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Calculus01appendix, Formulae and Rules

The document outlines various mathematical formulae and rules related to topics like differentiation, integration, differential equations, and numerical methods. It provides the standard formulae for calculating things like slopes, midpoints, derivatives using common rules, integrals using techniques like substitution and u-substitution, and numerical approaches like Newton's method, trapezoidal rule, and Simpson's rule.

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87 views

Calculus01appendix, Formulae and Rules

The document outlines various mathematical formulae and rules related to topics like differentiation, integration, differential equations, and numerical methods. It provides the standard formulae for calculating things like slopes, midpoints, derivatives using common rules, integrals using techniques like substitution and u-substitution, and numerical approaches like Newton's method, trapezoidal rule, and Simpson's rule.

Uploaded by

eliseudesafate
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APPENDIX: FORMULAE AND RULES

POINTS AND LINES


MIDPOINT x1 + x2 y1 + y2 DISTANCE (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
2 , 2
SLOPE y2 − y1 LINE THROUGH y − y1 = m(x − x1)
x2 − x1 (x1, y1) WITH
SLOPE m
PARALLEL m1 = m2 PERPENDICULAR m1 m2 = − 1
LINES LINES

DIFFERENTIATION
SUM RULE d(u + v) du dv DIFFERENCE d(u − v) du dv
dx = dx + dx RULE dx = dx − dx
PRODUCT d(uv) dv du QUOTIENT RULE du dv
=u. + v . v dx − u dx
RULE dx dx dx d(u/v)
dx = v2
CONSTANT d(ku) du POWER RULE dxn n−1
= k dx = nx
FACTOR dx dx
RULE
CHAIN dy dy . du INVERSE dx . dy
RULE dx = du dx FUNCTIONS dy dx = 1
d x 1 d(1/x) 1 d(ex) x d(log x) 1
= dx = − x2 dx = e dx = x
dx 2 x
FUNDAMENTAL d f(x) dx x2 x3 x4 xn
ex = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + 4! + … + n! + …
THEOREM OF = f(x)
CALCULUS dx

INTEGRATION
SUM RULE [f(x) + g(x)] dx = CONSTANT kf(x) dx = k f(x) dx
FACTOR RULE
f(x) dx + g(x) dx

If f(x) dx = F(x) 1 b
f(ax + b) dx = a F(ax + b). b
f(x) dx = [F(x)] a = F[b] − F[a]
a
1 1 e dx = ex + c
x Area between curves:
xn dx) = n + 1 xn+1
x dx = log x + c b(top y − bottom y)dx
if n ≠ −1 a

1
STATIONARY POINTS AND OPTIMISATION
dy ∂z ∂z
Optimising y = (x): Put dx = 0. Optimising z = f(x, y): Put = = 0.
∂x ∂y

LAGRANGE Optimize z = f(x, y) Let F(x, y, λ) = f(x, y) − λϕ(x, y) and


MULTIPLIERS subject to constraint ∂F ∂F
ϕ(x, y) = 0. = =0
solve ∂x ∂y
ϕ(x, y) = 0
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
y′′ < 0 y′′ = 0 y′′ > 0
Local MIN Local MAX Local MAX TEST Local MIN
Inflection FAILS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
GROWTH/DECAY SECOND ORDER LINEAR
dx d2 x dx
dt = kx a dt2 + b dt + cx = 0
SOLN: x = Aekt SOLN: x = Aert + Best where r, s are
where A is an arbitrary constant distinct solutions to aλ2 + bλ + c = 0 and
A, B are arbitrary constants.

NUMERICAL METHODS
NEWTON’S METHOD y0
to solve y = f(x) = 0 x1 = x0 − becomes new x0
y0 ′
b
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION y dx using n strips of equal width h
a
TRAPEZIUM h
RULE 2 [First + Last + 2(Sum of others)].
CUBIC FIT RULE h2 b
TRAPEZIUM RULE + 12 [y′]a
SIMPSON’S RULE h
even number of strips 3 [first + last + 2(sum of other evens) + 4(sum of odds)]

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