaxxicare.
And, lastly to the entire staff of Zydus Vaxxicare office and to all the members at the
different states .Providing me with first-hand information.
Regards,
Archit Patel
5
CONTENTS Page No.
Certificate By the Guide …………………………………………… ii
Candidate‘s Statement ……………………………………………..iii
Preface ……………………………………………..iv
Acknowledgments ……………………………………………..v
List of Tables ……………………………………………..vii
List of Figures & Graphs ……………………………………………..viii
1 CHAPTER Company Profile …………………..(10-17)
1.1 Introduction ……………………….11
1.2 Patent ……………………….11
1.3 Manufacturing ………………………..11
1.3.1 Eight state of the art plants ………………………..11
1.3.2 Intermediates & API ………………………...12
1.3.3 Formulation ………………………....12
1.3.4 API Plants ……………………… 12
1.3.5 Formulation Plants ………………………...13
1.4 Corporate control .………………………..14
1.4.1 Introduction of the company …………………………15
1.4.2 Quality Policy ………………………… 15
1.4.3 Vision ………………………….15
1.4.4 Mission …………………………16
1.4.5 HR Philosophy ………………………… 16
1.4.6 Our care value …………………………16
1.5 Zydus Vaxxicare ………………………….16
2 CHAPTER Indian Pharmaceutical Company ………………..(18-37)
2.1 Introduction …………………………..19
2.2 World scenario ………………………….21
2.3 Indian scenario ………………………….23
2.4 Indian Pharmaceutical with global perceptive ………………………...24
2.5 Key Players …………………………27
2.6 Strategies & trends ………………………….28
2.7 Research & Development …………………………30
2.8 Effect of budget …………………………31
6
2.9 Michel Porter‘s Five force model ………………………32
2.10 Pharmaceutical policy 2002 ……………………...33
2.11 SWOT Analysis ……………………...34
2.12 Key Issues ……………………...35
2.13 Action Plan ………………………37
3 CHAPTER Vaccine Market ………………… (39-55)
3.1 Why it is so attractive? ……………………….40
3.1.1 Commitment to vaccine ……………………….40
3.1.2 Acquisition by big Pharma players………………………40
3.1.3 Several new vaccines with blockbuster potential………..42
3.2 World-wide Vaccine market ………………………42
3.2.1 Influenza ……………………….43
3.2.2 Adult ……………………….43
3.2.3 Proprietary paediatrics/ adolescent……………………....43
3.2.4 Enhanced paediatrics ……………………….44
3.2.5 Basic paediatrics ……………………….44
3.3 Major Vaccines ……………………….45
3.3.1 Pneumococcal vaccine ……………………….45
3.3.2 Polio vaccine ……………………….45
3.3.3 Meningitis vaccine ……………………….46
3.3.4 Rotavirus vaccine ………………………..47
3.3.5 Tuberculosis vaccine ………………………..47
3.3.6 BCG vaccine ………………………..48
3.3.7 MMR vaccine ………………………..49
3.3.8 DTP vaccine ………………………..49
3.3.9 Hepatitis B vaccine ………………………..50
3.3.10 Malaria vaccine ………………………...51
3.3 11 Japanese encephalitis vaccine ………………………..52
3.3.12 West vile vaccine ………………………..53
3.3.13 Ebolo vaccine ………………………...53
3.3.14 Cervical cancer vaccine ………………………..54
3.3.15 Typhoid vaccine ………………………..55
3.4 Indian Vaccine Market ………………………..55
7
4 CHAPTER Flu …………………………………(57-85)
4.1 Introductions ……………………………58
4.2 Influenza A Virus ……………………………59
4.3 Bird flu …………………………….63
4.4 Spanish Flu ……………………………, 63
4.5 The swine flu of 2009 …………………………….64
4.5.1 History of Swine flu ……………………………65
4.5.2 New H1N1 Virus ……………………………68
4.5.3 Preventing and diagnosing influenza……………………68
4.5.4 Information about human influenza virus……………….69
4.5.5 Cold or Flu …………………………....71
4.5.6 How reduce the risk of pandemic influenza ………….....71
4.5.7 How wioll the UN help? …………………………....72
4.5.8 Preparedness …………………………….73
4.5.9 Care for yourself & others …………………………….74
4.5.10 During the transport to work…………………………….77
4.5.11 Pandemic H1N1 Deployment and vaccination………….78
4.5.12 Statement from WHO global advisory…………………..79
4.5.13 Indian study ……………………………..82
5 CHAPTER Research Methodology ………………………..(86-90)
5.1 Research Approach …………………………….87
5.2 Objectives …………………………….87
5.3 Research Design …………………………….87
5.4 Limitation …………………………….90
6 CHAPTER Marketing Research ………………………..(91-99)
6.1 Question-Answers ………………………....92-98
6.2 Interpretation ……………………………99
7 CHAPTER Conclusion And Recommendation ……………...(100-102)
7.1 Conclusion ………………………….101
7.2 Recommendation ………………………….102
APPENDICES …………………………103
I Questionnaire …………………………104
II Bibliography ………………………….105
8
LIST OF TABLES Page No.
1. Name of Personal & designation ….17
2. Growth Of Pharmaceutical Industry …26
3. Key players …28
4. R & D expenditure …31
5. Various strains of Influenza A …61
6. Diff. Between Cold & Flu …71
7. Country wise vaccine manufacturer …79
8. Country wise vaccine distributed and administered …79
9. IPD and OPD cases of Influenza A …83
10. H1N1 & Seasonal cases …84
11. Sample size of survey …88
LIST OF GRAPH:
1. Age groups v/s number of positive cases ( Page no.84)
2. Age groups v/s number of deaths( Page no.85)
3. Pie chart of Que-1( Page no.91)
3.1 Pie chart of After media campaign and before media campaign
3.2 Pie chart of flu vaccine user and non-flu vaccine user
7. Influenza virus circulate round the year( Page no.101)
1 India- Pune
2 India-Delhi
9
CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE
10
1.1 Introduction:
―Zydus Cadila healthcare is a pharmaceutical company headquartered at Ahmedabad in

Gujarat state of western India. The company is the 5th largest pharmaceutical company in
India. With US$290m in turnover in 2004. It is a significant manufacturer of generic drugs.
Cadila Healthcare did its IPO on the Bombay Stock Exchange in 2000. Its stock code on the
Bombay Exchange is 532321.
In 2001 the company acquired another Indian pharmaceutical company called German
Remedies. On June 25 , 2007 the company signed an agreement to acquire 100 percent stake
in Brazil Quimaica e Pharmaceutica Nikkho do Brazil Ltd a (Nikkho) for around 26 million
dollars.
1.2 Patents:
ZRC has filled over 108 patents in various therapeutic area of NME Research, Process
Research, Novel Process Research, Novel Drug Delivery & Biological, since its inception,
Several of them have already been granted US patents.
The company is pioneer, offering healthier dietary options to the consumers. The product
range comprises Sugar Free Gold – India‘s NO. 1 sweetener with a market share of over 70
percent Sugar Free Nutura – a zero calorie escaroles based sugar substitute, Sugar Free Dlite
– a low calorie healthy drink & Nutralite – a premium cholesterol – free table spread.
Nutralite has emerged as the 2nd largest brand in the category of butter & butter substitutes.
The company also caters to the skincare segment with its EverYuth & Dermacare brands,
which occupy a unique distinction of being a ‗skincare brand from a healthcare company‘
Enriched with the power of natural ingrediants, EverYuth has a strong presence in advance
skincare segments like Soap- free , Face washes , face mask, scrubs etc.
1.3 Manufacturing:
1.3.1 Eight state – of- the art plants
Four formulation plants – one each at Moraiya in Ahmedebad , Goa , Baddi &
Sikkim.
Two API plants at Ankleshwar & Dabhasa.
11
An Agiolax plant in Goa
An API plant in Mumbai to Manufacture key intermediates of pantoprazole.
1.3.2. Intermediates and APIs:
Specialty chemicals, fine chemicals

Advanced intermediates
High & bulk actives
Investigational bulk actives
1.3.3. Formulation:
Oral dosage forms ( Tablets , hard & soft gel capsules)

Injectable (sterile liquids & lyophilized)
Inhalers, transferals, suppositories & vaccine
Formulation development for ANDA candidates at a dedicated Pharmaceutical
Technology Center
Development of specialized dosage forms
Vaccine.
1.3.4. Active pharmaceutical ingredient plants:
The company makes active pharmaceutical ingredients at three sites in India:
 Ankleshwar plants - Zydus Cadila's plant complex at Ankleshwar in Bharuch

District of Gujarat, has been producing drug material since 1972. There are around 10 plants
in the complex, which is ISO 9002 and ISO 14001 certified as well as FDA Approved. Total
plant capacity at Ankleshwar is around 180 million tones.
12
 Vadodara plant - Zydus Cadila's plant at Dabhasa, in Vadodara District's Padra
taluka (in the eastern part of the district) in Gujarat, was commissioned in 1997 by a company
called Banyan Chemicals, and acquired by Zydus Cadila in 2002. The plant has a 90 million
ton capacity. It is an FDA-approved facility that is also approved to WHO GMP guidelines.
 Patalganga plant - Zydus Cadila acquired an API plant at Patalganga in Maharashtra

state, 70 km from Mumbai, in the 2001 German Remedies deal. This plant operates to WHO
GMP standards.
1.1 1.3.5. Formulation plants
The company operates formulation plants at six locations:
 Moraiya plant - Zydus Cadila's formulation plant at Moraiya in Sanand taluka on the
outskirts of Ahmedabad is the largest formulation plant in India. It plant became Food and
Drug Administration (FDA)-approved in 2004/2005. The plant makes tablets, capsules, and
soft gel capsules as well as injectable drugs in both sterile liquid and lyophilized form. Zydus
Cadila also runs a large R&D operation at Moraiya;
 Vatwa plant - Zydus Cadila's plant at Vatwa, an industrial suburb of Ahmedabad,

makes nutraceuticals. The plant was acquired Remedies;
 Changador plant - Zydus Cadila's plant at Changodar, 20 kilometres from

Ahmedabad on the city's outskirts, manufactures fine chemicals. Zydus is current
constructing a facility at Changodar to make vaccines for hepatitis B and rabies.
 Navi Mumbai plant - This operation, at Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra, is a 50/50

joint venture with Germany's Altana Pharma AG, makes intermediates of the drug
pantoprazole.
13
 Goa plants - The Company‘s plants at Ponda in the southern Indian state of Goa do
formulation work as well as manufacture oncology drugs and a herbal laxative branded
Agiolax based on Psyllium seeds.
 Baddi plant - In 2004 Zydus commissioned at formulation plant at Baddi, in

Himachal Pradesh state of northern India. The Baddi plant makes solid oral pharmaceuticals.
Plant at Mumbai where tablets are made from hands of labours.
1.4. Corporate Control
Mr. Pankaj Patel
Chairman
Zydus Cadila‘s major shareholder remains the Patel family. Pankaj Patel (1951) son of the
founder, is CEO, In 2004 Pankaj Patel was included by Forbes magazine in its annual List of
India‘s richest people. Forbes estimated Patel‘s net worth at US$510m, making him India‘s
26th richest person However in 2005 Patel dropped off the Forbes list due to a fall in the stock
price of Cadila Healthcare. Moreover , there is a team of nine senior level executives- known
as the executive committee , who are heads of different operations look after the overall
management processes. None of the members except Pankaj Patel are on Board of Directors.
14
Recently, in September 2007 Cadila in a joint venture opened a Pharmaceutical plant in
Ethiopia.
1.4.1 Introduction to the company
One of India‘s leading integrated Pharma company
MORAIYA PLANT & PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
The origin of the name ―ZYDUS‖
The name combines the ethos of the Greek God ―Zeus‖ & dawn of the new Era.
The alphabet ―E‖ replaced ―Y‖ & ― D‖ as mentioned above stands for dawn.
―Zydus‖ like symbolizes their groups aspirations to contribute for the welfare of the
people & the society at a large.
1.4.2 Quality policy
Zydus Cadila is committed to develop manufacture & distribute products that meet
the highest standary of quality standards of quality of both National & International level.
Zydus Cadila compile with Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) in all its
products & services.
Zydus Cadila shall ongoing endeavor to improve upon the quality there by adding
value to the products & enhancing customer satisfaction.
Zydus Cadila believes that quality is achieved thought conscious team efforts of all
the personnel, individually, & collectively.
Zydus Cadila is ―Dedicated to Life‖ & quality is a way of life of Zydus Cadila.
1.4.3 Vision:
Zydus Cadila shall be a leading global healthcare provider with a robust product pipeline &
sales of over $1 bn by 2010; we shall achieve sales of over $3 bn by 2015 & be a research –
based pharmaceutical company by 2020.
15
1.4.4 Mission:
 In all its dimensions our world is shaped by a passion

 For innovation, commitment to partners & concern for people in an effort to create
healthier communities globally.
1.4.5. HR Philosophy:
―We Build People to Build Our Business‖
1.4.6. Our Care Value:
C – Competence Building
A – Adapt to new environment
R – Respect Human Value
E – Empower, Enrich & Excel
1.5. Zydus Vaxxicare:

“Vaccine Business of Cadila Healthcare Limited”
We are at the forefront of protection against Vaccine Preventable Diseases. We are proud to
announce the launch of India‘s first indigenously manufactured H1N1 vaccine. Launch of
this indigenously manufactured H1N1 Vaccine has proven capabilities of India to the Global
community in Researching, Developing and Manufacturing of Safe and efficacious vaccines.
Blue print of growth of Zydus vaxxicare business:
 Capitalize on existing strengths to drive growth In domestic market

 Regulate vaccine markets – in India
 Expand vaccine business in India.
 Partnering with Health Care Practitioners to protect against various diseases.
 Creating awareness among the doctors and public.
 Entering in the market of the potential vaccine like typhoid,MMR Vaccine.
16
Sr. No Name of Personal Designation
1 Mr. Tony Parmar Vice President
2 Mr. D P Mishra Marketing Manager
3 Mr. Santosh Pandey Deputy Manager
4 Mr. Santosh Menon Admin. Manager
5 Mr. Mahesh Bhuta Sales Manager
6 Mr. Shushil Singh Sales Manager
7 Mr. Utsav Shah Executive
17
CHAPTER 2
INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
18
―The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story providing employment for millions
and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of
this sub-continent.‖
2.1. INTRODUCTION:
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the fast growing sectors of the Indian economy
and has made rapid strides over the years. From being an import dependent industry in the
1950s, the industry has achieved self-sufficiency and gained global recognition as a producer
of low cost high quality bulk drugs and formulations. Leading Indian companies have
developed infrastructure in over 60 countries including developed markets like USA and
Europe. In the last few years, several pharmaceutical companies have demonstrated that they
possess the ability to engage in commercially viable research and development activities and
become significant players in the international market.
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the largest and most advanced among the
developing countries. It manufactures a wide range of basic drugs and pharmaceuticals,
covering several therapeutic regimes including antibiotics, antibacterial, steroids, harmones,
vaccines, herbal preparations etc.
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is capable of meeting about 70% of the country's
requirement of bulk drugs and almost the entire demand for formulations. The setting up of
the penicillin factory at Pimpri, Pune in early 1950s and the construction of Indian drugs and
pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL) plants at Rishikesh and Hyderabad in the early 1960s have
been milestones in the history of the pharmaceutical industry in the country. These have been
the building blocks on which the structure of the pharmaceutical industry in India has been
built. The public sector investment in the pharmaceutical industry has been the engine of
growth for the industry as a whole in the last three decades.
At the beginning of the Eighth Plan, there were about 14,000 units producing bulk drugs and
formulations. This number has increased substaintially since then. Mote than 30% of the
production of bulk drugs and formulations has increased from Rs. 2.400 million and Rs.
12,000 million respectively in 1980-81 to Rs. 21,860 million and Rs. 104,940 million
respectively in 1996-97. Exports of bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals increased from Rs. 1610
million in 1983-84 to Rs. 26,810 million in 1996-97.
19
Apart from IDPL there are four other public sector units manufacturing drugs and
pharmaceuticals in India; Hindustan Antibiotics Limited, Bengal Chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals Limited, Smith Stanstreet Pharmaceuticals Limited and Bengal Immunity
Limited. As these units have been making losses owing to outmoded technology, excessive
work force, high overheads, weak marketing setups, excessive reliance on institutional
savings etc. They are being restructured through revival packages by the Government and are
expected to turn around during the Ninth Plan.
The Indian Government in 1994 announced the new drug policy. Under this policy, industrial
licensing has been done away with. A new Drug Price Control Order was announced in 1995
reducing the number of drugs under price control to 76 from the earlier 142. Though a series
of liberalization measures, the drugs and pharmaceuticals industry has registered a higher
growth and the country has emerged as a net exporter of drugs during the Eighth Plan period.
The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research has been set up at Mohali
near Chandigarh. This institute has been declared as a centre of excellence and is expected to
fill a major gap in the area of pharmaceutical education, research and training. A new
program for promoting R&D in drugs and pharmaceutical sector was initiated during the
Eighth Plan. The thrust of drugs R&D in the Ninth Plan would be on developing new drug
molecules through basic and applied research from which industry-institutional linkages
would be strengthened, apart from pursuing the objective of effective and efficient computer-
aided discoveries, setting up of specialized laboratories and adoption of good manufacturing
and clinical practices. R&D efforts in the area of tropical diseases, in particular, would be
encouraged. A number of R&D programmes have accordingly been identified for being
taken up in a coordinated manner in the national; laboratories, public sector undertakings and
private sector units. Development of sophisticated formulations such as slow release forms,
advanced drug delivery systems, R&D in the area of biotechnology by an understanding of
DNA replication mechanism related to the countries needs have been identified as immediate
priorities.
20
2.2. A DETAILED OVERVIEW
WORLD SCENARIO
The world market for the pharmaceuticals was valued at US $ 250 billion in 1994 and it is
expected to reach US $ 350 billion in the year 2000.
Estimated at 538 million, the world‘s population in 1991 was 11% larger than in 1985 and
almost 21% larger than a decade ago.
The USA, European Unions and Japan are the biggest markets for drug formulations (USA
30 billion, E.U. 40 billion, Japan 31 billion in 1992).
All new drugs are marketed first in one of these countries. The introductory prices are thus,
related to the average per capita income of these countries and are generally out of reach of
developing countries.
The Pharmaceutical market worldwide, valued at US $ 247.9 billion in 1994 is forecast to

grow to US$ 342 billion by 1999 representing a compounded annual growth rate of 7.1%.
As per US FDA, of the 348 new drugs placed in the market in the 80‘s by top 25 drug
companies 91 (26%) were new molecules. Even of these, 60 were classified under ―C‖
category. This means, only 10% of the drugs introduced in 80‘s offered significant
therapeutic gains over the existing drugs.
In the USA and Japan together constitute 45% sale on non-communist world pharmaceutical
market. The 50 largest companies produced 66% of the world output of drugs and
pharmaceuticals, and also supply 50% of the pharmaceutical requirements of the developing
countries.
Among the world‘s largest 200 odd pharmaceutical firms, 50 are Japanese and 33 are US
firms. The world trade in pharmaceutics is also dominated by the developed countries,
which account for over 90% of world exports and about 70% of world‘s imports.
Though the imports of the developing countries are significant at 25% of total world
pharmaceutical imports, their exports account for barely 6 to 8%.
21
The market for bulk pharmaceutical chemicals are estimated at US $ 32 billion in 1994, is
expected to reach US$ 35 billion by 2000.
During the mid-nineties more than US $ 100 billion worth of mergers and acquisitions,
involving over 15 major companies have taken place worldwide.
The US market in generic, is growing at around 20% annually and will conservatively worth
about US $ 15 billion by the year 2000.
The estimated figure for the generic markets worldwide is about $ 25 to 30 billion. In the next
five years it is expected to increase $ 50 billion.
Globally, over the last 50 years, about 30% of the drugs have come from academic research
while 70% of drugs have been from the product of industrial research.
In Germany, more than 50% of the prescriptions are for Generics, though they account for
only 14% by value.
Worldwide, the business for OTC is estimated to be $ 44.8 billion and enjoys a market share
of 28% in the US, 15% in the European Union.
The worldwide pharmaceutical market in 1996 reached US$296.4 billion at ex- manufactured
prices, up by 4% over 1995. The highest growth was in North America and Latin America,
which posted figures of 12% and 8% respectively, while sales in Africa, Asia, and Australia
regions fell by 6%. Within North America US achieved 12% growth to US$ 98.6 billion,
while sales in Canada by 5% to US$ 4 billion.
In 1996, the Italian market grew at 11%, US at 10% and Indian market at 15.8%.
In the US, about 40 drugs worth $ 16 billion are set to lose patent by the end of 2002.
The world pharmaceutical market is expected to grow at compounded annual growth rate of
6.2% and expected to reach $ 378 billion in 2001. Southeast Asia and China are likely to see
the largest jump in market share during the period from 5% in 1997 to 7% in 2001.
The world exports of pharmaceutical has increased to US $ 14.4 billion in 1983 to US $ 35

billion in 1993 and is currently around US $ 50 billion giving a compounded annual growth
22
rate of around 13%. The world trade in pharmaceuticals is dominated by the developed
countries, which account for over 90% of the world‘s export.
The developing countries together accounted for only 5 to 7% of world pharmaceutical

exports; China, India, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea are the major exporters.
2.3. INDIAN SCENARIO
In India, medicines account for 2.5% in hospitalization and 0.5% in domiciliary treatment
cost.
India‘s exports of bulk actives and intermediates is expected to grow from the current level of
US $ 420 billion to about US$ 890 million in the year 2001.
The Indian Pharmaceutical market is expected to expand from the US$2.7 billion in 1995 to
US$ 5.8 billion (+ 16%) in 2001 and US$ 13.billion (+18% by 2006).
There could be sharp dip in the growth rate in the population in India, which is already down
to about 1.7% year and is projected to go down further to about 1.5% by the turn of the
century and to roughly 1% by2010.
OTC Pharmaceutical business is India is expected to jump from Rs.10 billion at present to
Rs.25 billion by 2002.
Indian‘s per capita expenditure for healthcare remains Rs.115.5 compared to the US
(Rs.6876.00) and Japan (Rs.14, 832).
In India the values for pharmaceutical production of bulk drugs and formulations in 1995-96
were US$499 million and US$ 2.5 billion respectively.
The Indian Pharmaceutical market ranks about 20th in the world and accounts for less than
1% of world market. It is expected by 2003; the market could be worth of $ 7-9 billion
(Rs.280 billion to Rs.360 billion).
India accounts for 6% of all bulk drugs export. There are about 250 large/medium units and
about 8000 small-scale units in operations, which form the core of the industry. There are
about 350 bulk drugs i.e. active pharmaceutical molecules having therapeutic values and used
23
for production of pharmaceuticals, which accounts for, majority of formulations produced in
the country.
During the year ending March 1998, pharmaceutical companies for various bulk drugs,
formulations and intermediates filed 265 IEMs. These IEMs are expected to generate
employment for about 19000 people and there would be an investment of approximately
Rs.4.1 billion on these projects. During the same period foreign investment proposal worth
approx. Rs.1.6 billion were approved.
Between August 1991 and March 1998, Gujarat received 5174 proposals for the projects and
topped the list in terms of value of investment, which was estimated to be Rs.1379 billion
during that period. Next to Gujarat was Maharashtra and other States receiving more than
5% of the investment proposal are Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab and Madhya Pradesh.
The top 12 companies in India together will have a turnover of around 50 billion in the
domestic market by 2005, or approximately 25% of industry turnover. About half a dozen
companies with a turnover of Rs.35 billion by 2005 will be able to spend about 8% of their
turnover on research.
2.4. INDIAN PHARMACEUTICALS WITH GLOBAL PERCEPTIVE
The Indian Pharma market is valued at US $ 4.5 bn, representing 1.6% of the global size and
growing at an average rate of 8-9%. However, the annual per capita drug expenditure is
amongst the lowest in the world.
India is now a self-sufficient country for its Pharma requirements. From simple headache
pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of
medicine is now made in the country. Infect more than 25% of formulations produced in the
country (US $ 3 bn) are exported.
Currently, only process patents are recognized in India. However, by virtue of India being a
member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and a signatory to the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) it is bound recognize product patents, latest by 2005. Thus the
country is committed to free market economy and globalization.
24
The process of consolidation, which is now, a generalized phenomenon in the global pharma
market has started in India too. The industry is witnessing a consolidation phase with Indian
pharma companies increasingly looking at stepping up growth by acquiring
companies/brands.
The drug price control order (DPCO) continues to be a menace for the industry. The pricing
authority arbitrarily sets prices of drugs that fall within its ambit without giving due
consideration even to the costs of production. This has made the profitability of the sector
susceptible to the whims of the pricing authority. Companies are resorting to aggressive
product launches to dilute DPCO effect. However, as per the recent budget proposal the
current list of 74 drugs under DPCO coverage would be reduced considerably to 29. This is
expected to increase profitability of companies having relatively older portfolios, particularly
MNC‘s.
The average R & D spend in India in-spite of growing at a CAGR of 18% over last five years
is just 1.9% of sales as against 9-10% spend by global pharma companies. Though miniscule
in comparison to global benchmarks, Indian companies are stepping up their research
activities to make themselves more self-sufficient in terms of product development ahead of
the year 2005 deadline. Companies like Dr. Reddy's and Ranbaxy have already achieved
reasonable measure of success in their R&D efforts.
Another peculiar feature of the domestic R&D initiative is a lack of facilities and resources to
develop a molecule conduct trials and then launch the product. Indian companies will thus
have to depend on their international peers to undertake the more expensive clinical trials and
product launches.
INDUSTRY SENARIO
The pharmaceutical industry comprises 20,053 manufacturing units and provides

employment to approximately 33 lakh people. The total production in the country in 1999-
2000 was Rs.19, 737 crores with formulations accounting for Rs.15,960 crores and bulk
drugs contributing Rs.3,777 crores. The total capital investment in the pharmaceutical
industry was Rs.2,500 crores with R&D expenditure being Rs.320 crores. The country‘s
exports stood at Rs.6,631 crores in 1999-2000, imports were Rs.3,441, a net surplus of
Rs.3,190 crores. (Source: OPPI)
25
The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70 per cent of the market with the market
leader having a share of around seven per cent. Over 60 per cent of India‘s bulk drug
production is exported and the balance is sold locally to other formulators. With more than 85
per cent of formulation production in the country sold in the domestic market, India is largely
self-sufficient in the case of formulations, even though some life saving, new generation,
under patent formulations continue to be imported, especially by MNCs.
GROWTH OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY (Rs.Crores)
1965-66 1980- 1997-98 1998-99 1999-

81 2000
Capital 140 500 1840 2150 2500.00
Investment
Production For 150 1200 12068 13878 15960.00

:
mula
tions
Bulk 18 240 2623 3148 3777.00

Drugs
Import 8.20 112.54 2868.00 3128.00 3441.00
Export 3.05 46.38 5353.00 5959.00 6631.00
R&D 3 14.75 220.00 260.00 320.00
Expenditure
Source: OPPI
26
India is one of top five manufacturers of bulk drugs in the world and is among the top 20
pharmaceutical exporters in the world. The industry manufactures almost the entire range of
therapeutic products and is capable of producing raw materials for manufacturing a wide
range of bulk drugs from the basic stage.
The government has taken measures to give impetus to domestic production of drugs and
formulations, creating an environment conducive for channelizing new investments into the
pharmaceutical sector. However, the industry and experts feel that time has come for the
government to announce new policy initiatives, particularly relating to the research and
development and pricing regime, in order to propel the industry into a new growth orbit as
well as to face the challenges of a WTO-led trading system and a TRIPS-driven product
patent environment.
Given a conducive policy environment, the R a Mashelkar committee report has set the
following targets for the industry by the year 2005:
Achieve five times of 1997-98 turnover (Rs.14,691 crores)
Attain cumulative dollar exports growth rate of 20 per cent per annum.
List at least 20 pharmaceutical companies in NASDAQ.
Attract atleast Rs.500 crores investment in new start-up R&D companies.
Attain three times increase from the 1997-98-market capitalization figure.
In the field of pharmaceutical R&D, the committee has set the following targets:
Attain investment in R&D of Rs.1000 crores per annum.
File ten new INDs annually.
File over 500 patents annually.
Export pharma R&D worth over Rs.200 crores per annum.
2.5. KEY PLAYERS
The Indian pharmaceutical industry comprises both MNCs as well as domestic companies.
While at one time, MNCs dominated the market; their market share has declined steadily
from 75 per cent in 1971 to about 35 per cent. In order to boost the domestic industry, the
27
government introduced process patents in the Indian Patent Act of 1970. Domestic pharma
companies were quick to take advantage of this and developed expertise in process
development and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. As a result Domestic companies had a
robust pipeline of products, large therapeutic width and depth and were able to provide
masses with the low priced quality pharmaceuticals.
Out of the ten top pharmaceutical companies in India, three are MNCs. The top ten
pharmaceutical companies operating in India are: (Rs.Crores)
Company Finance Year Net Sales PAT
Ranbaxy Laboratories Dec 1999 1559 193.58
Glaxo Limited Dec 1999 888.3 77.06
Wockhardt Dec 1999 841.72 104.55
Novartis March 2000 793.13 103.42
Cipla March 2000 704.28 133.06
Aurobindo Pharma March 2000 692.13 74.6
Lupine Laboratories March 2000 485.23 30.62
Hoechst Marrion Roussel March 2000 479.86 27.45
Cadila Healthcare March 2000 447.86 37.69
Dr Reddy’s Laboratories March 2000 436.01 60.24
Source : Prowess-CMIE
2.6. STRATEGIES AND TRENDS
Focus on R&D: Major Indian companies such as Ranbaxy, Dr Reddy‘s Laboratories,

Nicholas Piramal, Cipla, Lupin and Wockhardt are investing and concentrating on
R&D. The R&D activities of Indian companies are targeted both at New Drug
28
Discovery Research as well as Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS). Ranbaxy and
Dr Reddy‘s Laboratories have so far led the way.
Co-Marketing alliances: In order to increase market penetration and increase their

presence in select therapeutic segments, both domestic and multinational companies
have entered into product specific marketing arrangements. For instance, Ranbaxy has
entered into marketing alliances with Cipla, Glaxo and Hoechst and Nicholas Piramal
has tied up with Hoechst.
Product rationalization / brand and company acquisition: Domestic

pharmaceutical companies are following a two-pronged strategy. On one hand, they
are rationalizing their product portfolio by phasing out low volume products that do
not fit with their future strategy. On the other hand, they are scouting for brand
acquisitions and even company acquisitions in order to increase their therapeutic
reach and market penetration.
New product launches: Domestic companies are expanding their therapeutic reach
by launching new products in high margin segments, thereby increasing product
portfolio and increasing critical mass. However with the introduction of WTO led
product patents in 2005, domestic companies would lose their freedom to introduce
products in the market.
Expanding distribution network: Companies are increasing market penetration

through enhanced distribution channels, particularly in the rural markets. This will
increase the ambit of access to modern medicines as well as facilitate licensing of
products for MNCs in the post product patent regime.
Upgraded manufacturing facility: Increasingly companies are in the process of

upgrading their manufacturing facilities, adopt GMP standard and getting
international regulatory approvals from USFDA UKMCA. Approvals from these
agencies would facilitate export to developed countries.
Contract manufacturing: Companies are planning to set up contract manufacturing

and global sourcing bases for supplying bulk drugs and intermediates to MNCs.
Tapping international generic market: Companies are setting up subsidiaries

abroad and entering into strategic alliances to exploit long term opportunities in the
international generic market in the next five to ten years. They have started applying
for DMFs, product registrations and ANDAs worldwide.
29
Medium term strategy is to concentrate on products that are going off patent in the
next five to ten years. The long-term objective is to enter higher platform of drug
delivery systems & niche R&D.
2.7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
In a country where research and innovation have traditionally been neglected by domestic
industry, the pharmaceutical industry is realizing the importance of R&D. The successes
enjoyed by a few companies such as Ranbaxy and Dr Reddy‘s in the R&D field have shown
the way for others. Several Indian pharmaceutical companies including Cipla, Lupin,
Wockhardt, Nicholas Piramal and Torrent are today engaged in R&D activities.
Investment in pharmaceutical R&D has been rising steadily. From Rs.220 crores in 1997-98,
R&D expenditure rose to Rs.260 crores in 1998-99 and to Rs.320 crores in 1999-2000. This
figure is projected to jump up to Rs.1500 crores by 2005. At present, R&D spend accounts
for two per cent of the pharmaceutical industry‘s turnover. This is estimated to rise to five per
cent by 2005.
Notwithstanding the increase in R&D expenditure, the R&D spend of domestic industry will
remain a fraction of the amount invested by ORC‘s. Experts, however, point out that R&D
costs in India are much less than those in the developed world and it is possible to conduct
both New Drug Discovery Research and Novel Drug Delivery System programs at
competitive rates. The Investigational New Drug stage may cost $100 to 150 million overseas
but costs only around Rs.40 to 60 crores in India, says the Mashelkar Committee report. The
report adds that while clinical trials cost approximately $300 to 350 million abroad, they cost
about Rs.100 crores in India.
Apart from comparative cost advantage, Indian R&D efforts are also aided by the presence of
a well-established network of research laboratories and a skilled pool of scientific personnel.
These need to be leveraged and utilized in an effective manner. Greater collaboration
between Industry-Government and academia in this area is required to achieve this.
Most Indian companies realize that it will be difficult for them to commercialize their
discoveries on an international basis on their own. Therefore they are entering into licensing
deals and strategic alliances with international companies. This way their development costs
will get shared and returns will accrue faster.
30
R & D Expenditure:
Year ( Rs. Crores )
1998-81 14.75
1997-98 220.00
1998-99 260.00
1999-2000 320.00
R & D Expenditure as % of Sales 2.0%
Source: OPPI
2.7. EFFECT OF BUDGET
Although no significant policy initiatives have been announced for

pharmaceutical industry in Budget 2003, the long-term direction has
been set. The key benefits to the pharmaceutical sector are indirect,
with the industry gaining from concessions offered to the healthcare
industry as well as new medical insurance scheme for masses
announced by the finance minister.
 Income tax concessions to pharmaceuticals shall be at par.
 All drugs and materials imported or produced domestically for clinical trials exempt
from custom and excise duties.
31
2.8. Michel Porter’s Five Force Model
(1) Threat of New Entry:
 It is high due to tax patent low.

 Economies of scale are low as the cost of manufacture of reverse engineered product is
significantly less thereby making the threat of new entry is high.
 Product differentiation is neither available for bulk drugs nor is the customer brand
loyalties resulting in high threat to new entry.
(2) Intensity of Rivalry Among Existing Players:
 There are 20000 big and small players in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, which
indicates high level of competition and rivalry.
 As more and more products move from parented to generic category, rivalry is going to
intensify.
(3) Bargaining Power of Buyers:
 Bargaining power of the buyers as a group is low.

 For companies producing bulk drugs, the buyers are the companies producing
formulations which do exercise of bargaining.
(4) Bargaining Power of Suppliers:
 The raw material is chemicals in the form of active ingredients and compatible
substances and packaging materials whose suppliers exercise little bargaining power.
 Pharmaceuticals are in industry where the companies are hearily based on discovery of
new molecules and the commercial exploitation of the same. Therefore, the research
organization developing molecules can bargain with manufacturing companies to the
benefit of former.
(5) Threat of Substitute Product:
 The pharmaceutical industry is primarily allopathic. The alternative approaches are as

under.
32
AYURVEDA: An ancient Indian science, which uses herbal remedies.
UNANI: Having Chinese origin.
HOMEOPATHY: Founded by German physician.
In comparison of the above, allopathy are the most modern medical science and little threat
only received from methods of treatment?
2.9. Pharmaceutical Policy 2002:
The basic objectives of Government‘s Policy relating to the drugs and pharmaceutical sector
were enumerated in the Drug Policy of 1986. These basic objectives still remain largely valid.
However, the drug and pharmaceutical industry in the country today faces new challenges on
account of liberalization of the Indian economy, the globalization of the world economy and
on account of new obligations undertaken by India under the WTO Agreements. These
challenges require a change in emphasis in the current pharmaceutical policy and the need for
new initiatives beyond those enumerated in the Drug Policy 1986, as modified in 1994, so
that policy inputs are directed more towards promoting accelerated growth of the
pharmaceutical industry and towards making it more internationally competitive. The need
for radically improving the policy framework for knowledge-based industry has also been
acknowledged by the Government. The Prime Minister‘s Advisory Council on Trade and
Industry has made important recommendations regarding knowledge-based industry. The
pharmaceutical industry has been identified as one of the most important knowledge based
industries in which India has a comparative advantage.
OBJECTIVES:
The main objectives of this policy are:-
a. Ensuring abundant availability at reasonable prices within the country of good quality
essential pharmaceuticals of mass consumption.
b. Strengthening the indigenous capability for cost effective quality production and
exports of pharmaceuticals by reducing barriers to trade in the pharmaceutical sector.
c. Strengthening the system of quality control over drug and pharmaceutical production
and distribution to make quality an essential attribute of the Indian pharmaceutical
industry and promoting rational use of pharmaceuticals.
33
d. Encouraging R&D in the pharmaceutical sector in a manner compatible with the
country‘s needs and with particular focus on diseases endemic or relevant to India by
creating an environment conducive to channelising a higher level of investment into
R&D in pharmaceuticals in India.
e. Creating an incentive framework for the pharmaceutical industry which promotes new
investment into pharmaceutical industry and encourages the introduction of new
technologies and new drugs.
2.10. SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:
Cost Competitiveness
Well Developed Industry with Strong Manufacturing Base
Well Established Network of Laboratories and R&D infrastructure
Access to pool of highly trained scientists, both in India and abroad.
Strong marketing and distribution network
Rich Biodiversity
Competencies in Chemistry and process development.
Weaknesses:
Low investments in innovative R&D.
Lack of resources to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery Research and to
commercialize molecules on a worldwide basis.
Lack of strong linkages between industry and academia.
Lack of culture of innovation in the industry
Low medical expenditure and healthcare spend in the country
Inadequate regulatory standards
Production of spurious and low quality drugs tarnishes the image of industry at home
and abroad.
34
Opportunities:
Significant export potential.
Licensing deals with MNCs for NCEs and NDDS.
Marketing alliances to sell MNC products in domestic market.
Contract manufacturing arrangements with MNCs
Potential for developing India as a centre for international clinical trials
Niche player in global pharmaceutical R&D.
Threats:
Product patent regime poses serious challenge to domestic industry unless it invests in
research and development
R&D efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies hampered by lack of enabling

regulatory requirement. For instance, restrictions on animal testing outdated patent
office.
Drug Price Control Order puts unrealistic ceilings on product prices and profitability
and prevents pharmaceutical companies from generating investible surplus.
Export effort hampered by procedural hurdles in India as well as non-tariff barriers

imposed abroad.
Lowering of tariff protection
2.11. KEY ISSUES:
For India to emerge as a leader player in the knowledge era, the domestic pharmaceutical
industry must be encouraged to achieve its full potential. Several Indian pharmaceutical
companies have demonstrated in the last few years that they possess the capabilities to
successfully carry out financially rewarding research and development activities and become
significant players in the international market.
A conducive and facilitative policy environment will take the domestic pharmaceutical
industry to a higher growth orbit and enable it to face the challenges posed by a WTO led
trading system and TRIPS driven intellectual property right regime. In recent times,
government has set up a few committees comprising both official and industry
35
representatives to suggest measures for framing a conducive policy environment but industry
is dissatisfied at the pace of the implementation of these recommendations.
Price Control:
One of the biggest issues facing the Pharma industry relates to the price control regime. The
objective of price control was to ensure adequate availability of quality medicines at
affordable prices. While this is a laudable objective, the price control system restricts
domestic companies from generating investible surpluses.
The product patent regime will make it obligatory for Indian companies to invest in R&D if
they want to survive. Similarly, the WTO led global trading system will result in import
tariffs coming down. For Indian companies to compete with cheap imports, they will have to
invest in cost-effective and high quality technology and processes.
Therefore, the onset of both the product patent regime as well as tariff reduction will make
the requirement for investible surpluses more important than ever before. In this context, a
liberalized price control regime becomes even more important.
Research and Development:
R&D costs in India are much less than that in the developed world and both New Drug
Discovery Research and New Drug Delivery Systems programmes can be conducted at very
competitive rates. India also has a well-established network of research labs and a strong pool
of skilled scientific personnel. The success of a few companies in this area has also
demonstrated to the rest of the industry that investments in R&D can yield handsome returns.
On the negative side, however, R&D activities in India are adversely impacted by lack of
financial resources, inadequate regulatory framework which relates to a host of issues such as
lab-testing of animals; outdated and inadequate patent office; long delays in getting required
approvals for conducting trials, to name a few problems.
Besides liberalization of the price control regime, the R A Mashelkar committee set up by the
government has proposed a series of recommendations to deal with these and other issues for
boosting R&D activities in the country. The report deals with a wide range of issues, such as
fiscal incentives and an appropriate R&D regulatory framework and its recommendations
should be expeditiously implemented to give an impetus to R&D activities. The
recommendation regarding exemption from price control of companies, which meet the five
standards specified by the committee, deserves special attention.
36
Exports:
India‘s pharmaceutical exports are currently in the region of $1.5 billion and the industry
feels they have the potential to grow at 20 per cent per year taking the overall export figure to
$4 billion by 2005. In the coming years, the patent of several blockbuster drugs will expire
and this will give Indian companies an opportunity to supply bulk drugs and formulations to
international markets. Besides liberalisation of the price control system and action on the
R&D front, which would stimulate the export effort of companies, procedural issues need to
be eased for boosting exports.
2.13. ACTION PLAN:
 Price Control
 R&D
 Regulatory
 Availability
(1) Price Control
Modify the existing Drug Policy Control Order and liberalise the drug policy regime
to give domestic pharmaceutical companies an opportunity to generate surpluses.
The current system of price control should be replaced by a simple, less intrusive, and
transparent system of macro management to cover only formulations. Price control of
bulk drugs has become unnecessary as imports are permitted freely. The span of
control should come down from the current 40%level to less than 15%. Under the
new pricing formula, the only criteria for keeping formulations of a drug under price
control should be "monopoly‘‘ or "inadequate competition.
(2) R & D
To promote investments in research and development, the government should exempt

amount received by Indian companies in consideration for the use of any research
based intellectual property rights such as invention, patent, design from tax, provided
this amount is utilised for the purpose of in-house research and development within a
period of five years.
37
Tax holiday benefit for ten years should be extended to new research and
development undertakings established by existing Indian companies having R&D as
one of their main objects and who are also engaged in the manufacture of research
based products.
Expenses incurred on regulatory approval including clinical trials and review of drugs
by the Food & Drug Control Authorities (worldwide, commonly known as regulatory
expenditure) should be covered for weighted deduction.
Duty free imports of R&D equipment and consumables.
Expedite implementation of Mashelkar Committee recommendations.
There is an urgent need to develop, notify and implement clear guidelines for all
stages of clinical trials. The guidelines should specify the time period for evaluation
of results by the concerned authority, beyond which the applicant will be deemed to
have been granted approval for the next phase. Delays in processing erode the patent
life of a product.
(3) Regulatory
At present, the infrastructure to deal with patent applications in the country is

woefully inadequate and needs to be upgraded. There is a need to increase the number
of patent offices and examiners in the country; modernise the patent offices and
provide training to the concerned officials to educate them about product patent
system and EMR.
(4) Availability
A system of ensuring affordable medicines to the needy by enlarging the scope of the
"sarvapriya‘‘ scheme could be evolved. Essential drugs for the Below the Poverty
Line (BPL) population could be dispensed at subsidised rates through the Primary
Health Care centres. The subsidy bill could be footed by the pharmaceutical industry.
38
CHAPTER 3
VACCINE MARKET
39
3.1 Why is it so Attractive
3.1.1 Big Pharma Upping Their Commitment to Vaccines
The big players in the vaccine world, e.g. GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur and Merck & Co,
are anticipating vaccines to become one of their major drivers of growth going forward. So
they are upping their commitment to the area. GSK Bio, GSK's vaccines arm, accounted for
8.4 percent of GSK's pharmaceutical turnover in 2006, reporting sales up 23 percent to US$
3.4 Billion. GSK Bio is set to become an increasingly important part of GSK's business and
has been transformed from a tiny company with one product and US$ 3 Million in revenues,
into a US$ 2 Billion behemoth with six vaccines in late-stage development GSK's vaccines
business has doubled in growth over the past five years and the company expects it to double
again over the coming five years.
Sanofi Pasteur, together with its European joint venture with Merck & Co, Sanofi Pasteur
MSD, is a leader in flu vaccines. In 2006, Sanofi Pasteur accounted for 8.9 percent of Sanofi-
Aventis ‗sales, up 22.7 percent to US$ 3.5 Billion (Sanofi Pasteur MSD reported sales of US$
914 Million, up 5.3 percent). Sanofi Pasteur is well-positioned for growth, as it has a
leadership position in influenza, meningitis and boosters, and is also strong in polio, pertussis
and Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b), with at least two major product launches anticipated
in these areas during 2007, notably Pentacelin the USA and Pentaxim in Mexico.
With regards to Merck & Co, the company expects the sales of its vaccines in 2007 to be in
the range of US$ 2.8 to 3.2 Billion, up from a figure of US$ 1.7 Billion in 2006 (an increase
of 73 percent on 2005). Merck in 2005/2006 launched three vaccines: Gardasil for cervical
Cancer/human papilloma virus, RotaTeq for childhood diarrhoea caused by rotavirus, and
Zostavax for shingles.Wyeth (now acquired by Pfizer in US$ 68 Billion), the fourth of the
'big five' (Novartis is the fifth), has been the originator of the first billion dollar vaccine, the
pneumococcal vaccine Prevnar: it had sales in 2006 and 2007 of US$ 1.9 Billion and US$ 2.4
Billion respectively peak sales in 2009 of more than US$ 3 billion have been predicted.
3.1.2 Vaccine 'Outsiders' Jumping Onto Bandwagon (Acquisitions by Big Pharma

Players)
Big drugs companies hope consolidation will solve their various problems: the lack of new
Blockbuster drugs coming through their research pipelines, looming competition from
generic drugs as patents expire, the global economic crisis and an over-dependence on sales
40
in America, where health-care reforms will squeeze margins. So, Pharma MNC‘s today are
either spending Millions of dollars in R&D to improve their vaccine pipelines or are investing
Billions in acquiring smaller vaccine players.
Pfizer‘s recent US$ 68 Billion acquisition of Wyeth can serve as the biggest example. Pfizer
Clearly reckons that greater scale is an answer not only to the slower growth in the industry
but also to the particular problems that it faces. Lipitor, a blockbusting cholesterol drug that
provides US$ 12 Billion in annual revenues, is set to go off patent in 2011. The pipeline of
replacements is not flowing with anything like the rate needed to plug the gap. Getting hold
of Wyeth would provide some protection: costs could be cut by bringing together research
budgets and by reducing vast overlapping marketing operations of the two firms.
Another Case study would be Merck‘s acquisition of Schering-Plough for US$ 41 Billion.
The
Main attraction of buying Schering-Plough is that Merck will, in one swoop, double (to 18)
the number of drugs it has in late-stage development. Merck will also bolster its international
and over-the-counter sales, both areas where Schering is strong (70 percent of its revenues
come from outside America).
Apart from the established vaccine players among big Pharma, other large companies have
Recently attempted to join the party. Novartis in 2005 bought Chiron. The transaction
positioned Novartis among the top five global vaccine makers with special expertise in the
growing area of flu vaccines. Novartis is now the second largest manufacturer of flu vaccines
and has created a fourth division in its healthcare sector focused on vaccines and diagnostics.
In October 2006, Pfizer agreed to acquire UK-based vaccine company PowderMed, a leader
in the development of DNA-based vaccines, its first foray into the area. Pfizer said that it was
"strategically committed" to the vaccines business. The PowderMed acquisition was just the
first step towards doing that. Pfizer plans to build its vaccines business through its internal
capabilities and external sourcing. PowderMed added several vaccines to Pfizer's pipeline,
including vaccines against influenza, HPV and hepatitis B.
Then in April 2007, AstraZeneca announced the acquisition of biological specialist company
Medimmune. Medimmune will inject vaccines into AstraZeneca's empire for the first time
the US biotech collects royalties from both Merck and GSK on sales of vaccines for HPV
(Gardasil and Cervix respectively) and has a number of vaccines in its early-stage pipeline.
Even established companies are increasing their focus on the area, with GSK in 2005 buying
both Corixa (a developer of innovative adjuvants) and ID Biomedical, the latter with the aim
of boosting its vaccines presence in the USA.
41
3.1.3 Several New Vaccines, Many with Blockbuster Potential
Several new vaccines, many with blockbuster potential, have been launched by the major
Players in recent years. GSK has Rotarix for gastroenteritis, launched in a number of
countries since 2005; Globorix, a conjugated vaccine for immunization against diphtheria,
pertussis, hepatitis B, Neisseria meningitides serogroups A and C, tetanus and Hib was filed
in Europe in March 2007; and a vaccine for H5N1 pandemic influenza was filed in January
2007. Cervical cancer vaccine Cervarix, filed in Europe, Latin America, Asia and Australia in
2006, and in the USA in March 2010. Cervarix is seen by many analysts as GSK's biggest
near-term pipeline opportunity, Merck & Co and sanofi pasteur's cervical cancer vaccine,
Gardasil, was launched in its first market, the USA, in June 2006 and has since been
introduced in several EU markets and Canada. "Gardasil will make a major impact on the
Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture during 2007. Menactra for meningitis: Menactra, first
launched in the US in March 2005, achieved sales of US$ 330 Million for 2006 and US$ 246
Million in the first half of 2007.
In 2008 Pravnar remained the top selling vaccine brand with sales of US$ 3 Billion followed
by Gardasil at US$ 2.8 Billion and GSK Hepatitis and Infantrix/Pediatrix Vaccines each with
sales of US$ 1.2 Billion each. Merck, GSK, Sanofi Aventis, Wyeth and Novartis were the top
five vaccine companies. More vaccines are likely to reach sales of US$ 1 Billion and more in
the next two years. FDA in 2008 approved 1 new vaccine (Rotarix)
Several recently launched vaccines like Rotarix and Menveo are likely to bring in sales of
over US$ 1 Billion within 2-3 years of launch. In R&D a follow up Prevanar from Wyeth
look very attractive. The market and sales data in 2008 provides once again strong support for
the R&D paradigm shift to biologic and within biologic towards human monoclonal
antibodies, vaccines, erythropoietin‘s, insulin‘s and interferons.
3.2 Worldwide Vaccine Market
The worldwide vaccines sales in 2008 was US$ 21 Billion as compared to US$ 18.4 Billion
in 2007.In percent terms it‘s a growth of 14.1 percent in 2008 compared to previous year
(2007).
By 2013 the worldwide vaccine market is expected to be achieving the figure of US$ 30.5
Billion.
42
By Sector – Vaccine Market
3.2.1 Influenza
Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally,
Lungs. Infection usually lasts for about a week, and is characterized by sudden onset of high
fever, aching muscles, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat and
rhinitis. The virus is transmitted easily from person to person via droplets and small particles
produced when infected people cough or sneeze. Influenza tends to spread rapidly in seasonal
epidemics.
Vaccination against influenza with an influenza vaccine is often recommended for high-risk
groups, such as children and the elderly, or in people that have asthma, diabetes, or heart
disease. The most common human vaccine is the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) that
contains purified and inactivated material from three viral strains. Typically, this vaccine
includes material from two influenza A virus subtypes and one influenza B virus strain.
The TIV carries no risk of transmitting the disease, and it has very low reactivity.
A vaccine formulated for one year may be ineffective in the following year, since the
influenza virus evolves rapidly, and different strains become dominant. Antiviral drugs can
be used to treat influenza, with neuraminidase inhibitors being particularly effective. The
influenza vaccine market was valued at US$ 2.9 Billion in 2008, and it is expected to reach
US$ 4.7 Billion by 2013 growing with a CAGR of 9.9 percent from 2008 to 2013.
3.2.2 Adult/Travel
As the globalization is increasing so as the need to travel from one place to another is also
increasing. With rising numbers of international travelers, the world travel vaccine market
future prospects seem very bright. Examples include vaccine for Typhoid Vaccines,Hepatitis.
A Vaccine, Rabies Vaccine, Japanese B Encephalitis Vaccine and Yellow Fever Vaccine.
The
adult/travel vaccines market was valued at US$ 1.8 Billion in 2008, and it is expected to
reach US$ 3.7 Billion by 2013 growing with a CAGR of 15.4 percent from 2008 to 2013.
3.2.3 Proprietary Pediatrics/Adolescent
Three proprietary products pneumococcal conjugate; meningococcal conjugate and varicella
dominate the proprietary pediatrics market. Most of this growth has come from the high
income countries purchasing new proprietary products. The proprietary products including
the Prevnar (a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine manufactured by Wyeth) is by far the fastest
growing segment. In 2000, the year of its introduction, sales of Prevnar reached nearly US$
43
500 Million and in 2007, it reached US$ 2.4 Billion making it the first vaccine to exceed US$
2 Billion in annual sales.
In 2008 worldwide market for proprietary pediatrics was US$ 3.6 Billion an increase of 22.2
percent from the previous year 2007. In addition a number of new vaccines currently under
trial expected to come in the market in 2 to 3 years will further boast the market. The
proprietary pediatrics market is expected to reach US$ 8.1 Billion by 2013.
3.2.4 Enhanced Pediatrics
Enhanced pediatric vaccines include Polio virus types 1, 2 and 3, Measles, Mumps, Rubella
(MMR), Hepatitis B, Varicella, Haemophilus influenza B (Hib), Diphtheria, Tetanus,
Pertussis (DTaP). They also include DTP with a cellular pertussis (DTaP) as a replacement
for the whole cell DTP (DTwP) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) as a replacement for
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Enhanced pediatric vaccines include several made in combination
with DTP, such as DTP-HepB+Hib.
Introducing a new enhanced pediatrics vaccine in the market requires a lot of money to be
spent on the R&D of enhanced pediatric vaccines. So for revenue generation they focus more
on high income markets such as U.S. and Europe for revenue generation. Moreover there are
fewer manufacturers for enhanced pediatrics compared to basic pediatric as most of the
vaccines are patented. The worldwide market for enhanced pediatrics in 2008 was US$ 4.2
Billion and it is expected to reach the figure of US$ 4.3 Billion by 2013.
3.2.5 Basic Pediatrics
The Basic pediatric vaccines are popular in under developed and developing countries. Since
these vaccines are manufactured by many manufacturers so they are less expensive, with
prices often less than US$ 0.20 per dose. Major basic pediatric vaccines include Diphtheria-
Tetanus-Pertussis with whole-cell Pertussis (DTwP), live Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and the
Measles vaccine. UN agencies (WHO, UNICEF etc.) representative of government
organization (in India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) NGO‘s (Red Cross, etc) are the
big customers of these vaccines.
However the basic fact is that the market for basic pediatrics is falling from US$ 833.3
Million in 2004 it is expected to reduce to US$ 606 Million by 2013. The major reasons for
this is that the most of these vaccines have lost their patents and are sold as low priced
generics in third world and developing countries. Moreover there newer and improved
versions of these vaccines are now available in the market.
44
3.4. Major Vaccine Cases, Market Sizes & Future Forecast
3.4.1 Pneumococcal Vaccines
Pneumococcal disease is caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia. There are
more than 90 different types of pneumococcal bacteria; however, only a few types account
for most of the serious diseases. Many people carry S. pneumonia in their throat or nose
without getting sick.
If the bacteria overcome body's natural defenses, then they can cause various diseases. The
most serious of these is meningitis, an inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain and
spinal cord. Pneumococcal meningitis is fatal in up to 26 percent of cases. Among people
who recover, it can cause permanent health effects, including brain damage and hearing loss.
Other diseases caused by S. pneumonia include bacteremia (blood poisoning), pneumonia
(lung infection), and otitis media (middle ear infections).
Pneumococcal disease is treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporins. In
recent years, certain strains of S. pneumonia have emerged that are resistant to one or more
commonly used antibiotics. This makes prevention of pneumococcal disease through
vaccination even more important.
Market Size of Pneumococcal Vaccines & Future Forecast
At present one product manufactured by Wyeth as the brand name Prevnar is available in the
market. In 2007 Prevnar sales surged 24 percent to US$ 2.4 Billion, making it the first
vaccine to exceed US$ 2 Billion in annual sales. It is estimated that over the next 10 years (by
2018) global immunization funding could be as much as US$ 8 Billion for new vaccines.
The major drivers for the growth of Pneumococcal vaccine is to come from 30 of the 72
GAVI countries expressed interest in introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine between
2008 and 2010. These countries are Benin, Burundi, the Republic of Congo, Rep. of Cote
d'Ivoire, Djibouti, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guyana, Honduras,
Indonesia.
3.4.2 Polio Vaccines
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis (or polio). The
first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk
on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The oral
vaccine
Number of Polio Cases (in 42 Countries)
The confirmed number of polio cases increases by 25.9 percent in 2008 compared to 2007.
45
However, in previous years polio cases has been decreased by 34.2 percent (2007) and
increased by merely 0.91 percent (2006).
Market Size of Polio Vaccines & Future Forecast
In 2004 the worldwide polio vaccine market was US$ 343 Million and it is expected to reach
the values between US$ 800 to US$ 1,000 Million in 2011.
3.4.3 Meningitis Vaccines
There are several causes of spinal meningitis. The two most common causes are bacteria and
viruses. There are a number of bacteria that can cause meningitis. Before the 1990s,
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, but new
vaccines being given to all children as part of their routine immunizations have reduced the
occurrence of invasive disease due to H. influenzae.
Today, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes of
bacterial meningitis. Just like with Hib, there are meningitis vaccines against some types of
N. meningitidis and many types of S. pneumoniae. There is a meningitis vaccine to prevent
meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The Hib meningitis vaccine is
recommended for children two months to five years of age. The Hib vaccine is also
recommended in people over the age of five with certain medical conditions. The Hib
meningitis vaccine is very safe and effective, with rare occurrences of side effects.
There are two meningitis vaccines (meningococcal vaccine) against N. meningitidis available
in the United States:
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been available since 1981.
Both meningitis vaccines can prevent four types of meningococcal meningitis, including two
of the three types most common in the United States (serogroup C, Y, and W-135) and a type
that causes epidemics in Africa (serogroup A). Meningococcal meningitis vaccines cannot
prevent all types of the disease. But they do protect many people who might become sick if
they didn't get the meningitis vaccine.
Market Size of Meningitis Vaccines & Future Forecast
United States is the most potential market for the Meningitis vaccine since strains C and Y
are major causes of disease in children less than two years of age. According to an estimate
meningitis market is expected to increase from the value of US$ 0.28 Million in 2004 to US$
1.1 to 1.5 Million by 2010.
46
3.4.4 Rotavirus Vaccines
A rotavirus vaccine protects children from rotaviruses, which are the leading cause of severe
diarrhoea among infants and young children. Each year more than 500,000 children die from
diarrhoeal disease caused by rotavirus, and another two million are hospitalised. Most deaths
occur in developing countries, where access to treatment is limited; however, nearly every
child in the world will suffer an episode of diarrhea caused by rotavirus before age five.
In 2006 two live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines were licensed for prevention of severe
acute gastroenteritis in children: Rotarixtrade mark (GSK), a human rotavirus vaccine with
serotype characteristics and RotaTeqtrade mark (Merck), a bovine-human reassortant vaccine
expressing human antigens. In prelicensure trials both vaccines showed high efficacy against
severe RV gastroenteritis, low reactogenicity and no increased risk for intussusception (IS)
Both vaccines have now been distributed in Millions of doses. Post-marketing data have not
shown any gross signal for IS with either vaccine.
Number of Rotavirus Cases (in 27 Countries)
Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalization among children worldwide.
Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and fever leading to rapid dehydration. Rotavirus
is responsible for the deaths of an estimated 600,000 children worldwide each year, 80
percent of whom live in developing countries. Rotavirus causes nearly 2 million
hospitalizations each year. In Asia, up to 45 percent of the children hospitalized for diarrhea
are infected with rotavirus. Rotavirus is found in all countries. Almost every child in the
world will suffer at least one infection by the time he or she is 3 years old.
Market Size of Rotavirus Vaccines & Future Forecast
It has been estimated that the rotavirus vaccine market will be worth US$ 2.5 Billion by
2010, primarily driven by high demand for rotavirus vaccines in the developed world. The
support for immunization of Millions of new infants is to prevent the hospitalization cost
burden,which is estimated to be one Billion dollars per year in the U.S. According to another
estimate by GSK the rotavirus vaccine market is expected to be in between US$ 1.8 Billion to
US$ 2.4 Billion by 2010.
3.4.5 Tuberculosis (TB) Vaccines
Each year, Tuberculosis (TB) kills approximately two Million people according to the World
Health Organization (WHO). In 2006 there were an estimated 1.5 Million deaths from TB in
HIV-negative people and 0.2 Million among people infected with HIV. While the disease
occurs throughout the world, developing nations are hit hardest by the pandemic. Beyond the
47
tremendous loss of human life, tuberculosis limits economic growth in the poorest countries
by striking working people in their most productive years of life.
Prevention is vital to the fight against TB. There is a profound need for new vaccines both in
developing countries, where TB is endemic, and in industrialized countries, which face an
emerging threat of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The current TB vaccine known as
BCG – used extensively throughout the world has limited efficacy. At best, the BCG vaccine
is 80 percent effective in preventing tuberculosis for duration of 15 years; however, its
protective effect appears to vary according to geography. Existing therapies are decades old,
require months of costly treatment, and can fail to eliminate the infection.
Vaccine research and development, however, is progressing. Today, there are about a dozen
TB vaccine candidates under development, with several candidates undergoing human
clinical trials. Increased industry involvement is necessary to build on the scientific progress
of these candidates and ensure that new vaccines are ultimately successful.
Number of Tuberculosis Cases
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and
Africa. Worldwide, 9.2 Million new cases and 1.7 Million deaths from TB occurred in 2006,
of which 0.7 Million cases and 0.2 Million deaths were in HIV-positive people.
There were an estimated 9.2 Million new cases of TB in 2006 (139 per 100 000 population),
including 4.1 Million new smear-positive cases (45 percent of the total) and 0.7 Million
HIVpositive cases (8 percent of the total). This is an increase from 9.1 million cases in 2005,
due to population growth. India, China, Indonesia, South Africa and Nigeria rank first to fifth
respectively in terms of absolute numbers of cases. The African Region has the highest
incidence rate per capita (363 per 100 000 population).
Market Size of Tuberculosis Vaccines & Future Forecast
The expected returns for three vaccine profiles: a replacement for the existing vaccine (―BCG
replacement‖), a booster given to individuals already vaccinated with existing BCG vaccines
(―booster vaccine‖), and a combination of the two vaccines the BCG-replacement vaccine
administered at birth and a booster vaccine given at ten-year intervals (―prime-boost
strategy‖).
3.4.6.BCG replacement vaccine (prime): The estimated annual global market for a
BCGreplacement vaccine administered at birth is approximately US$ 400 Million at market
Peak, representing nearly 50 Million doses per year. High-income markets would
Generate half the global revenue.
Booster vaccine: The estimated peak annual market for a booster vaccine
48
Administered in infancy and at ten-year intervals is more than US$ 700 Million based on
60 Million Doses, with high-income markets driving most of the revenue.
Prime-boost strategy: A combination of the two new vaccines in a prime-boost
Strategy may be required to achieve optimum protection. The estimated peak annual
Market for a prime-boost combination approaches US$ 900 Million from more than 100
Million doses. Most of the demand comes from high-income markets and private
Markets in low- and middle-income countries.
3.4.7 Measles, Mumps & Rubella (MMR) Vaccines
The MMR vaccine is a mixture of three live attenuated viruses, administered via injection for
immunization against measles, mumps and rubella (also called German measles). It is
generally administered to children around the age of one year, with a second dose before
starting school (i.e. age 4/5). The second dose is not a booster; it is a dose to produce
immunity in the small number of persons (2-5 percent) who fail to develop measles immunity
after the first dose.
In the United States, the vaccine was licensed in 1971 and the second dose was introduced in
1989. It is widely used around the world; since introduction of its earliest versions in the
1970s, over 500 Million doses have been used in over 60 countries. As with all vaccinations,
Long-term effects and efficacy are subject to continuing study. The vaccine is sold by Merck
as M-M-R II, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals as Priorix, Serum Institute of India as Tresivac,
and Sanofi Pasteur as Trimovax.
Number of Measles, Mumps & Rubella Cases
The total number of measles cases reported by 2007 is 280.7 Thousand; it is 24.9 percent less
than the previous year (2006). West Pacific Region and African Region reported the highest
and second highest cases in 2007.
The total number of mumps cases reported by 2007 is 408.2 Thousand; it is 36.5 percent less
than the previous year (2006). West Pacific Region and American Region reported the
highest and second highest cases in 2007.
3.4.8 DTP Vaccines
DTP is a mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping
Cough) and tetanus. Current versions of DTP in Europe do not contain preservatives; older
ones contained Thiomersal. In the Netherlands, the acronym DTP is used as well, but
differently. In that country, DTP refers to a mixture of diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis
vaccines, whereas DKTP refers to a mixture of diphtheria, pertussis ("kinkhoest"), tetanus
and poliomyelitis vaccines.
49
Number of Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Cases
Diphtheria
The total number of Diphtheria cases reported in 2007 is 4,273 it is 7.4 percent more than the
previous year (2006). South East Asian Region reported the highest case in 2007.
Pertussis
The total number of Pertussis cases reported in 2007 is 161.8 Thousand; it is 34.9 percent
more than the previous year (2006). South East Asian Region and European Region reported
the highest and second highest cases in 2007.
Tetanus
The total number of Tetanus cases reported in 2007 is 19.8 Thousand; it is 35.6 percent more
than the previous year (2006). South East Asian Region and African Region reported the
highest and second highest cases in 2007.
Market Size of DTP Vaccines
The total market for DTP combos, in 2004 was US$ 190 Million with GSK having US$ 89.3
Million (47 percent) market.
3.4.9 Hepatitis B Vaccines
Hepatitis B is a disease caused by hepatitis B virus which infects the liver of hominoidae,
including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. Originally known as "serum
hepatitis", the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in
China. About a third of the world's population, more than 2 Billion people have been infected
with the hepatitis B virus. This includes 350 Million chronic carriers of the virus.
Transmission of hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids
containing blood.
The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and rarely death. Chronic
hepatitis B may eventually cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer a fatal disease with very poor
response to current chemotherapy. The infection is preventable by vaccination.
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection.
The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
A course of three vaccine injections are given with the second injection at least one month
after the first dose and the third injection given six months after the first dose. Afterward an
immune system antibody to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known
as anti-HBsAg. This antibody and immune system memory then provide immunity to
hepatitis B infection.
Percent of Hepatitis B Vaccine Immunization
50
Hepatitis B vaccine for infants was introduced in 171 countries (169 in the entire country;
India and Sudan in parts of the country) by the end of 2007, up from 164 countries in 2006.
Global coverage is estimated at 65 percent and is as high as 88 percent in the Americas. This
contrasts with 30 percent in the South-East Asia Region. The African Region has reached 69
percent in 2007, compared to 48 percent in 2006.
Market Size of Hepatitis B Vaccines & Future Forecast
The worldwide market for hepatitis B vaccine was US$ 1.04 Billion in 2005 and it is
expected to reach the figure of US$ 2.10 Billion by 2010. Europe and the Asia Pacific region
represent 40 percent but is expected to increase due to rising awareness of hepatitis B and
increased public health expenditure in countries like China and India.
3.4.10 Malaria Vaccines

Malaria is a tropical disease of major global health significance. There are approximately 300
to 500 Million cases each year and around 2 to 3 Million deaths. Most of these deaths are in
children aged 1 to 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, making it the biggest single infectious killer of
children in the world.
Malaria is caused by several species of the parasite Plasmodium these are P. falciparum,
P.vivax (these first two cause most of the vast number of clinical cases of malaria), P.
malariae and P. ovale. The research work of our group concentrates on P. falciparum as this
is the type that leads to the majority of malaria deaths. The Plasmodium parasite is spread to
humans by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
These mosquitoes breed in areas where there is stagnant water such as swamps and during
the rainy seasons of African countries. Unfortunately, the problem of malaria is getting worse
as the mosquitoes that transmit the disease are becoming resistant to insecticides and the
parasites themselves are becoming increasingly resistant to the drugs used to treat the disease.
Vaccines for malaria are under clinical trials in many countries and by 2010 it is expected
that first vaccine will be launched.
Number of Malaria Cases
The total number of Malaria cases reported in 2007 is 88.6 Million; it is 2.3 percent more
than the previous year (2006). African Region reported the highest cases in 2007.
Market Size of Malaria Vaccines Market Future Forecast
The vaccine for malaria is schedule to launch in between 2010 to 2011. In beginning (2012)
Malaria will be available only for armed forces costing US$ 30 per dose. The demand from
51
private market is expected to begin from 2013 costing US$ 15 per dose. Finally in 2015 when
the malaria vaccine becomes more affordable costing US$ 7 per dose public market demand
will begin. Malaria public market share revenue increases from 43 percent in 2015 to 77
percent in 2025.
3.4.11 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines

Japanese encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus.
The Japanese encephalitis virus is a virus from the family Flaviviridae. Domestic pigs and
wild birds are reservoirs of the virus; transmission to humans may cause severe symptoms.
One of the most important vectors of this disease is the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
This disease is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Far East. The infection is
preventable by vaccination.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used against Japanese encephalitis. Until now, an
inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (JE-VAX®), licensed in the US, Canada, Israel and
Australia, has been used as the principal vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. This vaccine
is administered in three doses.
A new vaccine, the Japanese encephalitis vaccine IC-51 (IXIARO®), has been developed by
Intercell. IXIARO® is based on an inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus strain,
manufactured in cultured Vero cells. IXIARO® is approved in Australia and is currently
awaiting marketing approval in the US, Canada and Switzerland; in the European Union, it
has received a positive opinion from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
of the European Medicines Agency.
Number of Japanese Encephalitis Cases
The total number of Japanese encephalitis cases reported in 2007 is 8.04 Thousand; it is 18
percent more than the previous year (2006). South East Asian Region and West Pacific
Region reported the highest and second highest cases in 2007
Market Size of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines & Future Forecast
Japanese encephalitis disease is more prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Far East. So the
growth of Japanese encephalitis vaccine market depends much on the international travelers
traveling to Japanese encephalitis regions. Worldwide Japanese encephalitis vaccine market
in 2004 was US$ 146.3 Million and it is expected to reach the figure of US$ 405.1 Million by
2012.
52
From the year 2004 to 2008 Japanese encephalitis vaccine market has grown with a single
digit growth rate. But from 2009 to 2012 it is expected that the percentage growth rate will be
in the double digit.
3.4.12 West Nile Vaccines
West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae. Part of the Japanese encephalitis
(JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. It mainly
infects birds, but is known to infect humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks,
squirrels, and domestic rabbits. The main route of human infection is through the bite of an
infected mosquito.
West Nile virus is named after the West Nile district of Uganda where the disease was
discovered in 1937, West Nile virus infection can lead to mortality in humans and animals by
causing a fatal form of encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain. It is estimated that 20
percent of the people who become infected with West Nile virus will develop West Nile
fever. Persons over 50 years of age have the highest risk of developing a severe disease, such
as meningitis, an inflammation of the membrane around the brain and the spinal cord, or
encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain.
Number of West Nile Cases
Since 1999 when it was first detected in the US, the West Nile virus has spread across the
entire continental United States, causing 27,240 cases and 1,054 deaths.
Market Size of West Nile Vaccines & Future Forecast

Currently there is no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to protect humans against West
Nile virus. However several companies are trying to make vaccines for the disease.
According to an estimate the market for west Nile vaccine will be US$ 400 to 500 Million in
2010.
3.4.13 Ebola Vaccines
Ebola is the common term for a group of viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family
Filoviridae, which cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The disease can be deadly and
encompasses a range of symptoms, usually including vomiting, diarrhea, general body pain,
internal and external bleeding, and fever. Mortality rates are generally high, ranging from 50
percent to 90 percent, with the cause of death usually due to shock or multiple organ failure.
Ebola is transmitted primarily through bodily fluids and to a limited extent through skin and
mucous membrane contact. The virus interferes with the endothelial cells lining the interior
surface of blood vessels and platelet cells. As the blood vessel walls become damaged and the
53
platelets are unable to coagulate, patients succumb to shock. Ebola first emerged in 1976 in
Zaire. It remained largely obscure, however, until 1989 with the outbreak in Reston, Virginia.
Number of Ebola Cases

Ebola has appeared sporadically since it was first identified in 1976. According to the World
Health Organization, approximately 1,850 cases with over 1,200 deaths have been
documented since the Ebola virus was discovered.
Market Size of Ebola Vaccines & Future Forecast
It is expected that by 2011 Ebola vaccine will come to market. At that time its global market
size is estimated to be US$ 100 Million in which US government contracts would be worth of
US$ 90 Million approximately for every 2 years.
3.4.14 Cervical Cancer Vaccines

Cervical cancer is malignant cancer of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with
vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages.
Treatment consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and
radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.
Pap smear screening can identify potentially precancerous changes. Treatment of high grade
changes can prevent the development of cancer. In developed countries, the widespread use
of cervical screening programs has reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 50
percent or more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all
cases of cervical cancer. HPV vaccine effective against the two strains of HPV that cause the
most cervical cancer has been licensed in the U.S. and the EU. These two HPV strains
together are currently responsible for approximately 70 percent of all cervical cancers. Since
the vaccine only covers some high-risk types, women should seek regular Pap smear
screening, even after vaccination.
Number of Cancer & Cervical Cancer Cases

The total number of Cancer cases reported worldwide in 2007 is 12.3 Million. Eastern Asia
and North America reported the highest and second highest cases in 2007.
Market Size of Cervical Cancer Vaccines & Future Forecast
The two cervical vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) are offering a novel treatment option,
these cervical cancer vaccines have high market potential in terms of revenues. Both vaccines
54
are considered potential blockbusters by analysts, though Merck (Gardasil) has an advantage
in getting its vaccine on the market first. The market for cervical cancer vaccines in 2007 was
US$ 1.6 Billion and it is expected to reach the figure of US$ 7.0 Billion by 2010.
3.4.15 Typhoid Vaccines
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by
the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by
the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person. The bacteria
then perforate through the intestinal wall and are phagocytosed by macrophages. Salmonella
Typhi then alters its structure to resist destruction and allow them to exist within the
macrophage. This renders them resistant to damage by PMN's, complement and the immune
response. The organism is then spread via the lymphatics while inside the macrophages. This
gives them access to the reticuloendothelial system and then to the different organs
throughout the body. The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is motile due to its
peritrichous flagella. The bacteria grows best at 37 °C/99 °F – human body temperature.
Typhoid vaccine is a vaccine used against typhoid.
Types include:
Number of Typhoid Cases

Worldwide, the typhoid is much more significant every year there is 13 to 17 Million cases,
with an estimated 600,000 deaths.
Market Size of Typhoid Vaccines & Future Forecast
Typhoid is endemic in many developing countries, putting countless international travelers
and families who visit these nations at risk. The global travelers market was worth US$ 130
Million in 2003, and is expected to increase to US$ 200 Million by 2014.
3.5 Indian Vaccine Market

Multinational pharmaceutical companies are now seriously looking at the Indian vaccine
Market. MSD pharmaceuticals, Zydus vaxxicare, Glaxo-SmithKline (GSK), Novartis and
Pfizer are some of the
Companies that want to be part of this story. From the figure of US$ 900 Million in 2006 the
vaccine market is expected to cross US$ 2.5 Billion by 2013. Indian vaccine market with the
projected compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of at least 16 percent, the industry will be
55
the fastest growing in the therapy segment. Factors such as increasing public and private
health care spending, awareness among growing middle class Indians regarding more
infectious and chronic diseases are going to drive the vaccine market in India.
56
CHAPTER 4
FLU
57
4.1 Introduction
Influenza is a viral infection of the lungs characterized by fever, cough, and severe muscle
aches. In the elderly and infirm, it is a major cause of disability and death (often as a result of
secondary infection of the lungs by bacteria). Even in the young and healthy, influenza
produces a prostrating disease of a few days duration and one not soon forgotten.
Influenza is not
a case of low fever and sniffles that keeps you home in bed for a day
a gastrointestinal upset ("stomach flu")
Influenza was responsible for the most devastating plague in human history — the "Spanish"
flu that swept around the world in 1918 killing 675,000 people in the U.S. and an estimated
20–50 million people worldwide. (A disease that attacks a large fraction of the population in
every region of the world is called a pandemic.) (It is uncertain where the flu first appeared,
but it certainly wasn't in Spain.)
No one at the time even knew what disease agent was causing the pandemic. Not until 1930
(in pigs) and 1933 (in humans) was it established that
influenza is caused by a virus.
This electron micrograph (courtesy of Dr. K. G. Murti)

shows several influenza virus particles (at a
magnification of about 265,000x). The surface
projections are molecules of hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase (see below).
There are three types of influenza:
Influenza C
Common but seldom causes disease symptoms.
58
Influenza B
ften causes sporadic outbreaks of illness, especially in residential communities like

nursing homes.
Influenza A
Responsible for regular outbreaks, including the one of 1918. Influenza A viruses also
infect domestic animals (pigs, horses, chickens, ducks) and some wild birds.
4.2 The Influenza A Virus
The influenza A virion is
a globular particle (about 100 nm in

diameter)
sheathed in a lipid bilayer (derived from

the plasma membrane of its host)
Studded in the lipid bilayer are two
integral membrane proteins

o some 500 molecules of hemagglutinin ("H") and
o some 100 molecules of neuraminidase ("N")
Within the lipid bilayer are
o some 3000 molecules of matrix protein
o 8 pieces of RNA
Each of the 8 RNA molecules is associated with
many copies of a nucleoprotein

several molecules of the three subunits of its RNA polymerase
59
The Genes of Influenza A
The 8 RNA molecules:
1. The HA gene. It encodes the hemagglutinin. 3 distinct hemagglutinin, H1, H2, and H3)
are found in human infections; 13 others have been found in animal flu viruses.
2. The NA gene. It encodes the neuraminidase. 2 different neuraminidases (N1 and N2)
have been found in human viruses; 7 others in other animals.
3. The NP gene encodes the nucleoprotein. Influenza A, B, and C viruses have different
nucleoproteins.
4. The M gene encodes two proteins (using different reading frames of the RNA): a matrix
protein (M1 — shown in blue) and an ion channel (M2) spanning the lipid bilayer (not
shown).
5. The NS gene encodes two different non-structural proteins (also by using different
reading frames). These are found in the cytosol of the infected cell but not within the virion
itself.
6. one RNA molecule (PA, PB1, PB2) for each of the 3 subunits of the RNA polymerase
The Disease
The influenza virus invades cells of the respiratory passages.
Its hemagglutinin molecules bind to sialic acid residues on the glycoproteins exposed
at the surface of the epithelial cells of the host respiratory system.
The virus is engulfed by receptor mediated endocytosis.
The drop in pH in the endosome (endocytic vesicle) produces a change in the
structure of the viral hemagglutinin enabling it to
fuse the viral membrane with the vesicle membrane.
This exposes the contents of the virus to the cytosol.
The RNA enter the nucleus of the cell where fresh copies are made.
These return to the cytosol where some serve as mRNA molecules to be translated
into the proteins of fresh virus particles.
Fresh virus buds off from the plasma membrane of the cell (aided by the
neuraminidase) thus
spreading the infection to new cells.
The result is a viral pneumonia. It usually does not kill the patient (the 1918 pandemic was an
exception; some victims died within hours) but does expose the lungs to infection by various
60
bacterial invaders that can be lethal. Before the discovery of the flu virus, the bacterium
Hemophilus influenzae was so often associated with the disease that it gave it its name.
Pandemics and Antigenic Shift

Three pandemics of influenza have swept the world since the "Spanish" flu of 1918.
The "Asian" flu pandemic of 1957;

the "Hong Kong" flu pandemic of 1968;
the "Swine" flu pandemic that began in April of 2009.
(The pandemic of 1957 probably made more people sick than the one of 1918. But the
availability of antibiotics to treat the secondary infections that are the usual cause of death
resulted in a much lower death rate.)
The hemagglutinin of the 1918 flu virus was H1, its neuraminidase was N1, so it is
designated as an H1N1 "subtype". Here are some others.
Date Strain Subtype Notes
1918 H1N1 pandemic of "Spanish" flu
1957 A/Singapore/57 H2N2 pandemic of "Asian" flu
1962 A/Japan/62 H2N2 Epidemic
1964 A/Taiwan/64 H2N2 Epidemic
1968 A/Aichi/68 H3N2 pandemic of "Hong Kong" flu
1976 A/New Jersey/76 H1N1 swine flu in recruits
1977 A/USSR/77 H1N1 "Russian" flu
2009 A/California/09 H1N1 pandemic of "Swine" flu
61
Until 2009, these data suggest that flu pandemics occur when the virus acquires a new
hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase. For this reason, when an H1N1 virus appeared in a few
recruits at Fort Dix in New Jersey in 1976, it triggered a massive immunization program
(which turned out not to be needed). However, an H1N1 virus appeared the following year
causing the "Russian" flu. We now know that this virus was a direct descendant of the 1918
flu. While accumulating mutations that made it less dangerous, it had been infecting humans
until it was replaced by the H2N2 "Asian" flu of 1957. Because most people born before the
Asian flu pandemic of 1957 had been exposed to the H1N1 viruses circulating before, the
Russian flu primarily affected children and young adults. For the same reason, this pattern is
also seen in the current pandemic of "swine" flu.
Where do the new H or N molecules come from?
Birds appear to be the source. Both the H2 that appeared in 1957 and the H3 that appeared in
1968 came from influenza viruses circulating in birds.
The encoding of H and N by separate RNA molecules probably facilitates the

reassortment22682377 of these genes in animals simultaneously infected by two different
subtypes. For example, H3N1 virus has been recovered from pigs simultaneously infected
with swine flu virus (H1N1) and the Hong King virus (H3N2). Probably reassortment can
also occur in humans with dual infections.
Epidemics and Antigenic Drift

No antigenic shifts occurred between 1957 ("Asian") and 1968 ("Hong Kong"). So what
accounts for the epidemics of 1962 and 1964?
Missense mutations in the hemagglutinin (H) gene.
Flu infections create a strong antibody response. After a pandemic or major epidemic, most
people will be immune to the virus strain that caused it. The flu virus has two options:
wait until a new crop of susceptible young people comes along

change the epitopes on the hemagglutinin molecule (and, to a lesser degree, the
neuraminidase) so that they are no longer recognized by the antibodies circulating in
the bodies of previous victims.
62
o By 1972, the H3 molecules of the circulating strains differed in 18 amino acids
from the original "Hong Kong" strain
o By 1975, the difference had increased to 29 amino acids.
The gradual accumulation of new epitopes on the H (and N) molecules of flu viruses is called
antigenic drift. Spontaneous mutations in the H (or N) gene give their owners a selective
advantage as the host population becomes increasingly immune to the earlier strains.
4.3 "Bird Flu"
In October 2003, an epidemic of influenza in chickens began sweeping through several

countries in the Pacific Rim (Vietnam, Thailand, Japan, China, South Korea, Cambodia). The
virus is H5N1. The H5 molecule is common among bird influenza viruses but has not been
seen on flu viruses that cause human epidemics. However, sporadic human cases of H5N1
(with an alarmingly-high fatality rate) have been occurring ever since.
As a glance at the tables above will show, humans have had long experience with infections
and vaccines by both H1 and H3 flu viruses. But the human population has absolutely no
immunity against any H5 viruses. Has the ground been prepared for another worldwide
pandemic?
So far, person-to-person spread seems to account for only a few cases. Most cases seem to
have been acquired from close contact with infected birds.
However, there are reports that the virus has been found in pigs. This is very troubling as
simultaneous infection of a pig by a human strain could provide the opportunity for genetic
reassortment between the two strains [Link] with the creation of an H5 virus able to spread
rapidly between humans.
Work is going forward on an H5N1 vaccine. However, this is a virus that kills chickens so it
is not surprising that it does not grow well in the eggs used for vaccine production.
4.4 The "Spanish" Flu
For almost a decade, Jeffery Taubenberger and his colleagues have been sequencing the
genes of the influenza virus that had been recovered from
63
preserved lung tissue of a U.S. soldier who died from influenza in 1918;
lung tissue from a flu victim whose body had remained frozen in the permafrost of
Alaska since she died in 1918.
In the 6 October 2005 issue of the journal Nature, they reported completing the task.
But even with all of its genes now completely sequenced, why the 1918 strain was so deadly
is not fully understood. But deadly it is. They have even been able to replace the 8 genes of a
laboratory strain of flu virus with all 8 genes of the 1918 strain (using strict biosafety
containment procedures!). The resulting virus kills mice faster than any other human flu virus
tested. (Reported in the 7 October 2005 issue of Science.)
4.5 The Swine Flu of 2009

A new H1N1 flu began infecting humans in North America in April 2009 and has now spread
throughout much of the world. Sequencing its genome revealed a novel virus — now called
S-OIV for swine-origin influenza virus — that contained genes previously found in four
different strains of swine flu:
an HA gene (H1) derived from the swine flu of 1930 (and closely-related to the H1 of
the great 1918 "Spanish" flu pandemic) along with an NP and NS gene from that
virus;
an NA gene (N1) from a virus that had been circulating in the pigs of Europe and Asia
since 1979 along with the M gene from that virus;
a PA and PB2 gene that entered pigs from birds around 1998;
a PB1 gene that passed from birds to humans around 1968 and from us to pigs around
1998.
Why this remarkable assortment of genes has enabled he virus to jump so successfully from
pigs to humans remains to be determined.
The amino acid sequence around the critical epitopes of its H1 molecules closely resemble
those found in the resurrected 1918 flu virus. This would explain why
antibodies from elderly survivors of the 1918 pandemic neutralize the new swine flu
virus.
Antibodies (raised in mice) to the new swine flu virus neutralize the resurrected 1918
flu virus.
The current pandemic causes serious illness and death mostly in the young and least
in the elderly. This contrast to the usual pattern arises because people over 65, even if
not old enough to have been exposed to the 1918 virus, had been exposed to H1
viruses that had only drifted from the original 1918 and thus developed partial
immunity.
64
4.5.1 History of Swine flu
Swine flu, also called Hog or Pig Flu, is an infection caused by any one of the several
types of Swine influenza virus (SIV) which is common throughout pig population
worldwide. The term "influenza" derived from Italian word" influence" was coined in
1357 AD as the disease was thought to be caused by influence of stars. Influenza
pandemics are believed to have occurred at unpredictable
Intervals for many centuries. Outbreaks of swine flu are common and cause
significant economic losses. Influenza, the flu, is believed to have been around for a
few thousand years.
(1)Hippocrates, who is considered to be the father of modern medicine, has described
the symptoms of the flu in 412 B.C at Perinthus in North Greece
(2). In 855 Ebn al atir mentions a virulent epidemic resembling flu that started in
Central Asia and
spread across Persia .
(3). In 1510 a flu pandemic originated in Africa
and spread across Europe.
(4). In 1580 a pandemic originated in the North Africa during summer, spread to
Sicily, and then up through Italy, through Europe and to North America. It had a high
mortality rate and killed 9000 people in Rome alone. In some Spanish cities nearly
everyone perished.
(5). In 1688, an outbreak, described as being like the plague because of the death toll,
swept through England, Ireland and Virginia.
(6). In 1693-1699 an influenza outbreak occurred in Europe and America and
Massachusetts. The sickness extended to almost all families. Few or none escaped,
and many died especially in Boston (7). In 1729 a pandemic originated in Russia,and
re-emerged in Sweden in September and in Vienna in October. In November it spread
across Europe, and reached America in 1732. Deaths were most numerous amongst
the elderly and pregnant women.
(8). In 1781-82 an influenza pandemic afflicted two-thirds of the people of Rome and
three-quarters of the population of Britain. Influenza also spread widely in North
America, the West Indies and Spanish America.
(9). In 1789 influenza epidemic hit England, New York and Nova Scotia. Most
deaths appeared to have been from secondary pneumonia.
65
(10). In 1830-33 a pandemic spread out from China. The infection rate was high (20-
25%), but mortality was low . In 1847-1848 an epidemic swept through the
Mediterranean to southern France and thence elsewhere in Western Europe.
(11).The 1889 a pandemic began in May in Bokara, Central Asia and traveled west to
Russia and Western Europe after a pause of several months. There were four waves to
the 1889 pandemic, three of which affected Britain. The first was in January
1890.Subsequent waves occurred in May 1891 and January 1892 and were associated
with much greater morbidity.
(12).In1900: a major epidemic was reported in North America, England and Wales.
(13). In 1918-19 the worst pandemic, so called "Spanish flu" affected nearly one third
of the world's population and caused 50 million plus deaths worldwide. It is thought
to have originated in the United States in Feb 1918. Researches indicate that the
descendants of 1918 virus
Still persist enzotically in pigs and are also transmitted continuously to humans
causing annual epidemics.
(14-15). In 1957-58 avian influenza originated in China, with deaths worldwide
estimated at between one and four million. In 1968, Hong Kong flu caused some
million deaths worldwide, particularly among the elderly.
(16). In 1976,a variant of H1N1,known as A/New Jersey/ 1976 caused death of a
army recruit at Fort Dix New Jersey USA. But it did not spread beyond Fort Dix.
(17). In 1977 a pandemic. ―Russian Flu" spread across Siberia and European part of
Russia. In 1988, swine flu killed a 32 year old, otherwise healthy pregnant woman,
Barbara Ann Wieners in Wisconsin, USA after she visited a pig exhibition.
(18). In 1997 Avian Flu outbreak originated from the New Territories Region in
northern Hong Kong. In this area, chickens had been dying and routine testing of
poultry had verified the presence of the Avian Flu virus - subtypeH5N1.The first case
of Avian Flu in humans was a three-year- old boy in May, 1997. Three months later,
another
Avian Flu case was reported. By December, there were more and more cases of Avian
Flu cases in human‘s report.1.5-million birds were slaughtered to minimize the spread
of Avian Flu. In August, 2002 an influenza epidemic in Madagascar took the lives of
some 400 people in three weeks, with over 5,600 others infected. Testing confirmed
that the strain involved in the epidemic was
66
Type A influenza. In July 2007, swine flu outbreak occurred in Philippines. All pigs
in Manila and Five regions of Luzon were slaughtered.
(19).The 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of an influenza A
virus subtype H1N1, referred to as the "novel H1N1,first identified in April 2009, and
commonly called "swine flu."
It is thought to be a reassortment of four known strains of influenza A virus:one
endemic in (normally infecting) humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in
pigs . Transmission of the new strain is human-to-human. The U.S. Center for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that although this is a very serious virus, cases
worldwide are usually mild, and most hospitalizations and deaths have been of
persons that also had underlying conditions such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart
disease, or a weakened immune system.
(20) Beginning in March 2009, an outbreak of influenza in North America was found
to be caused by a new strain of influenza virus, designated Influenza H1N1 2009. On
April 9, 2009 it became apparent to public health officials in Mexico City that an
outbreak of influenza was in progress late in the influenza season. On April 17, two
cases in children were also reported in California near the Mexican border. The
current outbreak of swine influenza A (H1N1) evolved so rapidly that as on 29 April
2009, nine countries officially reported with confirmed cases of swine influenza
A/H1N1 infection. Of these, Mexico, United State, Austria, Canada, Germany, Israel,
New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom have reported laboratory confirmed
human cases and deaths due to rapidly progressive pneumonia, respiratory failure and
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). World Health Organization (WHO)
declared ever high stages on its "pandemic" scale-alert 6, designating the Influenza
H1N1 2009 a potential threat to worldwide health and declared the outbreak as Public
Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
Then in India total confirmed cases and total deaths crossed to a level were the threat
of a full blown epidemic is very real.
67
4.5.2The new influenza A (H1N1) virus that has been causing recent outbreaks globally:
The recent outbreaks of disease in people globally are caused by a new influenza (or ―flu‖)
type A (H1N1) virus. There is a human H1N1 virus circulating and causing seasonal
influenza and in the past, very occasionally, H1N1 viruses from swine have infected humans.
The specific type of the H1N1 virus causing illness now is new or ―novel‖ and in the current
outbreak it is clear that this virus is able to infect humans and be passed from person to
person. Although part of the virus may have originated from pigs, there is no evidence that
the current spread of infection is coming from that source.
4.5.3 Preventing and diagnosing influenza:
Seasonal influenza:
Everyone is at risk of getting seasonal influenza. It passes easily from person to person
through droplets expelled from the nose and mouth of an infected person. These droplets can
pass directly into the nose, mouth or eyes of a person who is nearby (less than 1 meter, or 3
feet, away) or indirectly when a person touches surfaces that droplets have fallen onto and
then touches his or her nose, mouth or eyes before washing hands. Crowded, indoor
environments may promote the chances of such transmission, which may explain the increase
in respiratory infections during the winter months.
68
Seasonal influenza can lead to complications and even death. Most complications occur
in people aged 65 years and over or in people with pre-existing medical conditions such as
heart or lung disease and diabetes. Pregnant women, infants and very young children are also
at increased risk of complications from influenza.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year 3 million to 5 million people
have severe cases of seasonal influenza worldwide, and 250,000 to 500,000 people die.
Pandemic Influenza:
When a pandemic occurs, everyone will be at risk, not just frail or elderly people. Pandemic
influenza passes from person to person just as easily and quickly as seasonal flu. But, unlike
with seasonal flu, people will not be immune to this new virus, so more people will become
infected. In addition, it is possible that even young and healthy people who do not normally
suffer complications from seasonal flu may develop serious complications and even die in a
pandemic.
It is important to know, however, that the majority of people who will develop a flu-like
illness in a pandemic will recover and develop immunity to the new human virus.
4.5.4 ABOUT HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Things you should know about human influenza viruses:
• They spread through infected droplets from breathing passages.
• Droplets are expelled by talking, spitting, coughing, sneezing.
• The droplets spread about 1 meter (3 feet) from the infected person, either directly
to other people or indirectly through hands and other surfaces.
• The viruses can live for several hours on hard surfaces, or on cloth and paper.
• If healthy people touch infected hands, doorknobs, keyboards, telephones, etc., they
can infect themselves by touching mouths, noses or eyes.
• Sometimes the viruses can spread through the air.
• An infected person is most likely to spread the virus when he or she has fever and a
cough.
• It is possible that an infected person will spread the virus a day before showing signs of
illness.
69
Symptoms of INFLUENZA
Seasonal Influenza:
• Fever
• Headache
• Aching muscles
• Exhaustion and feeling weak
• Loss of appetite
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Dry cough
Pandemic Influenza:
While the first symptoms of pandemic influenza might be similar to seasonal flu symptoms,
how the symptoms develop will depend on the nature of the specific virus. It is likely that
most people will recover without needing medical attention, but the following symptoms may
help you decide if you need to seek medical help:
• Shortness of breath while resting or doing very little work
• Persistent fever for 4 or 5 days
• Painful or difficult breathing
• Coughing up a lot of phlegm or bloody sputum
• Wheezing
• You are feeling better and then you develop a new fever or worsening cough with
sputum
• You feel very drowsy and others have difficulty waking you up or note you seem
confused or disorientated8 Pandemic Flu
Bear in mind that in a pandemic, medical services will be overwhelmed and some might even
be closed. So it is important for you and your family to prepare for at-home care if the worst
should happen.
70
4.5.5 COLD OR FLU
Learn the differences between influenza symptoms and those of a common cold.*
*National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U. S. Department of Health and

Human Services, September 2005 (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/cold/sick.pdf)
4.5.5 How reduce the risk of Pandemic flu?
1. Personal Hygiene
The practice of good personal hygiene is one of the most effective strategies any individual
can implement to reduce their risk of being infected by the influenza virus. Important points
are:
• Cover the nose and mouth with the sleeve when coughing or sneezing (not with the
hand, as that contaminates the hand for touching and spreading organisms
further);
• Use a tissue for cleaning/blowing the nose, and dispose of it after use;
71
• Clean your hands after coughing or sneezing, using a tissue, or touching any
surface that may have become contaminated by a prior user. If using a surgical
mask, dispose of it carefully after use and wash hands:
° Wash hands with soap and water (preferable) or clean with alcohol-based
hand cleaner;
° When you wash your hands, wash for at least 20 seconds, making sure that
all surfaces of hands and fingers are cleaned.
• Become ―touch aware‖, and avoid touching surfaces that are likely to have been
touched by others (door handles, stair railings, etc);
• Avoid handshaking, social kissing, and other social rituals that involve touching
others.
• Be careful with respiratory secretions when around other people (e.g. coughing and
sneezing). If possible, avoid contact with individuals at risk (small children or
those with underlying or chronic illnesses) until respiratory symptoms have
resolved.
4.5.7 How will the UN help?
The UN has a website currently residing on seek (www.un.org/staff/pandemic) that will keep
all staff informed worldwide about the spread of the disease and its effect on staff members.
The website operates in stand-alone mode on the internet and provides information about the
current situation for UN personnel in each major duty station of the Secretariat along with
appropriate links to the agencies, funds and programmes.
In order to provide you with the most up-to-date information, the UN works closely with
WHO, the Organization responsible for monitoring health and outbreaks of disease
worldwide. The UN also works closely with country health authorities, liaising with them
regularly on plans for the locales in which the UN has staff.
In 2008, the UN published revised Medical Guidelines for a pandemic. All UN medical
services are familiar with these guidelines. The UN has also approved Administrative
Guidelines for the management of staff during a pandemic.
72
4.5.8 PREPAREDNESS:
You should be prepared for the possibility that in a pandemic many supplies will be limited
and mobility will be greatly reduced. Be sure to take the necessary steps to have your affairs
in order and plenty of critical supplies on hand.
• Ensure ample supplies of on-going and routine medications for self and family.
• Ensure medical insurance coverage.
• Purchase thermometers for each member of the family.
• Stockpile hygiene products, water, and food for six weeks (see pages 22-26 for a
detailed list of supplies).
• Ensure passport, visa or permits are valid for staying put and for travel
• Update the emergency contact information that your organization has on file for you and
your family
“SOCIAL DISTANCING”
Physical distancing is a term that refers to the practice of keeping a distance of one meter
(three feet) between people. Social distancing refers to measures taken by health authorities
to reduce transmission of a virus in the community.
Local governments may request that you remain in your community or home in the event
of a pandemic. Reducing the contact people have with each other will reduce opportunities
for transmission. Keep in mind that some of these measures could include:
73
• Closing of schools and universities
• Closing of day-care facilities
• Cancellation of mass gatherings and public transportation
REDUCE THE CHANCES OF SPREADING INFLUENZA BY:
• Practice good personal hygiene as listed on pages 9 and 10.
• Don‘t share eating utensils and drinking glasses.
• Clean utensils used by sick people or surfaces they touch with warm, soapy water
or disinfectant.
• Avoid crowded situations that place you in close contact with others.
• Don‘t smoke. Smoking makes it easier to catch influenza and increases the
likelihood of serious complications.
• Stay home if sick with a fever or cough.
4.5.9 CARE FOR YOURSELF AND OTHERS:
Caring for yourself:
The following are a few of the things you or those you are caring for can do to help reduce
influenza symptoms. Of course, if the influenza appears to be more severe, you should
consult with a medical professional immediately.
• Measure your temperature. If it is not above 38°C (100.4°F), you probably don‘t
have influenza.
• Rest and completely avoid rigorous exercise.
• Avoid contact with others.
• Stay at home.
• Drink plenty of fluids (a glass of water or juice every hour).
• Take paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) to reduce fever and relieve pain.
(It does not kill the virus, but it makes you feel better.)
• Gargle with warm water to ease a sore throat.
74
• Use saline (salt) solution nose drops to help relieve a stuffed nose.
• Keep your nose clean with disposable tissues and throw the used tissues in the
garbage. Wash your hands afterwards.
• Don‘t smoke.
Caring for others
Most patients with pandemic influenza will be able to remain at home during the course of
their illness and can be cared for by other family members or others who live in the
household. Anyone residing in a household with an influenza patient during the incubation
period and illness is at risk for developing influenza. A key objective in this setting is to limit
transmission of pandemic influenza within and outside the home. Even though there is a risk
of transmitting the virus, people are going to have to take care of each other if they get sick.
Management of Influenza Patients
Physically separate the patient with influenza from non-ill persons living in the home as
much as possible. A separate room should be set up so that the sick person can be isolated. To
set up a separate room, you may need extra bedding supplies, including sheets, towels and
plastic mattress covers.
Consider where you could make up a sickbay that would be isolated from the rest of the
house. Also consider how you would ventilate this room. It is important that air from the
room is expelled to the outside of the house and not back into the house, so make a plan of
how that might be done.
◆ To minimize the risk of spread, only the caregivers who are absolutely necessary
should visit the sick person‘s room, and they should always wash their hands
thoroughly upon leaving. Wearing of masks can be helpful as long as you realize
that it is not a panacea.
◆ Patients should not leave the home during the period when they are most likely to
be infectious to others (i.e., 7 days from the onset of symptoms for adults or until
24-48 hours after resolution of symptoms, whichever is longer). When movement
outside the home is necessary (e.g., for medical care), the patient should follow
cough etiquette (i.e., cover the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing) and
wear a surgical mask if available.
75
◆ How to wear a mask: If you choose to wear a mask, place it over your nose,
mouth and chin and secure in place with either the strings or elastic bands
provided. Adjust the metallic strip over the bridge of your nose to ensure a secure
fit so that leaks are prevented. When removing the mask, do so by touching the
straps only. Carefully place the face mask into a plastic bag and tie the bag closed
before putting it into a rubbish bin, preferably one with a lid. Remember that
masks cannot eliminate the possibility of infection.
Management of Other Persons in the Home
◆ Persons/visitors who have not been exposed to pandemic influenza and who are
not essential for patient care or support should not enter the home while persons
are actively ill with pandemic influenza.
◆ If unexposed persons must enter the home, they should avoid close contact with
the patient.
◆ Persons living in the home with the pandemic influenza patient should limit
contact with the patient to the extent possible; consider designating one person as
the primary care provider.
◆ Household members should be vigilant for the development of influenza

symptoms.
Infection Control Measures in the Home
◆ All persons in the household should carefully follow recommendations for hand
hygiene (i.e., hand washing with soap and water or use of an alcohol-based hand
rub) after contact with an influenza patient or the environment in which care is
provided.
◆ Although no studies have assessed the use of masks at home to decrease the
spread of infection, use of surgical masks by the patient and/or caregiver during
interactions may be of benefit. The wearing of gloves and gowns is not
recommended for household members providing care in the home.
◆ Soiled dishes and eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by

hand with warm water and soap. Separation of eating utensils for use by a patient
with influenza is not necessary.
76
◆ Laundry can be washed in a standard washing machine with warm or cold water
and detergent. It is not necessary to separate soiled linen and laundry used by a
patient with influenza from other household laundry. Care should be used when
handling soiled laundry (e.g., avoid ―hugging‖ the laundry) to avoid contami-
nation. Hand hygiene should be performed after handling soiled laundry.
◆ Tissues used by the ill patient should be placed in a bag and disposed with other
household waste. Consider placing a bag for this purpose at the bedside.
◆ Normal cleaning of environmental surfaces in the home should be followed.
4.5.10 Reduce the risk of exposure during transport to work by :
Public transport should be avoided.
Options for transport to the workplace, in order of preference from a risk perspective, are:
a) Travel alone in own vehicle.
• Under such circumstances, no special protective measures are required.
b) Travel alone in a rented vehicle.
• On first acquisition of the vehicle, commonly touched surfaces (door handles,

driving controls, surfaces in immediate vicinity of seating) should be wiped down
with a recommended disinfectant solution.
• Hands should be washed after any wipedown procedure.
c) Shared travel where passengers come within 1 meter (3 feet) of one another.
• Vehicle occupants are advised to wear a surgical mask while in the vehicle.
Commonly touched surfaces (door handles, driving controls, surfaces in
immediate vicinity of seating) should be wiped down with a recommended
disinfectant solution before each use of the vehicle.
• All occupants should wash their hands soon after leaving the vehicle, and avoid
touching their faces during transport.
• Hands should be washed after any wipe-down procedure.
77
4.5.11 Pandemic H1N1 Vaccine Deployment and Vaccination
WHO has taken the lead in the effort to make donated pandemic influenza A (H1N1)
vaccines available to 17 countries in the Western Pacific Region? All the pandemic influenza
A (H1N1) vaccines to be supplied through WHO require to be prequalified. All 4 types of
vaccines which are planned to be supplied in the countries of Western Pacific Region are
already prequalified.
On the programmatic side, indications for immunization and using multi-dose vial policy
(MDVP) are included in the manufacturer‘s packaging inserts, which remain the basis for
utilization. However, for the purpose of pandemic influenza
A (H1N1) vaccines deployed by WHO, a simplified approach has been proposed for
immunization schedules and multi-dose vial policy by WHO.
Proposal for indications for immunization of inactivated pandemic influenza A (H1N1)

vaccines:
In line with the recommendations from manufacturers and national regulatory authorities and
taking into consideration
SAGE recommendations, WHO advises:
for adolescents and adults aged 10 years or more, to give a single-dose* of vaccine;
for children aged more than 6 months and less than 10 years, to give a single-dose* of
vaccine, in view of the shortage of vaccine in developing countries. Countries using
vaccine where two doses are recommended by the manufacturer may consider giving
a second dose as limitation of supply eases, and subject to regulatory considerations;
for children less than 6 months, immunization is not recommended;
for pregnant women, WHO advises to give a single dose* of vaccine.
Proposal for usage of multi-dose vials for inactivated influenza A (H1N1) vaccine:
Considering the concentration of preservatives and taking into consideration the revised
WHO multi-dose vial policy
(MDVP)** WHO advises?
All WHO prequalified pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccines, except GSK vaccines,
from which one or more doses of vaccine have been removed during an immunization
session may be used in subsequent immunization sessions for up to a maximum of 28
days, provided that all stability/sterility conditions are met**.
GSK vaccines (Arepanrix and Pandemrix), containing a low concentration of
thiomersal, may be used in subsequent immunization sessions for up to a maximum of
24 hours, provided that all stability/sterility conditions are met**.
78
+ Planned allocation doses of vaccine but not guaranteed. Country will have to inform WHO,
how much of it they would like to receive in the 2nd shipment
1 WHO donated and government purchased vaccine
*Attention: Depending on the product or manufacturer, the volume of the dose will be either
0.25 ml or 0.5 ml (depending on age group). Countries receiving vaccines with a dose volume
of 0.25
ml should note that this dose volume is different from that used routinely in the immunization
programme and may contact WHO for further advice if needed.
**Extract of the revised WHO multi-dose policy (March 2009)
http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9924.pdf
The revised policy applies only to OPV, DTP, TT, DT, and hepatitis B, and liquid formulations of Hib vaccines
that:
• Meet WHO requirements for potency and temperature stability;
• Are packaged according to ISO standards; and
• Contain an appropriate concentration of preservative, such as thiomersal (injectable vaccines only).
79
4.5.12 Statement from WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety about the
Safety profile of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccines:
1. Ten weeks into the worldwide immunization campaign against pandemic (H1N1) 2009
influenza, the GACVS reviewed the safety of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccines currently in
use. To date, the safety data are reassuring.
2. Most of the adverse events that have been reported after immunization have not been
serious. To date, no unexpected safety concerns have been identified.
3. Reporting mechanisms have been enhanced. On-going vaccine safety monitoring

(pharmacovigilance) is critical, including regular information sharing with WHO by national
regulatory and health authorities. Most of the safety information to date is from passive
surveillance. Data from active surveillance will be assessed as they become available.3
Current status of death by swine flu pandemic H1N1 virus: (up to 4th July 2010)
Lab confirmed cases Death of Lab confirmed cases

Sl. State
cumulative cumulative
1.
Delhi 9700 95
Andhra
2.
824 58
Pradesh
3.
Karnataka 2442 171
4.
Tamil Nadu 2129 7
5.
Maharashtra 6478 487
6.
Kerala 2376 79
80
7.
Punjab 176 40
8.
Haryana 1945 38
9.
Chandigarh(UT) 319 8
10. Goa 65 5
11. West Bengal 136 0
12. Uttarakhand 135 13
13. Himachal Pradesh 23 8
14. Jammu & Kashmir 110 4
15. Gujarat 1527 307
16. Manipur 2 0
17. Meghalaya 8 0
18. Mizoram 4 1
19. Assam 52 2
20. Jharkhand 2 0
21. Rajasthan 3380 198
22. Bihar 7 0
23. Uttar Pradesh 1313 21
24. Puducherry 90 6
25. Chhattisgarh 61 11
26. Madhya Pradesh 92 37
27. Daman & Diu 1 0
28. Orissa 28 4
29. Nagaland 2 0
30. Andaman & Nicobar 25 0
Dadra and Nagar

31. 1 1
Haveli
81
33453 1601
Total
Note:
1. Till date, samples from 144633 persons have been tested for Influenza A H1N1 in
Government Laboratories and a few private Laboratories across the country and 33453
(23.1%) of them have been found positive.
2. All 370 cases reported during the week are indigenous cases.
3. Sixteen deaths (Kerala- 10, Maharashtra-4 and Andhra Pradesh – 2) have been reported
during the week.
4. One earlier death has been reported by the Health authority of Gujarat State, which is
reflected in the cumulative total.
4.5.13 Indian Study
- Out-patient Department (OPD) cases:
After the first death on 3 August, regular local screening of all cases of suspected ILI was
started. From the second week of
September onward, only limited samples, collected at the discretion of the clinicians, were
referred to the laboratory because
suspected cases were administered Oseltamivir without laboratory confirmation. From 1
August to 31 October 2009, clinical samples from 2967 suspected cases tested in laboratory
yielded 18.2% and 23.2% pandemic and seasonal-A influenza respectively (Table 1).
Pandemic H1N1 cases were significantly less prevalent than Seasonal-A cases. Among
positives, male: female ratio was 1:1.6. Seasonal-A cases were significantly higher than
pandemic H1N1 cases in all age groups except in 11 to 20 years group (Figure 1). A distinct
peak in number of positive cases was observed in middle of
August but the pattern was not clear afterwards as only limited samples were tested.
- Hospitalized or In-patient Department (IPD) cases
82
Between 1 August to 31 October, a total of 3,300 suspected cases were hospitalized (Table
1). Of these, 569 (17.2%) were Positive for pandemic H1N1 and 424 (12.8%) for seasonal
influenza-A viruses. The epidemic curve for hospitalized cases of Pandemic H1N1 and
seasonal. Sharp rise was observed in the number of positive cases between5 and 28 August.
Thereafter, influenza activity was very low for about a week from 29 August to 3 September.
The second rise in number of cases was observed between 7 and 29 September. In case of
pandemic H1N1, the second rise was more stable and comparatively high throughout the
remaining part of September and October. The seasonal-A cases declined sharply during the
last week of September. Further, number of pandemic H1N1 cases were higher than seasonal-
A cases in all age groups except in the group over 60 years (Figure 3). Male: female ratio was
1:1.4.
Case fatality
A total of 93 deaths were recorded in Pune district from 1August to 31 October 2009. Of
these, 57 and 8 deaths from Pune
(Urban) and 27 and 1 from Pune (rural) were among pandemic H1N1 positive and seasonal-A
positive cases respectively. Of the 9 deaths associated with the seasonal influenza, 2 were
positive for seasonal H1N1 and 7 for H3N2 viruses.
The number of cumulative deaths in pandemic H1N1 positive cases, presented in figure 4a,
show significant linear trend
(R2 = 0.99). The trend in hospitalization and the trend in fatality were proportionate over a
period of time, suggesting about 1 death per 11 confirmed hospitalized cases. Significant
linear trends were also observed in cumulative deaths in pandemic H1N1 positive cases in
Pune (urban) and Pune (rural) (Figure 4b.). This revealed that with time proportionately more
83
deaths were recorded from rural areas implying higher transmission and spread of pandemic
H1N1 in rural areas. This may partly be attributed to the health seeking behaviour of the rural
population and also issues related to health access. In pandemic H1N1 positive cases, deaths
were reported in all age groups, but 75% of all the deaths were in age group of, 30 years.
Risk of hospitalization:
- Thus, the odds of hospitalization in pandemic H1N1 positive cases were 1.7 times
higher than seasonal-A positive cases.
84
Case fatality
- The trend in hospitalization and the trend in fatality were proportionate over a period
of time, suggesting about 1 death per 11 confirmed hospitalized cases
- In pandemic H1N1 positive cases , death were reported in all age groups, but 75% of
all the death were in age group of <30 years
- The odds of death in hospitalized pandemic H1N1 cases was about 6 times higher
than seasonal –A cases.
Seasonality:
- The epidemic started in monsoon season and continued with cyclic pattern.
- This pattern is similar to that observed for seasonal influenza in tropics
The CDC proposed an important and new concept ‗Pandemic severity index‘(PSI) as a new
pandemic influenza planning tool for planning at different places
- The PSI is based on case-fatality ratio as a single criterion to assess severity of
pandemic in initial stages.
- Five levels of PSI, 1 to 5 were proposed to describe low to high severity.
- According to this classification , the pandemic of 1957 and 1968 both fit in category
2, whereas the pandemic of 1918-19 qualified as a category 5
85
- The pune epidemic of pandemic H1N1 falls in category 3 of the severity index.
CHAPTER 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
86
5.1. Research Approach
The extent to which researchers are clear about the theory at the beginning of our research
rises at our important question concerning the design of your research project. This deals with
type of research approach adopted by me. There are mainly two types of research approach: -
1 Deductive Approach (Testing Theory)
2 Inductive Approaches (Building Theory)
Research approach in our research project is Deductive Approach (Testing Theory).

In which we would collect data and develop theory as a result of our data analysis from data
we have collected.
5.2. OBJECTIVES
The very first step in research process is to define carefully the objectives of the study. It is
important for the researcher to agree at the outset on the purpose and objectives of the study
to ensure that the research design is appropriate. A carefully thought out statement of
objectives helps to define the type and the level of information needed.
The project is about To evaluate the drivers and berries among the doctors to use the swine
flu vaccine now (July-August). This project includes both primary and secondary research.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Following objectives were set for the research study:-
1. To determine the drivers among the doctors to use the swine flu vaccine.
2. To determine the berriers among the doctors to use the swine flu vaccine.
5.3. Research Design
● Research design: Descriptive
Universe of Research:
87
The research would be conducted in ZYDUS VAXXICARE. So the universe for the
study would be ZYDUS VAXXICARE.
Sample size:
Survey –questionnaire
 sample size 40 Doctors
Telephonic interview:
 sample size 16 doctors
Personal interview:
 sample size 24 doctors
Speci Pediatr Physi Nephr Gyne Cardio Pulmo. Chest diabeto Total
alty ician cian ologist c. logist phys. logist
User 9 4 4 4 2 4 4 1 32
*
Non 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 2 8
User
*
Total 9 4 7 5 3 4 5 3 40
Sampling procedure:
The sampling procedure would be simple random sampling
Scaling techniques:
88
Parametric test: nominal scale and ordinal scale
Data Sources:
Secondary data
This research will help to bring out doctors data.
 Computer database given by Mr. Santosh Menon

 Internet search
Information requires:
Database of the Doctors.
Description of introduction related to influenza and pandemic H1N1 virus.
Information about Pandemic H1N1 Vaccine.
Observations of consolidated status of influenza A H1N1.
Seasonality pattern of influenza virus
Company‘s staff member‘s opinions related to study.
89
5.4. Limitations:
1. Difficult to get primary data (lack of doctors‘ interest)

2. Secondary data may be not updated
3. Time: time period is short that why in-depth research is also not possible and also
not to concentrate in each and every test results.
5. Doctors were not interested to visit with me.
6. Performer‘s bias was another limitation of the study. Performer may not have given
accurate information which was a constraint of my research.
90
CHAPTER 5
MARKET RESEARCH
91
Q.1. Doctor Do you feel that with the onset of monsoon swine flu activity will go up?
Yes No Can't Say
25 8 7
Can't Say
18%
No
20%
62% of doctors mentioned that with the onset of monsoon swine flu activity
Yes will go up, but
62%
still 20 % of Doctors are not aware of the fact that rainy season can lead to the increase in flu
cases.
They feel flu is a winter disease, like in western countries
The virus is not active during summer due to high temp.
Before press & Media campaign After press & Media

(16) campaign(24)
Can't Say
8%
Can't Say
25%
No
17% 92
Yes
44%
Post Media: 75% Doctors are aware about the seasonality pattern in India
Action: We need to plan More Media activity in prime markets
Flu vaccine user (32) Flu vaccine non user (8)
No
10%
Yes
34%
Can't Say
33%
Flu Vaccine Users: Awareness is high about seasonality trend during monsoon
Flu Vaccine Non Users : Low awareness – need to establish thru communication
No
33%
Yes
90%
93
Q.2. Would you recommend a swine flu vaccine to your patients & their family members
before onset of Monsoon?
Yes No
22 18
55 % of Doctors are keen to recommend the vaccine before monsoon

No
But still 45% of doctors are not keen to recommend the vaccine
45% before monsoon
They have following reasons for not recommending:

1. Changing Strain
Yes
2. No flu cases seen 55%
Flu vaccine user ( 32 ) Flu vaccine non user ( 8 )
No
39%
Still there is a huge scope to inform Heath Care Practitioners to use H1N1
No swine
43%
flu vaccine before the onset of monsoon
Yes
Yes 57%
61%
94
(16) campaign(24)
No
Yes 29%
31%
After press & media campaign there are perceptual difference to recommend a swine flu
vaccine so Media is more affected driver to use the swine flu vaccine.
No
69%
95
Q.3. To whom would you recommend swine flu vaccine?
Healthy
At risk Children Elderly Pregnancy adults all
29 15 9 8 7 6
all
8%
Healthy adults
10%
At risk
39%
Pregnancy
11%
- 39% of responses mentioned they would like to recommend to At- Risk population
- 8% of responses mentioned they would like to recommend to ALL.
Eldely
- The other groups suggested were 12%
1. Children (20%)
2. Elderly (12%)
Children
3. Pregnancy (11%) 20%
4. Healthy adults (10%)
Flu vaccine user ( 32 ) Flu vaccine non user ( 8 )
96
Healthy adults
all 6%
10%
Pregnancy
6%
(16) campaign(24)
Healthy
adults all
6% 9%
Pregnancy
12%
Healthy adults
11%
Eldely
6%
Post Media Campaign Health Care Practitioners seem to be more informed and serious
Children
about using the vaccine
6% in almost all population
Pregnancy
20%
At risk
70%
E
1
97
Q.4. Doctor, according to you what factors will help drive the use of swine flu Vaccine
among lay public?
WHO/Oth Physician H1N1 Awareness

Recommendation Rec deaths Media Price among Drs
22 20 5 8 5 9
Awareness among Drs

13%
Price
7%
WHO/Oth Recommendation
32%
Media
12%
H1N1 deaths
- 32% mentioned WHO & other bodies7%recommendations
- 29% mentioned physician recommendation
- 13 % mentioned the awareness among the doctors. Physician Rec
29%
- 12% mentioned the media
- 7% mentioned the price.
- 7% mentioned the H1N1 death.
98
6.2 Interpretation:
1. There are 62% doctors mentioned that the swine flu increased in the monsoon and the 38% doctors
are not aware about seasonality pattern in India so that highlight seasonality pattern in India by
Data on Rainy season (Launch Lit/ Vaccine Reference)
Before media campaign 44% doctors are aware about the seasonality pattern while after media
campaign 75% Doctors are aware about the seasonality pattern in India.
90% flu vaccine users and 34% flu vaccine non users are aware about the seasonality pattern in
India.
2. 55 % of Doctors are keen to recommend the vaccine before monsoon But still 45% of doctors are
not keen to recommend the vaccine before monsoon so that Communicate the Impact of H1N1 flu
in India by
- NIV Pune, ICMR Data Leave Behind
- Highlight the PIB data ( Increase in monthly cases)
3. 39% of responses mentioned they would like to recommend to At- Risk population
So that highlights the need in ‗At Risk‘ population
- Asthma, COPD, diabetes, Chronic cardiac, Renal dysfunction &
- Immunosuppression
4. 32% doctors are mentioned WHO & other bodies recommendations

And 29% doctors are mentioned physician recommendation
So that Share WHO recommendation data to use in at risk population by
– Updated May 10 , WHO-SAGE guidelines also recommend the same
99
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
100
7.1 CONCLUSION
Influenza virus –circulates round the year in India:
In pune, Influenza outbreaks are observed during the ―rainy‖ season, July- August, while In
Delhi the influenza activity is seen throught the year, with the highest level over the winter
months.*
* (A.W.Hampson / vaccine 17 / (1999) S19-S23)
By secondary data and data of graph, we can conclude that there is some awareness in the
doctors about swine flu like increased in the monsoon season. After the media campaign
decrease awareness among the doctors.
101
Mostly all the doctors recommend the swine flu vaccine for the at risk population like cronic
diseases, cardiac diseases, etc. Post Media Campaign Health Care Practitioners seem to be
more informed and serious about using the vaccine in almost all population
According to the doctors, WHO recommendation and physician recommendation are mostly
affecting to the marketing of the swine flu vaccine.
Mostly for the awareness of the swine flu is affected by the media.
7.2 RECOMMENDATION
We need to plan More Media activity in prime markets

Need to establish thru communication for Flu Vaccine Non Users
Highlight seasonality pattern in India by data on Rainy season (Launch Lit/
Vaccine Reference)
Communicate the Impact of H1N1 flu in India by NIV Pune, ICMR Data
Leave Behind
Highlight the PIB data ( Increase in monthly cases)
Highlights the need in ‗At Risk‘ population like Asthma, COPD, diabetes,
Chronic cardiac, Renal dysfunction & Immunosuppression
Share WHO recommendation data to use in at risk population by
Updated May 10, WHO-SAGE guidelines.
Decrease the awareness by arranging various camps for swine flu.
Give effective training to the vaccine business managers at various states.
102
APPENDICES
103
104
Bibliography:
1. http://www.who.int/wer
2. http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8430.pdf.
3. http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/general/direct/pr/78440409en.pdf.
4. http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9924.pdf
5. http://www.cdc.gov/flu
6. CDC. Recommendations regarding the use of vaccines that contain thiomersal as a
preservative. MMWR 1999; 48:996--8.
7. CDC. Summary of the joint statement on thiomersal in vaccines. MMWR 2000;
49:622, 631.
8. http://www2a.cdc.gov/HAN/ArchiveSys/ViewMsgV.asp?AlertNum=00279.
9. CDC. Recommended adult immunization schedule-United States, 2009. MMWR
2009; 57:Q1--4.
10. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_antiviral_resistance_20090708/e
n/index.html.
11. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/sep2009/niaid-21.htm.
12. http://www.cdc.gov.swineflu/investigation.htm
13. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en.index.html
14. http://www.un.org/staff/pandemic
15. Akhilesh C. Mishra*, Mandeep S. Chadha, Manohar L. Choudhary,

Varsha A. Potdar; Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) 2009 Is Associated with Severe Disease in
India.
16. Renub Research; World Vaccines Market 2008-2013: Future Forecast, Critical Trends
and Developments, April 2009.
105

Swine Flu Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Swine Flu Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Swine Flu Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TO EVALUATE THE DRIVERS AND BARRIERS AMONG DOCTORS TO USE

SWINE FLU H1N1 VACCINE NOW (AUGAST – JULY)

Summer Project Report

In the Partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Business Administration

Under the Guidance of:

Prof. Romy Sebastian

Centre for Management Studies

Prof. Romy Sebastian

Centre for Management Studies

Patel Architkumar Maheshkumar

As a partial fulfillment of the MBA programme, I need to make a summer training

This project was undertaken after my second year of MBA, at Zydus

Professionalization of management is very necessary. Therefore the personal doctor

Preparing this project report is a good learning experience for me

I owe words of acknowledgement to all those who directly or indirectly helped me in my

cooperation and tremendous support during this summer training.

―Zydus Cadila healthcare is a pharmaceutical company headquartered at Ahmedabad in

1.3.1 Eight state – of- the art plants

1.3.2. Intermediates and APIs:

Specialty chemicals, fine chemicals

Oral dosage forms ( Tablets , hard & soft gel capsules)

1.3.4. Active pharmaceutical ingredient plants:

The company makes active pharmaceutical ingredients at three sites in India:

 Ankleshwar plants - Zydus Cadila's plant complex at Ankleshwar in Bharuch

 Patalganga plant - Zydus Cadila acquired an API plant at Patalganga in Maharashtra

1.1 1.3.5. Formulation plants

The company operates formulation plants at six locations:

 Vatwa plant - Zydus Cadila's plant at Vatwa, an industrial suburb of Ahmedabad,

 Changador plant - Zydus Cadila's plant at Changodar, 20 kilometres from

 Navi Mumbai plant - This operation, at Navi Mumbai in Maharashtra, is a 50/50

 Baddi plant - In 2004 Zydus commissioned at formulation plant at Baddi, in

1.4. Corporate Control

Mr. Pankaj Patel

1.4.1 Introduction to the company

One of India‘s leading integrated Pharma company

MORAIYA PLANT & PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER

The origin of the name ―ZYDUS‖

1.4.2 Quality policy

 In all its dimensions our world is shaped by a passion

―We Build People to Build Our Business‖

1.4.6. Our Care Value:

A – Adapt to new environment

R – Respect Human Value

E – Empower, Enrich & Excel

1.5. Zydus Vaxxicare:

Blue print of growth of Zydus vaxxicare business:

 Capitalize on existing strengths to drive growth In domestic market

1 Mr. Tony Parmar Vice President

2 Mr. D P Mishra Marketing Manager

3 Mr. Santosh Pandey Deputy Manager

4 Mr. Santosh Menon Admin. Manager

5 Mr. Mahesh Bhuta Sales Manager

6 Mr. Shushil Singh Sales Manager

7 Mr. Utsav Shah Executive

The Pharmaceutical market worldwide, valued at US $ 247.9 billion in 1994 is forecast to

The world exports of pharmaceutical has increased to US $ 14.4 billion in 1983 to US $ 35

The developing countries together accounted for only 5 to 7% of world pharmaceutical

2.3. INDIAN SCENARIO

2.4. INDIAN PHARMACEUTICALS WITH GLOBAL PERCEPTIVE

The pharmaceutical industry comprises 20,053 manufacturing units and provides