AIEEE Class XI Chem Structure of Atom
AIEEE Class XI Chem Structure of Atom
AIEEE Class XI Chem Structure of Atom
C H E M I S T R Y
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
AIEEE
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STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
Theory
Solved Examples
Exercises
Level – I
Level – II
Level – III
Answers
Chemistry : Structure of Atom NARAYANA
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM
AIEEE Syllabus
Constituents of the atom (discovery of electron, rutherford model of the atom). Electronic
structure of atoms - nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, bohr's
model of hydrogen, shortcomings of the bohr model Dual nature of matter and radiation.
de-Broglie relation. The uncertainty principle, Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom,
Orbitals and Quantum numbers. Shapes of orbitals. Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion
Principle, Hund's Rule, Electronic Configuration of atoms.
CONTENTS
! Dalton’s atomic theory
! Fundamental particles
! Atomic models INTRODUCTION
! Photo electric effect
! Particle and wave This chapter firstly deals with discovery of
nature of electron fundamental particles i.e. electron, proton and neutron.
! Heisenberg After this, it covers various atomic models and
uncertainty principle explanation of hydrogen spectrum from the most
! Schrodinger wave important feature of Bohr’s model. Next we consider
equation photo electric effect which leads us to the concept of
! Quantum numbers dual nature of matter. Finally we show how this
! Rules for filling information is understood in terms of the quantum
electrons theory.
! Orbitals
! Contribution of some
scientist’s
! Important points
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Chemistry : Structure of Atom
1.1 LIMITATIONS
In 1833, Michael Faraday showed that there is a relationship between matter and electricity. This was
the first major break-through to suggest that atom was not a simple indivisible particle of all matter but
was made up of small particles. Discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons discarded the indivisible
nature of the atom proposed by John Dalton.
2. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
The complexity of the atom was further revealed when the discovery of cathode rays, positive rays,
X-ray, radioactivity, isotopes, isobars and the new atomic model were made in subsequent years.
Cathode
Anode +
High voltage
The ratio of negative charge (e) and mass (m) for cathode ray particle (electrons) is a constant. This
ratio is independent of the material used in the preparation of the electrodes of the discharge tube or
the gas filled in it. Thus, e/m of an electron is a universal constant.
ch arg e on electron e
mass of electron = = 1.76 × 108 Coulomb/gm
m
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(d) Antiproton : Segre discovered this particle in 1956. It bears a unit negative charge and its mass
is equal to that of a proton.
3. ATOMIC MODELS
(a) Most of the a-particle passed through the gold film without any appreciable deviation from their
path.
(b) Some particles got deviated from their original path of movement.
(c) A few of them rebounded towards own source.
α-Particles deviated from
their path
Uneviated α-particles
α-Particles Nucleus
3.2.2 Inferences
(a) Most of the α-particles pass through the gold foil without deviation in their path, showing that most
of the part in an atom is vacant.
(b) Whole of the mass of an atom is confined to its nucleus, which consists of positively charged
protons and neutral neutrons. These together are termed as nucleons.
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(c) It has been found on the basis of calculation that the radius of the atomic nucleus is 1×10–13 to
1 × 10–12 cm or 1 × 10–15 to 1 × 10–14 meter, while radius of an atom is 1 × 10–8 cm.
Radius of atom 10 −8 cm
(d) Magnitude of atomic nucleus = = = 105
Radius of atomic nucleus 10 −13 cm
Mass(M)
(e) Nuclear density Density (D) = Volume (V)
Since, the shape of atom is regarded as spherical, therefore, if radius of the nucleus is r, then
4 3
Volume of nucleus = πr
3
3.2.3 Model
Rutherford gave the following nuclear model on the basis of the experiment.
(i) Atom is a very minute, spherical, electro neutral particle composed of the following two parts :
(a) Positively charged nucleus and
(b) a vast extranuclear space in which electrons are present.
(ii) whole of the positive charge and almost all the mass of atom is confined to a very minute part at
the centre of the atom, called the nucleus of the atom. The radius of nucleus is about 10–13 to 10–
12 cm (or 10–15 to 10–14 meter), while the radius of atom is in the order of 10–8 cm.
(iii) The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus.
That is why an atom is electroneutral.
(iv) This model of an atom is also called “solar model” of “planetary model”. This is because, the
movement of electrons around the nucleus in this model has been compared to that of planets
moving around the sun in the solar system.
3.2.4 Demerits
(i) According to Clark Maxwell’s theory of electrodynamics, an electrically charged particle in motion
continuously emits energy. This results in regular decrease in the energy of that particle. On the
basis of this principle, it can be concluded that an electron moving around the nucleus will
continuously emit the energy. This will result in decrease in the radius of the electron orbit, due to
which the electron would ultimately plunge into the nucleus.
e–
An electron emitting energy and pluging into nucleus
(ii) Plunging of an electron into the nucleus would definitely mean destruction of the atom or end of
the existence of the atom. But we know that it never happens. Atom is a stable system. Therefore
Rutherford model failed in explaining the stability of an atomic system.
(iii) If an electron moving around the nucleus continuously emits energy, then the atomic spectrum
must be continuous, i.e. the spectrum should not have lines of definite frequency. However, the
atomic spectrum is actually not continuous and possesses so many lines of definite frequency.
Therefore, Rutherford model failed to explain the line spectrum of H-atom.
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Example - 1 Calculate the density of fluorine nucleus supposing that the shape of the nucleus is spherical
and its radius is 5 × 10–13. (Mass of F = 19 amu)
Solution : ∴ Mass of the nucleus of F atom = 19 × 1.66 × 10–24 gm
(1 amu = 1.660 × 10–24 gm)
4 4
Volume of the nucleus of F atom = π r3 = × 3.14 (5 × 10–13)3
3 3
= 525 × 10–39 cm3
1
ν = a (z – b); a ν = z − b
Z
1
∴ Z= ν +b [y = mx + c]
a
where ν = frequency of X-rays
ν
z = atomic number or nuclear charge
a and b are constants.
Thus nuclear charge of an atom is equal to the atomic number of that atom. Since an atom is electro
neutral, the number of positively charged protons in its nucleus is equal to the negatively charged
electrons moving around the nucleus in the atom. Thus
Atomic number = number of protons in the atom or
number of electrons in the atom
(b) The weight of electrons is neglected during calculation of the atomic weight, because the mass of
an electron is negligible in comparison to that of a proton or a neutron.
(c) In the nucleus of an electro neutral atom, the number of positively charged protons is equal to that
of negatively charged electrons.
16 14 23 12 17
8O 7N 11Na 6C 9F
Protons 8 7 11 6 9
Neutrons 8 7 12 6 8
Atomic 16 14 23 12 17
weight
Electrons 8 7 11 6 9
(d) The number of protons present in an atom is called atomic number of that atom.
For example O F Ne
Protons 8 9 10
Atomic number 8 9 10
(e) Kernel : The group of all the electrons except those of the outermost energy level, is called that
kernel of that atom and the electrons present in the kernel are known as electron of the kernel.
For example, if the electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 6, then the number of kernel electrons
is 2.
If the electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 8, 8, then the number of kernel electrons is 10.
If the electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 8, 8, 8, then the number of kernel electrons is 18.
3.3.3 Ions
When an atom loses electron, it is converted into a cation, while it is converted into an anion on gaining
electron.
(a) Number of electrons in a cation = Number of protons - charge present on the cation
(b) Number of electrons in a anion = Number of protons + Charge present on the anion
For example Na+ Mg+2 Al+3
Protons 11 12 13
Electrons 10 10 10
Cl– O–2 F–
Protons 17 8 9
Electrons 18 10 10
3.3.4 Isotopes
(a) The atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different atomic weights, are
called isotopes.
(b) Isotopes of an element have same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their
atoms. Hence their atomic weight are different. For example, oxygen has the following three
isotopes.
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16 17 18
8O 8O 8O
Protons 8 8 8
Neutrons 8 9 10
Atomic weights 16 17 18
(c) Hydrogen has the following three isotopes.
1 2 3
1H (Protium) 1D (Deuterium) 1T (Tritium)
Protons 1 1 1
Neutrons 0 1 2
Atomic weights 1 2 3
(d) Chlorine has the following two isotopes.
35 37
17C and 17Cl
3.3.5 Isobars
(a) Isobars are the atoms of different elements having same atomic weight.
(b) Isobars have different numbers of protons as well as neutrons.
(c) The sum of number of protons and neutrons in isobars is same. For example
Atomic weight of three elements 18Ar40, 19K40 and 20Ca40 is 40.
(i) Ar40 K40 Ca40
Protons 18 19 20
Neutrons 22 21 20
(ii) 76 76
32Ge 34Se
Protons 32 34
Neutrons 44 42
3.3.6 Isotones
The atoms having same number of neutrons are called isoneutronic or isotones. For example
30 31 32
14Si 15P 16S
Protons 14 15 16
Neutrons 16 16 16
Atomic weight 30 31 32
3.3.7 Isoelectronic
The chemical species in which number of electrons is same are called isoelectronic. For example
(a) Li+ Be+2 B+3
Electrons 2 2 2
(b) Na+ Mg+2 Al+3 F– O–2
Electrons 10 10 10 10 10
(c) K+ Ca+2 Ar
Electrons 18 18 18
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Example - 2 If the atomic weight of Zn is 70 and its atomic number is 30, then what will be the atomic
weight of Zn+2 ?
(1) 70 (2) 68
(3) 72 (4) 74 Ans. (1)
Solution : Two electrons are removed in the formation of Zn+2 from Zn. The numbers of protons and
neutrons remain unchanged.
Example - 3 The mass of one mole electrons should be -
(1) 0.55 mg (2) 1.0008 gm
(3) 1.000 gm (4) 0.184 gm Ans. (1)
Solution : The number of electrons in one mole = Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023
Mass of one electron = 9.1 × 10–28 gm
Therefore Mass of 6.023 × 1023 electrons = 9.1 × 10–28 × 6.023 × 1023 = 0.55 mg
Example - 4 The number of atoms present in 20 grams of calcium will be equal to the number of atoms
present in
1 6.023 × 10 23
(20 gm Ca = mole Ca); Ca = = 3.012 × 1023
2 2
(1) 12 gm C (2) 12.15 gm Mg
(3) 24.0 gm C (4) 24.3 gm Mg Ans. (2)
1
Solution : 24.3 gm Mg = 1 mole, therefore 12.15 gm = mole
2
Example - 5 Which of the following pairs consists of molecules having same mass number ?
(1) H2O and D2O (2) H2O and HTO
(3) D2O and HTO (4) D2O and HCl Ans. (3)
Solution : Mass number of H2O = 18; Mass number of D2O = 20
Mass number of HTO = 20; Mass number of HCl = 36.5
Example - 6 The mass number of three isotopes of an element are 11, 12 and 13 units. Their percentage
abundance is 80, 15 and 5 respectively. What should be the atomic weight of the element ?
(1) 11.25 (2) 20
(3) 16 (4) 10 Ans. (1)
Solution : 80 : 15 : 5
Thus the ratio is 16 : 3 : 1
Total = 16 + 3 + 1 = 20
11× 16 + 12 × 3 + 13 × 1
Average weight = = 11.25
20
Example - 7 If two neutrons are added to an element X, then it will get converted to its
(1) isotope (2) isotone
(3) isobar (4) None of the above Ans. (1)
Solution : The number of neutrons are different in the isotopes of the same element.
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Example - 8 In two elements Z1 A M1 and BM2 , M1 ≠ M2 and Z1 ≠ Z2 but M1 – Z1 = M2 – Z2. These elements
Z2
are
(1) isotonic (2) isotopic
(3) isobaric (4) isoprotonic Ans (1)
Solution : M1 = Atomic weightZ1 = Atomic number
In isobars M1 = M2 and in isotopes Z1 = Z2
In isotones (isoneutronic elements) M1 – Z1 = M2 – Z2
Example - 9 Two nuclides A and B are isoneutronic. Their mass numbers are 76 and 77 respectively. If
atomic number of A is 32, then the atomic number of B will be
(1) 33 (2) 34
(3) 32 (4) 30 Ans. (1)
Solution : 76 77
32A PB
Protons = 32 Protons + Neutrons = 77
Protons + Neutrons = 76 Neutrons = 44
Neutrons = 44 Protons = 33
Example - 10 The isoelectronic pair of 32 electron is
(1) BO3–3 and CO3–2 (2) PO4–3 and CO3–2
(3) N2 and CO (4) All of the above Ans. (1)
Solution : BO3–3 CO3–2
5 + 24 + 3 = 32 6 + 24 + 2 = 32
Example - 11 The pair NH3 + BH3 is isoelectronic with
(1) B2H6 (2) C2H6
(3) C2H4 (4) CO2 Ans. (2)
Solution : NH3 + BH3 C2H6
7 + 3 + 5 + 3 = 18 6 × 2 + 6 = 18
Example - 12 Which of the following is a one-electron species ?
(1) He (2) N
(3) H2 (4) N2 Ans. (4)
Solution : There is only one electron in H2 +
Example - 13 The molecular weight of an oxide of nitrogen is 30. What should be the number of electrons
in it ?
(1) 15 (2) 30
(3) 45 (4) 20 Ans. (1)
Solution : The molecular weight of NO is 30. It will have 15 electrons.
Example - 14 A diapositive ion has 16 protons. What should be the number of electrons in its tetrapositive
ion.
(1)16 (2) 14
(3) 12 (4) 10 Ans. (3)
Solution : X+2 has 16 protons, then In X – 16 protons and 16 electrons
In X+2 – 16 protons and 14 electrons In X+4 – 16 protons and 12 electrons
12
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Example - 15 If atomic weights of C and Si are 12 and 28 respectively, then what is the ratio of numbers of
neutrons in them
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 3
(3) 3 : 4 (4) 3 : 7 Ans. (4)
Solution : 12 28
Number of neutrons in 6C = 12 – 6 = 6; Number of neutrons in 14Si = 28 – 14 = 14
The ratio of number of neutrons in C and Si is 6 : 14 or 3 : 7.
1 λ
ν= and c = or c = νλ
T T
3.4.2 Frequency
The number of vibrations produced in a unit time is called frequency. Here, the time is taken in seconds.
The number of wavelengths passing forward in one second from a fixed point is called frequency.
3.4.4 Amplitude
The maximum deviation of a wave from its equilibrium point is known as its amplitude.
1
υ =
λ
Therefore, the unit of wave number is cm–1 or m–1
c c υ
∵ c = υλ or λ = or υ = or υ = c υ or υ =
υ λ c
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Example - 16 What should be the wavelength of an ultraviolet wave, if its frequency is 12 × 1016 cycles per
seond and c = 3 × 108 m/second ?
(1) 25 Å (2) 2.5 Å
(3) 0.25 Å (4) 0.025 Å Ans. (1)
Solution : ∵ c = νλ
c 3 × 108
Therefore λ = = = 0.25 × 10–8 m
ν 12 × 1016
or λ = 2.5 × 10–9 m or 25 × 10–10 m
λ = 25 Å
Prism Orange
Red
Continuous spectrum
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1 1 1
ν or =R× 2 − 2
λ n1 n2
Regions of line spectrum of hydrogen atom Explanation of Balmer series (line spectrum)
on the basis of Bohr model
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For the given value of n (principal quantum number), the total number of spectral lines can be calculate
n(n − 1)
by the expression .
2
Example - 17 How many emission spectral lines in all should be visible, if an electron is present in the third
orbit of hydrogen atom ?
(1) 6 (2) 3
(3) 5 (4) 15 Ans. (2)
n(n − 1) 3(3 − 1) 6
Solution : The expression of maximum number is = = =3
2 2 2
Example - 18 Which of the following should be the expression for the last line of Paschen series ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) =R – 2 (2) =R –
λ 9 ∞ λ 4 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
(3) =R – (4) =R – Ans. (1)
λ 9 16 λ 16 ∞
1 1 1
Solution : ν = =R –
λ 9 ∞
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(v) The force of attraction on electron by the nucleus is equal to the centrifugal force of that electron.
mv 2
r
e Force of attraction
v mv 2 1 Ze2
= ⋅ 2
r r 4πε0 r
1 Ze2
+ Ze mv 2 = ⋅
4πε0 r
nh mv 2 Ze2
Note : (a) mvr = ........(1) (b) = 2 ........(2)
2π r r
(c) En2 – En1 = hν...........(3)
3.7.1 Calculation of Velocity of the Electron of Bohr’s Orbit
mv 2 Ze2
= 2 ...(1)
r r
From Bohr’s postulate
nh
mvr = ...(2)
2π
Eq. (1) divided by (2)
2πZe2 z
v= or v=K
nh n
Here π , e and h are constants, therefore
2πe2
Here K = = 2.188 × 108 cm/second
h
Z
or v= × 2.188 ×108 cm / sec ond
n
1
v∝
n
v1 n 2
=
v2 n1
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v1 z1
=
v 2 z2
th
3.7.2 Radius of n Bohr’s Orbit
According to Bohr’s hypothesis
nh
put the value of v in mvr =
2π
n2h2 n2
r= or r =K
4π2 mZe2 z
In the above expression h, π, m and e, all are constants. therefore
h2
K = 4π 2me2 = cons tan t = 0.529Å
n2
or r= × 0.529 Å
Z
r ∝ n2
Thus, the radius of atoms goes on increasing as the number (n) of energy levels in the atoms
goes on increasing as shown below.
r1 n12
=
r2 n22
r1 Z 2
=
r2 Z1
1/z
Example - 19 An electron has been excited from the first to the fourth energy state in an atom. Which of the
following transitions are possible when the electron comes back to the ground state ?
(1) 4 → 1 (2) 4 → 2, 2 → 1
(3) 4 → 3, 3 → 2, 2 → 1 (4) All of the above Ans. (4)
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Solution : Electron can undergo transition from higher state to all lower states by loss of energy.
Example - 20 How much total energy will be released when an electron present in hydrogen atom undergoes
the following sequence of transition ?
n=4→n=2→n=1
(1) One quantum (2) Two quantums
(3) Three quantums (4) Four quantums
Ans. (2)
Solution : One quantum of energy is released in each transition, i.e. one quantum in n = 4 to n = 2 and
one quantum in n = 2 to n = 1 transition.
Example - 21 Which of the following is a fundamental particle
(1) Nucleus of He (2) Nucleus of H
(3) A positive atom (4) None of these Ans. (2)
Solution : Fundamental particle H+ is the nucleus of H
nh nh
(3) mvr = v=
2π 2πmr
Example - 23 If the velocities of first, second, third and fourth orbits of hydrogen atom are v1 , v2 , v3 and v4
respectively, then which of the following should be their increasing order
(1) v1 > v2 > v3 > v4 (2) v4 < v3 < v2 < v1
(3) v1 > v2 < v3 > v4 (4) Equal for all Ans. (2)
1
Solution : Z is a constant, therefore v ∝
n
i.e. v4 < v3 < v2 < v1
Example - 24 If the radius of first, second, third and fourth orbits of hydrogen atom are r1, r2, r3 and r4
respectively, then their correct increasing order will be
(1) r4 < r3 < r2 < r1 (2) r1 < r2 < r3 < r4
(3) r1 > r2 > r3 > r4 (4) Equal in all Ans. (2)
Solution : r∝ n2
r1 < r2 < r3 < r4
Example - 25 The ratio of radius of the fifth orbits of He+ and Li+ will be
(1) 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 2
(3) 4 : 1 (4) 5 : 3 Ans. (2)
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1 1 Ze2
Kinetic energy = mv 2 =
2 2 r
−Ze2
Potential energy =
r
(iii) Total Energy (ET)
1 −Ze 2
Total energy = Kinetic energy + potential energy ET = EK + EP mv 2 +
2 r
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1 Ze2
Total energy E = –
2 r
Formula
(i) Total energy = – Kinetic energy (ET = – EK)
(ii) Potential energy = 2 × Total energy) (EP = 2ET)
n=∞ 0 0 13.6
n=5 -13.6/52 = -0.54 0.54 13.05
2
n=4 -13.6/4 = -0.65 0.85 12.75
n=3 2nd Excited State -13.6/32 = 1.51 1.51 12.1
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1 1 1
ν= = R × Z2 2 − 2
λ
n1 n2
1
where is wave number
λ
R = Rydberg constant,
n1 = Number of lower energy level
n2 = Number of higher energy level
Calculation of formula
2
1 Ze
En1 = – (r1 = radius of the first orbit)
2 r1
2
1 Ze
En2 = – (r2 = radius of the second orbit)
2 r2
1 1 1
En1 – En2 = – Ze2 r − r
2 1 2
According to Bohr hypothesis
En1 – En2 = hν; En1 – En2 = – hν
2π2mZ 2 e 4 1 1
Therefore hν = 2 – 2
h2 n1 n2
2π2mZ2 e4 1 1
ν= 2 – 2
h3 n1 n2
2π2mZ2 e4
Here is a constant, because for hydrogen atom Z = 1
ch3
2π2me4
Thus R = Value of R = 109678 cm–1
ch3
If calculation, this value is 109700 cm–1.
1 1 1
Formula = = RZ2 2 – 2
λ n1 n2
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Example - 27 What should be the kinetic energy and total energy of the electron present in hydrogen atom,
if its potential energy is –5.02 eV
1
Solution : E∝–
n2
Example - 29 What should be kinetic energy and potential energy, respectively, of the electron in the third
orbit of hydrogen atom ?
(1) – 1.5 eV, 3.0 eV (2) 1.5 eV, – 3.0 eV
(3) 1.5 eV, 3.0 eV (4) 3.0 eV, – 3.0 eV Ans. (2)
Solution : Total energy of the third orbit of H atom
Z2 1
E=– 2 × 13.6 = – × 13.6 = – 1.5eV
n 9
(1) Kinetic energy = – Total energy = – (–1.5) = + 1.5 eV
(2) Potential energy = 2 × Total energy = 2 × –1.5 = –3.0 eV
Example - 30 Which of the following should be the energy of an electron present in ground state of hydrogen
atom ?
(1) – 13.6 eV (2) – 3.4 eV
(3) – 1.5 eV (4) – 0.85 eV Ans. (1)
Solution : An electron in ground state is in n = 1 orbit. Therefore the energy of the electron = – 13.6 eV
Example - 31 What should be the energy of the second excited state of Li+2 ?
(1) – 13.6 eV (2) – 30.6 eV
(3) – 3.4 eV (4) – 1.5 eV Ans. (1)
Solution : Second excited state n = 3
Z2 32
En = – 13.6 × 2 = – 13.6 × = – 13.6 eV
n 32
Example - 32 How much minimum energy should be absorbed by a hydrogen atom in ground state to
reach excited state ?
(1) + 10.2 eV (2) + 13.4 eV
(3) + 3.4 eV (4) + 1.5 eV Ans. (1)
Solution : The electron has to go to the second orbit E2 on excitation. Therefore
E2 – E1 = – 3.4 – ( – 13.6) = 13.6 – 3.4 = 10.2 eV
Example - 33 The maximum energy absorbed by hydrogen atom in its ground state will be
(1) 13.6 eV (2) 3.4 eV
(3) 10.2 eV (4) 0 eV Ans. (1)
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Solution : E∞ – E1
0 – (–13.6) = 13.6 eV
Example - 34 The energy required in the process He+2 → He+3 will be
(1) 0 eV (2) + 13.6 eV
(3) + 3.4 eV (4) + 1.5 eV Ans. (1)
Solution : He+2 does not have any electron, therefore the ionisation energy will be 0.
Example - 35 What should be the value of wave number of emitted radiation with respect to R, when the
electron present in hydrogen atom jumps from M orbit to K orbit ?
8 5
(1) R × (2) R ×
9 8
3 5
(3) R × (4) R × Ans. (1)
4 16
Solution : The electron jumps from M orbit (n = 3) to K orbit (n = 1). Therefore
1 1 1 1 1 1
ν = R − 2 = R 1− 2 = R 1− 9
n2
2
n 1 3
9 − 1 8
=R =R×
9 9
4. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Emission of electrons from a metal surface when exposed to light radiations of appropriate wavelength
is called photoelectric effect. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.
Work function or threshold energy may be defined as the minimum amount of energy required to eject
electrons from a metal surface.
According to Einstien,
Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron = absorbed energy – work function
1 1
1 2
2 mv max = hv − hv 0 = hc −
λ λ0
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hc hc
Solution: As, ν = hν° + KE ⇒ = + K.E
λ λo
h 6.625 × 10−34
= = = 1.2 × 10–9 m
mv 5.49 × 10−25
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2Em = m2v2
2Em = mv = p (momentum)
h h
λ= =
p 2 Em
m2v2 = 2eVm
mv = 2eVm = p
h
λ=
2eVm
de Broglie waves are not radiated into space, i.e. they are always associated with electron.The
wavelength decreases if the value of mass (m) increases, i.e., in the case of heavier particles, the
wavelength is too small to be measured. de Broglie equation is applicable in the case of smaller
particles like electron and has no significance for larger particles.
(a) (b)
(a) The number of waves around the orbit
is a whole number (6) times the wavelength.
(b) The number of waves around the orbit is not
a whole number multiple of the wavelength.
When the wave goes around the orbit many times,
it cancles itself out.
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If the two ends of the electron wave meet to give a regular series of crests and troughs, the electron
wave is said to be in phase, i.e., the circumference of Bohr’s orbit is equal to whole number multiple
of the wavelength of the electron wave.
So, 2πr = n λ
2πr
or λ=
n
From de Broglie equation,
h
λ=
mv
h 2πr
Thus, =
mv n
h
or mvr = n ⋅
2π
[v = velocity of electron and r = radii of the orbit]
h
i.e., Angular momentum = n ⋅
2π
This proves that the de Broglie and Bohr–concepts are in perfect agreement with each other.
Example - 37 What is the mass of a photon of sodium light with a wavelength of 5890 Å.
(1) 6.552 × 10–30 g (2) 5.892 × 10–30 g
(3) 9.582 × 10–28 g (4) 3.752 × 10–33 g Ans. (4)
h
Solution: λ=
mc
h
or m=
λc
6.63 × 10−27
So, m= = 3.752 × 10–33 g
5890 × 10−8 × 3 × 1010
Example - 38 What should be the mass of the photon of sodium light if its wavelength is 5894 Å, the
velocity of light is 3 × 108 metre/second and the value of h is 6.6252 × 10–34 Kg m2/sec ?
(1) 3.746 × 10–26 (2) 3.746 × 10–30
(3) 3.746 × 10–34 (4) 3.746 × 10–36 Ans. (4)
h h
Solution : λ= or
m×c cλ
(∵ λ = 5894 Å or 5894 × 10–10 m)
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h h
∆x × ∆p ≥ or ∆x × m × ∆v ≥
4π 4π
Here ∆x is uncertainty of position,
∆p is uncertainty of momentum and
h is Planck’s constant
Example - 39 What should be the uncertainty in position if uncertainty in momentum is 1 × 10–2 gm cm/sec
and value of h is 6.6253 × 10–34 Js ?
(1) 1.054 × 10–22m (2) 1.054 × 10–25m
(3) 1.054 × 10–27 m (4) 1.054 × 10 –32 m Ans. (3)
Solution : Given that
∆p = 1 × 10–2 gm cm/sec. = 1 × 10–7 Kg m/sec.
h = 6.6252 × 10–34 Js
h h
∆x × ∆p = ∴ ∆x =
2π 2π × ∆p
6.6252 × 10 –34
or ∆x =
2 × 3.14 × 10 –7
m = 1.054 × 10–27m
8π 2m
∇2 ψ + (E – v) φ = 0
h2
d2 d2 d2
∇2 = + +
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
where m = Mass of electron, h = Planck constant,
E = Total energy of electron, v = Potential energy of electron,
ψ = Wave function, ∇ = Laplacian Operator
8. QUANTUM NUMBERS
(a) The position of any electron in any atom can be ascertained with the help of quantum numbers.
(b) In an atom, the shell consists of sub-shells and the sub-shell consists of orbital can accommodate
only two electrons, which are in opposite spins.
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(d) Principal quantum number also gives information about the distance of an electron from the nucleus
in an atom
(e) Principal quantum number also gives information about the energy of an electron.
(f) Principal quantum number also gives information about the velocity of an electron.
(g) In any orbit, the number of orbitals is given by n2 and number of electrons is given by 2n2.
This is called Bohr-Bury rule.
(3) For d sub-shell, l = 2. Thus, m = 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 and therefore d sub-shell consists of five orbitals
called dxy, dyz, dz2, dxz and d 2 2 orbitals.
x −y
–1 0 +1
(iii) For d sub-level, l = 2. Thus, the values of m for d orbitals are as follows.
2
dxy dyz dz dxz dx2 −y2
–2 –1 0 +1 +2
(iv) For f sub-level, l = 3. Thus, the values of m for f orbitals are as follows.
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
(e) The total number of orbitals present in an energy level is determined by the formula n2 where n is
principal quantum number.
1
(c) If the electron spins in clockwise direction, s is denoted by + or a sign [↑]. Anticlockwise spin of
2
1
the electron is denoted by s = – or [↓].
2
(d) One orbital can accommodate only two electrons, with opposite spins.
(e) The angular momentum of an electron is not only due its motion around the nucleus in an energy
level but also due to its rotation along its own axis. The angular momentum that arises due to
rotation of an electron along its axis, is called spin angular momentum and is depicted by the
symbol µs. The value of µs can be found out with the help of the following expression.
h
µs = s(s + 1) × where s is spin quantum number. In this expression the value of s is always
2π
1 1
taken as and not – .
2 2
Example - 40 Which of the following is the principal quantum number for the last electron of 11Na ?
(1) 3 (2) 2
(3) 4 (4) 1 Ans. (1)
Solution : 11Na = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
n=3
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Example - 49 What should be the atomic number of an element, if the quantum numbers of the highest
energy electron of the element in ground state are n = 4, l = 1, m = – 1 s = + 1/2 ?
(1) 31 (2) 35
(3) 30 (4) 32 Ans. (1)
Solution : The electronic configuration of the element will be 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6,
3d10, 4p1. 4s2,
Thus, the total number of electrons is 31 and hence the atomic number will be 31.
Example - 50 The orbital having m = – 2 should not be present in the following sub-shell
(1) d (2) f
(3) g (4) p Ans. (4)
Solution : For p sub-shell, m = – 1, 0, + 1. Therefore, m = – 2 orbital will not be present in p sub-shell.
Example - 51 What should be the value of spin quantum number of the last electron for d9 configuration ?
(1) 0 (2) – 1/2
(3) 1/2 (4) 1 Ans. (2)
Solution : The value of spin quantum number (s) can be + 1/2 or – 1/2, because an electron can rotate
along its axis either in clockwise or in anticlockwise direction. But one quantum number
depicts one electrons and thus its value will be – 1/2 for d9 configuration.
Example - 52 The all energy levels are called excited states when the value of principal quantum number
is :
(1) n = 1 (2) n > 1
(3) n < 1 (4) n > – 1 Ans. (2)
Solution : All the energy states in which n is greater than 1 are called excited states.
For Examples
(a) 6s1 and 6s2
n=6 n=6
l=0 l=0
m=0 m=0
s = + 1/2 s = – 1/2
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Examples
1s1 and 1s2
n=1 n=1
l=0 l=0
m=0 m=0
1 1
s=+ s=–
2 2
(v) This rule does not apply for hydrogen atom because it contains only one electron.
(2) ↑↓ ↑ ↑
(e) The following two conditions have to be fulfilled for Hund’s rule.
(1) The orbitals should be degenerate
(2) The number of electrons and the degenerate orbitals should be more than one
(f) Hund’s rule is not applicable for H, He, Li and Be, because electrons in them go to s sub-shell,
which does not have any degenerate orbital.
(g) Hund’s rule is not applicable for 5B also, because there is only one electrons in p orbital. Therefore,
this rule is applicable from 6C onwards.
(h) Hund’s rule is not important for elements belonging to groups IA, IIA and IIIA.
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9.4 n + l RULE
(a) n + l Rule gives information about the energy of various sub-shells.
(b) According to this rule, the sub-shells having higher value of n + l have higher energy.
(c) The sub-shells having lower value of n + l have lower energy.
(d) If two sub-shells have same value of n + l, then that sub-shell will have higher energy which has
higher value of n.
Increasing order of energy
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p
The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in s orbital is 2, that in p orbital is 6, that
in d orbital is 10 and that in f orbital is 14.
Exceptions to n + l Rule
Due to greater stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals, the configurations d5 ns1 and d10 ns1 are
written in place of d4 ns2 and d9 ns2 respectively.
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(c) The exchange energy for half-filled and fully-filled orbitals is maximum. As the number of electrons
increases, electron start pairing resulting in spin coupling. The energy liberated in the process of
coupling is called coupling energy.
(d) The spin of electrons in a fully-filled orbital are opposite to each other or antiparallel. The energy of
the system decreases due to neutralization of opposite spins. So fully-filled orbitals are more
stable.
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10. ORBITAL
(a) The space around the nucleus where probability of finding an electron is maximum, is called an
orbital.
(b) An electron cloud is negatively charged and the nucleus is positively charged. Therefore, the
probability of finding an electron is maximum around the nucleus.
(c) The probability of finding an electron in an orbital is 95% to 98%.
(d) he place where probability of finding an electron is zero is known as node and a plane passing
through node is known as nodal plane.
(e) Total number of nodal planes = l.
(f) There are two types of nodes :
(i) Radial node : These are the points at some distance from the nucleus where there is zero
probability of finding the elecetrons.
(ii) Angular node : These are directional in nature so these are associated with p and d orbitals.
(g) For a particular quantum number ‘n’
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Total nodes = n – 1
Radial nodes = n - l - 1
Angular nodes = l
10.1 s-ORBITAL
(a) Only one s-orbital is possible in an orbit because l = 0 and m = 0 for it.
(b) It is spherical in shape and thus the electron density is uniform in all directions.
(c) The size increases with increase in the value of n. There is vacant space between 1s orbital and
2s orbital, where the probability of finding electron is minimum, it is known as nodal surface.
(d) The nodal surface is missing inside 1s orbital because of its proximity with the nucleus.
(e) The number of nodal surfaces in an orbit is equal to (n – 1)
z z
y y
x + x +
1s Orbital 2s Orbital
(a) (b)
The shapes of s-orbital
10.2 p-ORBITAL
(a) For p orbitals, l = 1 and m = – 1, 0, + 1. Thus, it can have three configurations, which are distributed
in x, y and z axes. Therefore, there are three p-orbitals, which are dumbbell, shaped.
(b) Each p-orbital has two lobes and the probability of finding electron inside these two lobes is equal.
The plane perpendicular to the axis two lobes and passing through the point where these two
lobes join, is the nodal plane of p-orbital, because the probability of finding electron in this plane is
negligible or minimum.
(c) The value of nodal planes for each of the px, py and pz orbitals is same and these nodal planes are
present in xy, yz and xz planes, respectively.
(d) The three p-orbitals of a particular orbit (px, py and pz) have equal energy and therefore these are
called degenerated orbitals.
x
+
px Orbitals
+ y +
+
z
z
y
px–py–pz Orbitals py Orbitals pz Orbitals
Shape of p orbitals
10.3 d-ORBITALS
(a) For d orbitals, l = 2 and m = – 2, – 1, 0, +1, + 2. Therefore, there are five orientations and thus five
d-orbitals.
(b) Its shape is like a double dumbbell.
(c) The five orientations of d-orbitals are as follows :
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(1) The double dumbbell of dxy orbital are situated between x and y axes.
(2) The double dumbbell of dyz orbital are situated between y and z axes
(3) The double dumbbell of dxz orbital are situated between x and z axes.
(4) The double dumbbell of d 2 2 orbital are directed on x and y axes
x –y
(5) dz2 orbital is composed of one dumbbell and one ring. The dumbbell is situated on z axis
and the ring is present on its middle part.
Therefore on the above said five d orbtials can be classified into the following two categories.
(a) t2g Orbitals (dxy, dxz and dyz) – In these, the electron density is concentrated in-between the
axes. These are also called grade orbitals.
(b) eg Orbitals ( dx2 − y2 and dz2 ) – In these, the electron density is concentrated on the axes.
Shape of d Orbitals
10.4 f-ORBITALS
(i) They have complex shapes,
(ii) For these, l = 3 and m = – 3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3
(iii) These have seven orientations.
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9.1× 10 −28
Rest mass = = 5.51 × 10–4 a.m.u.
1.6 × 10 − 24
The mass of an electron 9.1 × 10–28 gram is also called its rest mass.
(f) Discovery – With the help of cathode rays.
(3) Proton
(a) Discoverer – Goldstein
(b) Discovery – With the help of anode rays
(c) Mass – 1.6748 × 10–24 gram or 1.00757 a.m.u.
(d) Charge – Unit positive charge
(4) Neutron
(a) Discoverer – James Chadwick (1932)
(b) Charge – Zero (i.e. a neutral particle)
(c) Mass – 1.67 × 10–24 gram or 1.6 × 10–27 Kg
(d) Density – 10–12 Kg/cm3
(5) Nucleus
(a) Discoverer – Rutherford
(b) Size of nucleus – 10–13 to 10–12 cm i.e. 10–15 to 10–14 metre
(c) Size of atoms – 10–8 cm
(d) Atomic radius – 105 × Radius of the nucleus
(6) Positron
(a) Discoverer – C.D. Anderson (1932)
(b) Symbol – e+1
(c) Charge – Unit positive charge
(d) Mass – Negligible (like electron)
(e) Stable particle
(7) Meson
(a) Discoverer – Ukawa
(b) Charge – Positive, negative or zero
(c) Mass – In between proton and electron
(d) Unstable particle
(8) Neutrino
(a) Discoverer – Pauling
(b) Charge – Zero
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4 3 4
(10) Volume of atom = πr = π 10–24 cm
3 3
4 3 4 10 −39
(11) Volume of nucleus = πr = π 10–39 cm = = 10–15 cm
3 3 10 − 24
Thus, the nucleus of an atom occupies 10–15 part of an atom
(12) Some discoverers
(a) Positive rays – Goldstein
(b) Cathode rays – William Crookes
(c) Atomic number – Mosley
(d) e/m of proton – J.J. Thomson
(e) e/m of electron – R.A. Milliken
(f) Radioactivity – Henry Becquerel
12. IMPORTANT POINTS
(a) Number of sub-shells in the shell = n
(b) Number of orbitals in the shell = n2
(c) Number of electrons in the shell = 2n2
(d) No. of orbitals in the sub-shell = 2l + 1
(e) Number of elliptical orbits according to Sommerfeld = n – 1
n(n − 1)
(f) Maximum number of spectral lines =
2
(g) Number of nodal surfaces = n – 1
(h) K. E. = – T.E.
(i) T.E. = P.E./2
(j) Nodal Point : The nucleus of an atom called Nodal Point.
(k) Isodiapheres : The elements which have same value of (n – p) is called isodiapheres.
(l) Isomorphous : The two different type of compound which contain same crystalline structure
called isomorphous and this property called isomorphism.
(m) Substance which have same number of electron and atoms called Isosteres.
(n) Core : The outer most shell of an atom called Core and the number of electron present to that
shell is called Core electron.
(o) Promotion : The transfer of electron between subshells in an orbit is called promotion. While the
transfer of one energy level to another is called transition. After the completion of promotion the
transition process is occurred.
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n 2h 2 2πZe2 Ze 2 2π 2me 4
1. r= V= E=– R=
4π 2mZe 2 nh 2r Ch 3
1/ 2
n2 Ze 2 2π 2mZ 2 e 4 1 1 1
2. r= × 0.529Å V =
E=– = R × Z2 2 – 2
Z rm
2 2
n h λ n1 n2
n2 nh z2
3. r= × 0.0529 nm V= E = – Rch × E = hυ
Z 2πmr n2
1 z2 h
4. r ∝ n2 (Z const) V∝ (Z const) E=– 2
× 313.6 Kcal λ =
n n mc
r1 n12 V1 n2
5. r2 = n 22 (Z const) V2 = n1 (Z const) E ∝ – Z2 (n const) c = v/t
2πr E1 Z12
6. r ∝ 1/Z (n const) Time period T = = E = mc2
V E 2 Z 22 (n const)
42
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 What difference will appear in the mass number if the number of neutrons is halved number of
electrons is doubled in 8O16.
(1) 25% decrease (2) 50% increase
(3) 150% increase (4) No difference Ans.(1)
Solution : 16
8O Initial weight – final weight
Protons 8p → 8p
Neutrons 8n → 4n
Weight 16 → 12
Thus decrease in mass number = 25%
4
Deuterium in 100 parts of D2O = × 100 = 20%
20
h
Example - 3 If a = , then the correct expression for calculation of the circumference of the first
4π me22
n2 h2 h
2×π × 2 , n = 1 , Z = 1 and =a
4π mZe
2
4 π 2
me2
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2
E1 Z1 (11)2
E2 = Z12 = (1)2 = 121 : 1
Example - 7 What should be the total numbers of orbitals and electrons for m = 0, if there are 30 protons
in an atom ?
(1) 7 orbitals, 14 electrons (2) 6 orbitals, 12 electrons
(3) 5 orbitals, 10 electrons (4) 3 orbitals, 6 electrons Ans. (1)
Solution : The configuration of the atom of atomic number 30 is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s 2. This
will have 7 orbitals of m = 0.
Example - 8 Supposing that Pauli exclusion principle is nonexistent, which of the following should be the
most unacceptable configuration of Li in ground state ?
(1) 1s2, 2s1 (2) 1s3
(3) 1s1, 2s2 (4) 1s1, 2s1, 2p1 Ans. (4)
Soluton : As a matter of fact, the configuration given in 2, 3 and 4 are wrong, but configuration given in
4 is most unacceptable because there is one electron in each of the three orbitals and
according to Paulis exclusion principle maximum two electrons can be occupied in a orbital.
Example - 9 If the value of n + l = 7, then what should be the increasing order of energy of the possible
sub-shells ?
(1) 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s (2) 7s < 6p < 5d < 4f
(3) 7s > 6p < 5d < 4p (4) 4f < 5d < 6p > 7s Ans. (1)
Solution : n+l=7
7 + 0 = 7s Order of energy
6 + 1 = 6p 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s
5 + 2 = 5d
4 + 3 = 4f
Example - 10 Which of the following sub-shells will be filled by the electron after complete filling up of the
orbital of the third principal shell ?
(1) 4s (2) 4f
(3) 4d (4) 4p Ans. (4)
Solution : The electron goes to 4p after filling up to 3d.
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Example - 11 Which of the following should be the atomic number of an atom if its electronic configuration is
(n – 2)s2, (n – 1) sa pb nsa p2 where n = 3, a = 2 and b = 6 ?
(1) 14 (2) 12
(3) 16 (4) 15 Ans. (1)
Solution : (3 – 2)s2 (3 – 1)s2 p6 3s2 3p2; 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p2 = 14
The atomic number of the atom is 14
Example - 12 Which of the following should be the electronic configuration of an atom in its first excited
state if that atom is isoelectronic with O2 ?
(1) [Ne] 3s2 3p4 (2) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 3d1
1
(3) [Ne] 3s 3p 5 (4) None of the above Ans. (2)
Solution : 2 2 6 2 4
16 electrons = 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p (Two unpaired electrons)
Excited state = [ Ne] 3s2, 3p3, 3d1 (Four unpaired electrons)
Example - 13 The mass charge ratio for A+ ion is 1.97 × 10–7 kg C–1. Calculate the mass of A atom.
(1) 9.02 × 10–31 kg (2) 3.16 × 10–26 kg
–28
(3) 11.16 × 10 kg (4) 6.40 × 10–30 kg Ans. (2)
m
Solution : Given = 1.97 × 10–7
e
(since e = 1.602 × 10–19 C) ∴ m = 1.97 × 10–7 × 1.602 × 10–19 kg
m = 3.16 × 10–26 kg
Example - 14 AIR service on Vividh Bharati is transmitted on 219 m band. What is its transmission fre-
quency in Hertz ?
(1) 1.37 × 106 Hz (2) 3.16 × 108 Hz
10
(3) 1.12 × 10 Hz (4) 2.9 × 106 Hz Ans. (1)
c
Solution : Given λ = 219 m Thus, ν =
λ
3.0 × 108
or ν= = 1.37 × 106 Hz
219
Example - 15 The ionization energy of He+ is 19.6 × 10–18 J atom–1. The energy of the first stationary state of
Li+2 will be :
(1) 84.2 × 10–18 J/atom (2) 44.10 × 10–18 J/atom
–18
(3) 63.2 × 10 J/atom (4) 21.2 × 10–18 J/atom Ans. (2)
+2 2
Solution : E1 for Li = E1 for H × Z = E1 for H × 9
E1 for He+ = E1 for H × Z2He = E1 for H × 4
9 9
or E1 for Li+2 = E for He+ = 19.6 × 10–18 × = 44.10 × 10–18 J/atom
4 1 4
Example - 16 Which of the following set of quantum numbers is permitted
(1) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 2, s = +1/2 (2) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 1, s = 0
(3) n = 2, l = 2, m = +1, s = – 1/2 (4) n = 2, l = 2, m = +1, s = – 1/2 Ans. (1)
Solution : (a) This set of quantum number is permitted.
(b) This set of quantum number is not permitted as value of ‘s’ cannot be zero.
(c) This set of quantum number is not permitted as the value of ‘l’ cannot be equal to ‘n’.
(d) This set of quantum number is not permitted as the value of ‘m’ cannot be greater than ‘l’.
45
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Example - 17 Calculate the number of proton emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W sodium lamp (λ or photon =
5893 Å)
(1) 17.8 × 1029 (2) 3.37 × 1020
(3) 11.9 × 1019 (4) 6.41 × 1024 Ans. (4)
Solution : Energy emitted by sodium lamp in one sec. = Watt × sec = 60 × 1 J
60
∴ No of photons emitted per sec. =
3.37 × 10 –19
∴ No. of photons emitted in 10 hours = 17.8 × 1019 × 10 × 60 × 60 = 6.41 × 1024
Example - 18 Find out the energy of H atom in first excitation state.The value of permittivity factor
4πε0 = 1.11264 × 10–10 C2 N–1 m–2.
(1) 9.3 × 10–11 J (2) 6.62 × 10–34 J
(3) 5.443 × 10–19 J (4) 2.44 × 10–10 J Ans. (3)
Solution : In M.K.S. system
1 1 1
(i.e. n2 = ∞) = RH 2 – 2
λ 1 ∞
= 109678 = 911.7 × 10–8 = 911.7 Å
Example - 20 Electromagnetic radiations of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise sodium atom.
Calculate the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1.
(1) 806.3 (2) 80.63
(3) 49.45 (4) 494.5 Ans. (4)
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Example - 21 What is the longest wavelength which can remove the electron from I Bohr’s orbit. Given
E1 = 13.6 eV.
(1) 912.24Å (2) 21.78Å
(3) 13.34Å (4) 264.92Å Ans. (1)
Solution : The photon capable of removing electron from I Bohr’s orbit must possess energy
= 13.6 eV
= 13.6 × 1.602 × 10–19 J = 21.787 × 10–19 J
m1x1 + m2 X2
Average atomic wt. = x1 + x 2
h h
Solution : We have λ= ∴ mv =
mv λ
6.625 × 10 –34
= = 2.01 × 10–24 kgmsec–1
0.33 × 10 −9
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Example - 25 The atomic masses of two isotopes of O are 15.9936 and 17.0036. Calculate in each atom
(1) No. of neutrons (2) No. of protons
(3) No. of electrons (4) Mass no. Ans. (1)
Solution : I isotope of O II isotope of O
Atomic masses are 15.9936 17.0036
∴ Mass no. are 16 17 (Integer values)
∴ No of neutrons = 16 – 8 = 8 17 – 8 = 9
and no. of electrons =8 =8
Mass no. – At no. = No. of neutrons
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EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. Which of the following species will produce the shortest wavelength for the transition n = 2 to n = 1?
(1) H-atom (2) He+ -ion
2
(3) H1 (4) Li+2 - ion
2. The difference in angular momentum associated with the electron in two successive orbits of hydrogen
atom is:
h h
(1) (2)
π 2π
h h
(3) (4) (n − 1)
2 2π
3. Suppose 10–17 Jouls of light energy is required by the interior of the human eye to see on object. How
many photons of green light (λ = 550 nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy?
(1) 20 (2) 28
(3) 22 (4) 30
4. Non-directional orbital is
(1) 3s (2) 4f
(3) 4d (4) 4p
5. When the frequency of light incident on a metallic plate is doubled, the KE of the emitted photo electrons
will be:
(1) doubled (2) halved
(3) increased but more than double of the previous KE (4) unchanged
6. In an atom two eletrons move around the nuclens in circular orbit of R and 4R. The ratio of the time
taken by them to complete one revolution is :
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 4 : 1
(3) 1 : 8 (4) 8 : 7
7. A 3p-orbital has
(1) two non-spherical nods (2) two spherical nods
(3) one spherical and one non-spherical node (4) one spherical and two nonspherical nods
8. Calculate no. of photons emitted in 10 hrs by a 60 W sodium 1 amp (λ = 5893Å)
(1) 6.4 × 1024 (2) 64 × 1024
20
(3) 6.4 × 10 (4) None
9. How many times does the electrons go around the first Bohr Orbit H-atom in one second?
(1) 6.57 × 1015 (2) 65.7 × 1015
(3) 6.57 × 1016 (4) None
10. What is the speed of an electron whose de-Broglie wavelength is 0.1 nm?
(1) 7.2 × 106 ms–1 (2) 72 × 106 ms–1
(3) 72 × 102 ms–1 (4) 7.2 × 104 ms–1
11. Find the product of uncertainty in position and velocity for an electron of mass 9.1 × 10–31 kg?
(1) 5.8 × 10–5 m2s–1 (2) 58 × 10–5 m2s–1
–3 2 –1
(3) 5.8 × 10 m s (4) 5.8 × 10–2 m2s–1
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12. How many photons of light having a wavelnegth of 4000Å are required to provide 1 Joule of energy?
(1) 2 × 1018 (2) 0.2 × 1020
15
(3) 2 × 10 (4) None
13. Which one is the heaviest fundamental particle
(1) Electron (2) Proton
(3) Neutron (4) None
14. The no. of waves made by a Bohr electron in an Orbit of maximum magnetic quantic number 3 is
(1) 3 (2) 4
(3) 2 (4) 1
15. Which orbital notation does not have spherical node;
(1) n = 2, l = 0 (2) n = 2, l = 1
(3) n = 3, l = 0 (4) n = 1, l = 0
16. The distance between 3rd and 2nd orbits in the H-atom is;
(1) 2.116 × 10–8 cm (2) 2.646 × 10–8 cm
(3) 0.529 × 10–8 cm (4) 1.058 × 10–8 cm
+3
17. 13.5 gm of Al when change to Al ion in solution, will lose;
(1) 18 × 1023 electron (2) 6.022 × 1023 electrons
23
(3) 3.01 × 10 electrons (4) 9.1 × 1023 electrons
18. In Bohr’s model of the H-atom the ratio between the period of revolution of an electron in the orbit n =
1 to the period of revolution of the electron in the orbit n == 2 is
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1
(3) 1 : 4 (4) 4 : 1
19. Ionisation potential of H-atom is 13.6 eV. If hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by monochromatic
light of energy 12.1 eV then the spectral line emitted according to Bohr’s theory will be ;
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
20. The wave length of a certain line in Balmer series is observed to be 4341Å. To what value of “n” does
this correspond?
(1) 5 (2) 4
(3) 4 (4) 6
21. Which one is not possible;
(1) n = 2, l = 2 (2) n = 2, l = 0
(3) n = 3, l = 2 (4) n = 2, l = 1
22. The two unpaired electrons of carbon differs in terms of their;
(1) n (2) l
(3) m (4) s
23. Isotopes are possible due to differene no of
(1) Electrons (2) Protons
(3) Neutrons (4) None
24. An electron can revolve only in those orbit in which angular momentum is integral multiple of
h h
(1) (2)
π 2π
h h
(3) (4)
3π 4π
25. Maximum no. of electrons in; n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2 is;
(1) 2 (2) 1
(3) 3 (4) 4
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LEVEL - II
1. The molecular weight of an oxide of nitrogen is 30. The number of electrons present in one molecule of
this compound is :
(1) 15 (2) 30
23
(3) 6.02 × 10 × 15 (4) 6.02 × 1023 × 30
2. Which of the following are isoelectronic with one another :
(1) Na+ and Ne (2) K+ and O
(3) Ne and O (4) Na+ and K+
3. Which of the following statements is false ?
(1) (n + ") rule arranges the orbitals in increasing order of energy
(2) Wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum
(3) Aufbau’s principle was given a scientist named Aufbau
(4) Velocity of all types of electromagnetic radiation is same
4. Electron density in the region between 1s and 2s- orbital is :
(1) high (2) low
(3) zero (4) None of these
5. If the radius of first orbit of H-atom is 5 pm, the radius of third orbit Li2+ will be :
(1) 106 pm (2) 23 pm
(3) 32 pm (4) 15 pm
6. The K.E. of an electron in first Bohr’s orbit of H-atom is 13.6 eV. Total energy of first orbit is :
1
(1) – × 13.6 eV (2) – 13.6 eV
2
1
(3) 2 × 13.6 eV (4) × 13.6 eV
2
7. The shape of p-orbital is :
(1) Elliptical (2) spherical
(3) dumb-bell (4) None of these
11 11
8. 6
C and 5B are called :
(1) Nuclear isomers (2) Isobars
(3) Isotopes (4) Fission products
9. No two electrons of an atom can have same :
(1) principle quantum number
(2) azimuthal quantum number
(3) set of four quantum numbers
(4) magnetic quantum number
10. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is :
(1) 5, 0, 0 + 1/2 (2) 5, 1, 0, + 1/2
(3) 5, 1, 1, + 1/2 (4) 6, 0, 0, + 1/2
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11. Which of the following formula represents the K.E. of an electron in nth Bohr’s orbit of H-atom ?
Rhc Rhc
(1) (2) –
n2 n2
2Rhc 2Rhc
(3) – (4)
n2 n2
12. The energy of electron in excited H-atom is – 3.4 eV. What is the angular momentum of electron ?
h h
(1) (2)
π 2π
2h 3h
(3) (4)
π π
13. What is the frequency of the electron in an orbit of radius r, if its velocity is v ?
2πr
(1) (2) 2πrv
v
vr v
(3) (4)
2π 2πr
14. How many spectral lines will be obtained by the various transitions when an electron comes from
excited state n = 5 to its original state ?
(1) 20 (2) 5
(3) 4 (4) 10
15. Principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers are respectively related to :
(1) size, shape and orientation (2) shape, size and orientation
(3) size, orientation and shape (4) None of these
16. Bohr’s model of the atom can explain :
(1) The spectrum of H-atom only
(2) The spectrum of hydrogen molecule
(3) The spectrum of atom or ion containing one electron only
(4) The solar spectrum
17. The wavelength of first line of Balmer series of H-atom is – (R = Rydberg’s constant)
36 36R
(1) (2)
5R 5
5R 5
(3) (4)
36 36R
18. The excitation energy of an electron from second orbit to third orbit of an atom with + Ze nuclear charge
is 47.2 eV. If the energy of H-atom in lowest energy state is – 13.6 eV. What will be the value of Z ?
(1) 4 (2) 5
(3) 6 (4) 7
19. The statement ‘It is not possible to estimate accurately the position and momentum of an electron
simultaneously is associated with :
(1) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (2) De-Broglie’s principle
(3) Pauli’s uncertainty principle (4) Aufbau principle
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20. The electron of H-atom transit from n = 1 to n = 4 by absorbing energy. If the energy of n = 1 state
is – 21.8 × 10–19 Joule then its energy in n = 4 state will be :
(1) – 21.8 × 10–19 Joule (2) – 5.45 × 10–19 Joule
(3) – 2.725 × 10–19 Joule (4) – 1.362 × 10–19 Joule
21. The wavelength of first line of Lymen series is 1216 Å. What is the wave length of last line ?
(1) 3648 Å (2) 608 Å
(3) 912 Å (4) 2432 Å
22. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon ?
(1) 3s (2) 2p
(3) 2s (4) 1s
23. de’ Broglie equation tells about :
(1) the relation between electron and nucleus (2) the relation between electron and proton
(3) the relation between electron and neutron (4) electrons’ dual nature of wave and particle
24. The circumference of first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom is how many times the circumference of
second Bohr’s orbit of He+ ?
(1) two times (2) half
(3) equal (4) none of these
25. The mass of a cricket ball is 0.21 kg. If the order of uncertainty in position is 100 pm then uncertainty in
its velocity will be :
(1) 3.5 × 10–24 m/sec (2) 6.02 × 1023 m/sec
(3) 6.602 × 10–27 m/sec (4) 2.5 × 10–24 m/sec
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LEVEL - III
1. The orbital cylindrically symmetrical about x-axis is :
(1) pz (2) py
(3) px (4) dxz
2. Which of the d-orbital lies in the xy-plane :
(1) dxz only (2) dxy only
1
(1) 25 (2) 33
3
2
(3) 66 (4) 75
3
6. When an electron of charge e and mass m moves with velocity v about the nuclear charge Ze in the
circular orbit of radius r, then the potential energy of the electron in given by :
(1) Ze2/r (2) –Ze2/r
(3) Ze2/r2 (4) mv2/r
7. If uncertainty in position of electron is zero, then the uncertainty in its momentum would be :
(1) Zero (2) h/2π
(3) 3h/2π (4) Infinity
8. It is known that atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons. If the mass of neutron is assumed to be
half of its original value whereas that of electron is assumed to be twice to this original value. The
atomic mass of 6C12 will be :
(1) Twice (2) 75% less
(3) 25% less (4) One half of its original value
9. The speed of a proton is one hundredth of the speed of light in vacuum. What is its de-Broglie wavelength?
Assume that one mole of protons has a mass equal to one gram [h = 6.626 × 10–27 erg sec] :
(1) 13.31 × 10–3 Å (2) 1.33 × 10–3 Å
(3) 13.13 × 10–2 Å (4) 1.31 × 10–2 Å
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1 1
(1) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = + (2) n = 2, l = 3, m = 0, s = +
2 2
1 1
(3) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + (4) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 2
13. In hydrogen atom, If an electron jumps from n = 6 to n = 2, how many possible spectral lines are
obtained:
(1) 15 (2) 10
(3) 6 (4) 12
14. The speed of the electron in the 1st orbit of the hydrogen atom in the ground state is–
(1) c/1.37 (2) c/1370
(3) c/13.7 (4) c/137
15. Difference between nth and (n + 1)th Boh’s radius of ‘H’ atom is equal to it’s (n –1)th Bohr’s radius. The
value of n is :
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
16. The potential energy of the electron present in the ground state of Li2+ ion is represent by :
3e2 3e
(1) + (2) – 4πε r
4πε0r 0
3e2
(3) – (4) None of these
4πε0r
17. Assume that the nucleus of the F-atom is a sphere of radius 5 × 10–13 cm. What is the density of matter
in F–nucleus :
(1) 6.02 × 1011 g/ml (2) 6.02 × 1013 g/ml
(3) 6.02 × 1018 g/ml (4) None
18. Assuming the nucleus and an atom to be spherical, the radius of the nucleus of mass number a is given
by 1.25 × 10–13 × A1/3 cm. The atomic radius of atom is 1Å. If the mass number is 64, the fraction of the
atomic volume that is occupied by the nucleus is :
(1) 1.25 × 10–13 (2) 2.50 × 10–13
(3) 5 × 10–5 (4) None
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19. An electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs 1.50 times as much energy as the minimum
required for it to escape from the atom. What is the wavelength of the emitted electron :
(1) 4.70 Å (2) 4.70 nm
(3) 9.4 Å (4) 9.40 nm
20. Energy levels A, B, C of a certain atom corresponds to increasing values of C
energy, i.e., EA < EB < EC. If λ1, λ2 and λ3 are the wavelengths of radiations λ1
B
corresponding to the transitions C to B, B to A and C to A respectively, which of
the following statement is correct : λ2 λ 3
A
λ1λ 2
(1) λ3 = λ1 + λ2 (2) λ3 = λ + λ
1 2
(3) λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = 0 (4) λ 32 = λ 12 + λ 22
21. The uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass 9.1 × 10–28 gm) moving with a velocity of 3 × 104 cm
sec–1, Accurate upto 0.011% will be :
(1) 1.92 cm (2) 7.68 cm
(3) 0.175 cm (4) 3.84 cm
22. Two particles A and B are in motion. It the wavelength associated with the particle A is 5.0 × 10–8 m, the
wavelength of particle B having momentum half of A is :
(1) 2.5 × 10–8 m (2) 1.25 × 10–8 m
(3) 1.0 × 10–7 m (4) 1.0 × 10–8 m
23. A particle A moving with a certain velocity has de Broglie wavelength of 1 Å. If particle B has mass 25%
of that A and velocity 75% of that of A, the de Broglie wavelength of B will be approximately :
(1) 1 Å (2) 5.3 Å
(3) 3 Å (4) 0.2 Å
st
24. Energy required to pull out an electron from 1 orbit of hydrogen atom to infinity is 100 units. The
amount of energy needed to pull out the electron from 2nd orbit to infinity is :
(1) 50 units (2) 100 units
(3) 25 units (4) Zero
25. If each hydrogen atom is excited by giving 8.4eV energy, then the number of spectral lines emitted is
equal to:
(1) none (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
56
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Chemistry : Structure of Atom NARAYANA
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INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
Chemistry : Structure of Atom
11. The radius of which of the which of the following orbit is same as that of the first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen
atom ? [IIT 2004]
(1) He+ (n = 2) (2) Li2+ (n = 2)
(3) Li2+ (n = 3) (4) Be3+ (n = 2)
h
12. The orbital angular momentum for an electron revolving in an orbit is given by l (l + 1) . . This
2π
momentum for an s-electron will be given by : [AIEEE 2003]
h 1 h
(1) 2. (2) + .
2π 2 2π
h
(3) zero (4)
2π
13. In the Bohr’s orbit, what is the ratio of total kinetic energy and total energy of electron : [RPET 2002]
(1) – 1 (2) – 2
(3) 1 (4) + 2
14. Which set of quantum number for an electron of an atom is not possible : [RPET 1999]
1 1
(1) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + (2) n = 1, l = 1, m = 1, s = +
2 2
1 1
(3) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = – (4) n = 2, l = 1, m = – 1, s = +
2 2
15. Which of the following set of quantum numbers belong to highest energy : [CPMT 1999]
1 1
(1) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + (2) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 2
1 1
(3) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + (4) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = +
2 2
16. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass 1g and velocity 100 m/s is : [CBSE 1999]
(1) 6.63 × 10–33 m (2) 6.63 × 10–34 m
(3) 6.63 × 10–35 m (4) 6.65 × 10–35 m
17. The electrons identified by quantum number n and l [IIT 1999]
(i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0
(iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1
can be placed in order of increasing energy from the lowest to highest, as :
(1) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (2) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii)
(3) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (4) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
58
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Chemistry : Structure of Atom NARAYANA
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18. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is : [MP PET 1999]
13.6 13.6
(1) – eV (2) – eV
n4 n3
13.6 13.6
(3) – eV (4) – eV
n2 n
19. Heaviest particle is : [MP PET 1999]
(1) Meson (2) Neutron
(3) Proton (4) Electron
20. The four quantum number for the valence shell electron or last electron of sodium is :[MP PET 1999]
(1) n = 2, " = 1, m = – 1, s = – 1/2 (2) n = 3, " = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2
(3) n = 3, " = 2, m = – 2, s = – 1/2 (4) n = 3, " = 2, m = 2, s = + 1/2
21. The ratio of radii of 3rd and 2nd Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom is : [RPET 1998]
(1) 3 : 2 (2) 4 : 9
(3) 9 : 4 (4) 9 : 1
22. The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) is approximately 0.530 A. The radius for the first
excited state (n = 2) orbit is : [CBSE 1998]
(1) 0.13 Å (2) 1.06 Å
(3) 4.77 Å (4) 2.12 Å
23. The position of both an electron and a helium atom is known within 1.0 nm and the momentum of the
electron is known within 50 × 10–26 kg ms–1. The minimum uncertainty in the measurement of the
momentum of the helium atom is : [CBSE 1998]
(1) 50 kg ms–1 (2) 60 kg ms–1
(3) 80 × 10–26 kg ms–1 (4) 50 × 10–26 kg ms–1
24. The energy of an electron in the first orbit of He+ is – 871.6 × 10–20 J. The energy of the electron in the
first orbit of hydrogen would be : [Roorkee 1998]
(1) – 871.6 × 10–20 J (2) – 435.8 × 10–20 J
(3) – 217.9 × 10–20 J (4) – 108.9 × 10–20 J
25. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom is – 13.6 eV. The possible energy value of the
first excited state for electrons in Bohr orbits to hydrogen is (are) : [IIT 1998]
(1) – 3.4 eV (2) – 4.2 eV
(3) – 6.8 eV (4) + 6.8 eV
59
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NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
Chemistry : Structure of Atom
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (3) 20. (1)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (1)
LEVEL - II
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (4)
6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (4) 14. (4) 15. (1)
16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (4)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (4) 24. (2) 25. (4)
LEVEL - III
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (2)
6. (2) 7. (4) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (4)
11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (4)
16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (1) 19. (1) 25. (2)
21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (1)
60
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