Preface

The last two month’s was a wonderful experience. Firstly, because I got an opportunity which
provided me a pathway to be familiar with industrial interface and thereby relate the concepts
studied in the classroom with the real business environment. Secondly, to work for SAIL,an india’s
largest steel producing company and with people of such high designation was indeed a pleasure.

What is the Tax Planning ?

Systematic analysis of differing tax options aimed at the minimization of tax liability in current and
future tax periods. Whether to file jointly or separately, the timing of a sale of an asset, ascertaining
over how many years to withdraw retirement funds, when to receive income, when to pay
expenditures, the timing and amounts of gifts to be made, and Estate Planning are examples of tax
planning. Tax Software can be used for tax planning purposes.

The project is an outcome of immense hard work done by full determination, dedication and
devotion. I rationally hope that this work of mine will help the organization to understand points
concerning there distribution channel & perception about LOTTE & its sub-brands in mind of retailers ,
its awareness in the market vis-a- vis its competitors in the retail industry.
Introduction
Tax planning can be defined as an arrangement of one’s financial and economic affairs by taking
complete legitimate benefit of all deductions, exemptions, allowances and rebates so that tax liability
reduces to minimum.

 It comprises arrangements by which tax laws are fully complied.

 All legal obligations and transactions are met.

Tax planning with ref. to financial management decisions

Capital structure

Dividend policy

Issue of Bonus share

Tax planning with ref. to specific management decisions

Whether establish new unit

Whether export

Whether Sale of plant and machinery

COMMON TAX PLANNING STRATERGIES

 There are many perfectly legal and socially acceptable ways to increase your wealth in a tax
efficient manner. Some of these methods are very powerful. Legitimate methods of increasing
your tax efficiency are called “tax planning”.

 Methods that are unlawful are categorised under two different labels:

 “Tax avoidance” is where you set up contrived accounting structures and strategies that
abuse a loophole so you can claim large tax deductions or take advantage of some
benefit that was never intended to be used in such a way.
  “Tax evasion” is where you deliberately try to hide income from the Tax Office, by
various methods including secret bank accounts, not recording cash transactions,
“cooking the books” etc.

GENERAL AREAS OF TAX PLANNING

There are several general areas of tax planning that apply to all sorts of small businesses. These
areas include the choice of accounting and inventory-valuation methods, the timing of equipment
purchases, the spreading of business income among family members, and the selection of tax-
favored benefit plans and investments. There are also some areas of tax planning that are specific
to certain business forms—i.e., sole proprietorships, partnerships, C corporations, and S
corporations. Some of the general tax planning strategies are described below:

 ACCOUNTING METHODS. Accounting methods refer to the basic rules and

guidelines under which businesses keep their financial records and prepare their financial
reports. There are two main accounting methods used for record-keeping: the cash basis
and the accrual basis. Small business owners must decide which method to use depending
on the legal form of the business, its sales volume, whether it extends credit to customers,
and the tax requirements set forth by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The choice of
accounting method is an issue in tax planning, as it can affect the amount of taxes owed
by a small business in a given year.

 Accounting records prepared using the cash basis recognize income and expenses
according to real-time cash flow. Income is recorded upon receipt of funds, rather than
based upon when it is actually earned, and expenses are recorded as they are paid, rather
than as they are actually incurred. Under this accounting method, therefore, it is possible
to defer taxable income by delaying billing so that payment is not received in the current
year. Likewise, it is possible to accelerate expenses by paying them as soon as the bills
are received, in advance of the due date. The cash method is simpler than the accrual
method, it provides a more accurate picture of cash flow, and income is not subject to
taxation until the money is actually received.

 In contrast, the accrual basis makes a greater effort to recognize income and expenses in
the period to which they apply, regardless of whether or not money has changed hands.
Under this system, revenue is recorded when it is earned, rather than when payment is
 received, and expenses recorded when they are incurred, rather than when payment is
made. The main advantage of the accrual method is that it provides a more accurate
picture of how a business is performing over the long-term than the cash method. The
main disadvantages are that it is more complex than the cash basis, and that income taxes
may be owed on revenue before payment is actually received. However, the accrual basis
may yield favorable tax results for companies that have few receivables and large current
liabilities.

 Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the accrual basis of accounting
is required for all businesses that handle inventory, from small retailers to large
manufacturers. It is also required for corporations and partnerships that have gross sales
over $5 million per year, though there are exceptions for farming businesses and qualified
personal service corporations—such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and consultants.
Other businesses generally can decide which accounting method to use based on the
relative tax savings it provides.

 INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS. The method a small business chooses for

inventory valuation can also lead to substantial tax savings. Inventory valuation is
important because businesses are required to reduce the amount they deduct for inventory
purchases over the course of a year by the amount remaining in inventory at the end of
the year. For example, a business that purchased $10,000 in inventory during the year but
had $6,000 remaining in inventory at the end of the year could only count $4,000 as an
expense for inventory purchases, even though the actual cash outlay was much larger.
Valuing the remaining inventory differently could increase the amount deducted from
income and thus reduce the amount of tax owed by the business.\

 The tax law provides two possible methods for inventory valuation: the first-in, first-out
method (FIFO); and the last-in, first-out method (LIFO). As the names suggest, these
inventory methods differ in the assumption they make about the way items are sold from
inventory. FIFO assumes that the items purchased the earliest are the first to be removed
from inventory, while LIFO assumes that the items purchased most recently are the first
to be removed from inventory. In this way, FIFO values the remaining inventory at the
ost current cost, while LIFO values the remaining inventory at the earliest cost paid that
year.

 LIFO is generally the preferred inventory valuation method during times of rising costs.
It places a lower value on the remaining inventory and a higher value on the cost of
goods sold, thus reducing income and taxes. On the other hand, FIFO is generally
preferred during periods of deflation or in industries where inventory can tend to lose its
value rapidly, such as high technology. Companies are allowed to file Form 970 and
 switch from FIFO to LIFO at any time to take advantage of tax savings. However, they
must then either wait ten years or get permission from the IRS to switch back to FIFO.

 EQUIPMENT PURCHASES. Under Section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code,

businesses are allowed to deduct a total of $18,000 in equipment purchases during the
year in which the purchases are made. Any purchases above this amount must be
depreciated over several future tax periods. It is often advantageous for small businesses
to use this tax incentive to increase their deductions for business expenses, thus reducing
their taxable income and their tax liability. Necessary equipment purchases up to the limit
can be timed at year end and still be fully deductible for the year. This tax incentive also
applies to personal property put into service for business use, with the exception of
automobiles and real estate.

 WAGES PAID TO FAMILY MEMBERS. Self-employed persons can also reduce

their tax burden by paying wages to a spouse or to dependent children. Wages paid to
children under the age of 18 are not subject to FICA (Social Security and Medicare)
taxes. Under normal circumstances, employers are required to withhold 7.65 percent of
the first $62,700 of an employee's income for FICA taxes. Employers are also required to
match the 7.65 percent contributed by every employee, so that the total FICA
contribution is 15.3 percent. Self-employed persons are required to pay both the employer
and employee portions of the FICA tax.

 But the FICA taxes are waived when the employee is a dependent child of the small
business owner, saving the child and the parent 7.65 percent each. In addition, the child's
wages are still considered a tax deductible business expense for the parent—thus
reducing the parent's taxable income. Although the child must pay normal income taxes
on the wages he or she receives, it is likely to be at a lower tax rate than the parent pays.
Some business owners are able to further reduce their tax burden by paying wages to
their spouse. If these wages bring the business owner's net income below $62,700—the
threshold for FICA taxes—then they may reduce the self-employment tax owed by
business owner. It is important to note, however, that the child or spouse must actually
work for the business and that the wages must be reasonable for the work performed.

 BENEFITS PLANS AND INVESTMENTS. Tax planning also applies to various types
of employee benefits that can provide a business with tax deductions, such as
contributions to life insurance, health insurance, or retirement plans. As an added bonus,
many such benefit programs are not considered taxable income for employees. Finally,
tax planning applies to various types of investments that can shift tax liability to future
periods, such as treasury bills, bank certificates, savings bonds, and deferred annuities.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The basic idea behind undertaking the Project on Tax planning of SAIL was to:

 To analyze the effectiveness of the tax planning of SAIL

 To compare the Tax Planning of SAIL with other PSU.
 To study the Concept of Tax Planning and their route.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
An overview of CORPORATE TAX PLANNING
Corporate tax planning provides strategies that are significant in minimizing
taxes. Some valuable ways to save include sponsoring a retirement plan,
writing off company assets, claiming depreciation expense, taking deductions
on business automobiles, office expenses, self employment health insurance,
employer sponsored child care resources, and using a home office for the
company. Business tax planning involves understanding what it means to be
self-employed. A company owner needs to be aware of anything that might
impact taxes paid. Self-employment tax, company expenses and deductions,
business assets, charitable contributions, shifting income, and retirement
planning are important considerations.

Self-employment tax is due from those who are receiving income as an

independent contractor, sole proprietor, or anyone who is conducting business
through selling services or products. Corporate tax planning provides some
ways that a business owner can save on income taxes both short-term and
long-term. Income received must be reported but deductions can reduce the
amount that is actually owed. The deductions can vary depending upon the
type of industry and what are considered legitimate deductions.

Some company owners shift income to a family member as a tax advantage.

In order to do this a family member must be providing some benefit to the
business and the amount should be in line with the type of compensation.
Shifting income legitimately can lower a company into a lower tax bracket.
Of course the shifting of income to a family member could raise their income
bracket and this should be considered. This is a business tax planning venture
that should benefit both parties and should be done ethically and reasonably.
To shift a large amount of income to a family member just to avoid paying
taxes would be unethical unless there were a legitimate reason such as
payment for services.

A retirement plan is a tax advantage to a person who is self-employed. This

can be done with or without employees. However, it would affect the type of
plan that is embraced. A self-employed person can place pre-tax dollars into a
retirement account. Having employees mean providing for them the
capability of doing the same. A company owner can also choose other
employee benefit plans to attract employees. Corporate tax planning involves
looking out for employees by offering retirement, cafeteria and medical
benefit plans. Cafeteria plans allow employees to use a portion of pre-tax
income for medical or child care expenses. Corporations do not have to pay
payroll taxes or workers comp premiums on the dollars that are paid into a
cafeteria plan or medical benefits plan.

There are many deductions that a company can take advantage of including
startup costs, business trip expenses, home office use, the use of automobiles,
and other assets. The costs of health care expenses are often deductible
especially for the owner and dependents. In addition, any contributions made
to a health savings account are also deductible expenses. Business tax
planning includes knowing what plans provide the greatest benefits and
implementing those plans to not only provide benefits to the company but
benefits to employees as well.

When starting up a company many of the initial expenses can be written off
up to a certain dollar amount. Some of these may include personal property
like furniture or office equipment. Other things that can be written off the
first year of purchase include machinery, fixtures, storage facilities, and other
personal property. Other considerations when starting up a business include
travel, vehicle usage, home office, and uniforms. Corporate tax planning
sources suggests making sure that write-offs are legitimate business expenses.
When using a home office for company use only a percentage of expenses
can be written off. Travel expense can only apply when the travel is for the
company. Combining company business with personal business must be
taken into consideration for any type of write-off to be legitimate.

There is a degree of burden that is felt from tax legislation by any and every
owner. However, there are positive ways that a corporation can comply with
obligations and find ways to develop a strong company otherwise. Business
tax planning includes taking advantage of opportunities to provide relief
when possible. A corporate planning attorney can provide some good advice
on how to structure a company to be optimally successful while remaining
compliant with considerations such as paying taxes. Information can be found
on the Internet that can help prepare a new business owner with how to be
compliant in every area when it comes to reporting income and deducting
expenses.

Charitable contributions are a great way for a company to save on taxes and
help those in the community. Many non profit organizations are set up to help
those who are less fortunate within the community that they reside and some
offer services to anyone who they can help no matter where they are located.
There are limits on how much of a contribution that can be counted and the
organization has to fit the guidelines used by the IRS to be considered a
legitimate charitable organization. Some of the ones who usually do qualify
are churches, educational companies, scientific or medical research
institutions, those that provide true charitable services and organizations who
help animals. There is more information on the Internet about organizations
that truly qualify as charitable.
 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE
Steel Authority Of India

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in India. It
is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for
domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence
industries and for sale in export markets.
 
Ranked amongst the top ten public sector companies in India in terms of turnover,
SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold
rolled sheets and coils, galvanised sheets, electrical sheets, structurals, railway
products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other alloy steels. SAIL produces
iron and steel at five integrated plants and three special steel plants, located
principally in the eastern and central regions of India and situated close to domestic
sources of raw materials, including the Company's iron ore, limestone and dolomite
mines. The company has the distinction of being India’s second largest producer of
iron ore and of having the country’s second largest mines network. This gives SAIL a
competitive edge in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and dolomite
which are inputs for steel making.

SAIL's wide range of long and flat steel products are much in demand in the domestic
as well as the international market. This vital responsibility is carried out by SAIL's
own Central Marketing Organisation (CMO) that transacts business through its
network of 37 Branch Sales Offices spread across the four regions, 25
Departmental Warehouses, 42 Consignment Agents and 27 Customer Contact
Offices. CMO’s domestic marketing effort is
supplemented by its ever widening network of
rural dealers who meet the demands of the
smallest customers in the remotest corners of
the country. With the total number of
dealers over 2000 , SAIL's wide marketing
spread ensures availability of quality steel in
virtually all the districts of the country.

SAIL's International Trade Division ( ITD), in

New Delhi- an ISO 9001:2000 accredited unit
of CMO, undertakes exports of Mild Steel
products and Pig Iron from SAIL’s five
integrated steel plants.
With technical and managerial expertise and know-how in steel making gained over
four decades, SAIL's Consultancy Division (SAILCON) at New Delhi offers services
and consultancy to clients world-wide.

SAIL has a well-equipped Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel
(RDCIS) at Ranchi which helps to produce quality steel and develop new
technologies for the steel industry. Besides, SAIL has its own in-house Centre for
Engineering and Technology (CET), Management Training Institute (MTI) and Safety
Organisation at Ranchi. Our captive mines are under the control of the Raw Materials
Division in Kolkata. The Environment Management Division and Growth Division of
SAIL operate from their headquarters in Kolkata. Almost all our plants and major units
are ISO Certified.

Major Units 
Integrated Steel Plants
 Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh
 Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal
 Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa
 Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand
 IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal

Special Steel Plants

 Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal
 Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu
 Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in Karnataka

Subsidiary
 Maharashtra
Elektrosmelt
Limited (MEL)
in Maharashtra

Joint  Ventures

• NTPC SAIL Power Company Pvt. Ltd (NSPCL)

 A 50:50 joint venture between Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and National
Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC Ltd.); manages the captive power
plants at Rourkela, Durgapur and Bhilai with a combined capacity of 314
megawatts (MW). It has installed additional capacity by implementation of 500
MW (2 x 250 MW Units) power plant at Bhilai. The commercial generation of
1st Unit has commenced in April’2009 and the 2nd Unit in October 2009

• Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt. Limited (BPSCL)

This 50:50 joint venture between SAIL and the Damodar Valley Corporation
formed in January 2002 is managing the 302-MW power generating station
and 660 tonnes per hour steam generation facilities at Bokaro Steel Plant.
BPSCL has proposed to expand its capacity by installing 2x250 MW coal
based thermal unit a
t Bokaro. In addition, construction activities are underway for installation of 9th
Boiler (300T/Hr) & 36 MW Back Pressure Turbo Generator (BPTG) project at
Bokaro.

• Mjunction Services Limited

A 50:50 joint venture between SAIL and Tata Steel formed in 2001. This
company promotes e-commerce activities in steel and related areas. Newly
added services include e-Assets sales, Events & Conferences, Coal Sales &
Logistics, Publications etc...

• SAIL-Bansal Service Center Ltd.

SAIL has formed a joint venture with BMW industries Ltd. on 40:60 basis to
promote a service centre at Bokaro with the objective of adding value to steel.

• Bhilai JP Cement Ltd

SAIL has incorporated a joint venture company with M/s Jaiprakash
Associates Ltd to set up a 2.2 MT slag based cement plant at Bhilai. The
clinker production has started from December 2009; and the grinding unit has
commenced trial runs since April 2010.
 
• Bokaro JP Cement Ltd
SAIL has incorporated another joint venture company with M/s Jaiprakash
Associates Ltd to set up a 2.1 MT cement plant at Bokaro utilizing slag from
BSL. The project implementation is under progress with commencement of
cement production likely by July’2011.

• SAIL&MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt.) Limited

SAIL has incorporated a joint venture company with M/s Manganese Ore
(India) Ltd on 50:50 basis to produce ferro-manganese and silico-manganese
 required for production of steel..
• S&T Mining Company Pvt. Ltd
SAIL has incorporated a joint venture company with TATA Steel for joint
acquisition & development of coal blocks/mines. New indigenous
opportunities for coking coal development are being explored by the Joint
Venture company for securing coking coal supplies.
• International Coal Ventures Private Limited
Towards achieving the target of making steel PSUs self reliant in the area of
coking coal, a joint venture company has been incorporated comprising of five
central PSU companies i.e. SAIL, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL), Coal
India Limited (CIL), NTPC Limited and National Mineral Development
Corporation (NMDC). The company is scouting for coal properties in Australia,
Mozambique and other target countries.

Ownership and Management

The Government of India owns about 86% of SAIL's equity and retains voting control of the
Company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its ‘Maharatna’ status, enjoys significant operational and
financial autonomy
Back Ground And History

A Rich Heritage
The Precursor

SAIL traces its origin to the formative years of an emerging nation - India. After
independence the builders of modern India worked with a vision - to lay the
infrastructure for rapid industrialisaton of the country. The steel sector was to propel
the economic growth. Hindustan Steel Private Limited was set up on January 19,
1954.

Expanding Horizon (1959-1973)

Hindustan Steel (HSL) was initially designed to manage only one plant that was
coming up at Rourkela. For Bhilai and Durgapur Steel Plants, the preliminary work
was done by the Iron and Steel Ministry. From April 1957, the supervision and control
of these two steel plants were also transferred to Hindustan Steel. The registered
office was originally in New Delhi. It moved to Calcutta in July 1956, and ultimately to
Ranchi in December 1959.

The 1 MT phases of Bhilai and Rourkela Steel Plants were completed by the end of
December 1961. The 1 MT phase of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in January
1962 after commissioning of the Wheel and Axle plant. The crude steel production of
HSL went up from .158 MT (1959-60) to 1.6 MT. A new steel company, Bokaro Steel
Limited, was incorporated in January 1964 to construct and operate the steel plant at
Bokaro.The second phase of Bhilai Steel Plant was completed in September 1967
after commissioning of the Wire Rod Mill. The last unit of the 1.8 MT phase of
Rourkela - the Tandem Mill - was commissioned in February 1968, and the 1.6 MT
stage of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in August 1969 after commissioning of
the Furnace in SMS. Thus, with the completion of the 2.5 MT stage at Bhilai, 1.8 MT
at Rourkela and 1.6 MT at Durgapur, the total crude steel production capacity of HSL
was raised to 3.7 MT in 1968-69 and subsequently to 4MT in 1972-73.

Holding Company

The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for
managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the Parliament on
December 2, 1972. On this basis the concept of creating a holding company to
manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation
of Steel Authority of India Ltd. The company, incorporated on January 24, 1973 with
an authorized capital of Rs. 2000 crore, was made responsible for managing five
integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela and Burnpur, the Alloy
Steel Plant and the Salem Steel Plant. In 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating
company.

Since its inception, SAIL has been instrumental in laying a sound infrastructure for the
industrial development of the country. Besides, it has immensely contributed to the
development of technical and managerial expertise. It has triggered the secondary
and tertiary waves of economic growth by continuously providing the inputs for the
consuming industry.
 SAIL - Into the Future
Modernisation & Expansion
SAIL, is in the process of modernizing and
expanding its production units, raw
material resources and other facilities to
maintain its dominant position in the
Indian steel market. The objective is to  
achieve a production capacity of 26.2
MTPA of Hot Metal from the base level
production of 14.6 MTPA (2006-07 –
Actual).
    A new unit coming up at ISP

Orders for all major packages of ISP & SSP and part packages of BSL, BSP, RSP & DSP
Expansion have been placed and these packages are in various stages of implementation

Objective of Expansion Plan

 100% production of steel through Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) route
 100% processing of steel through continuous casting
 Value addition by reduction of semi-finished steel
 Auxiliary fuel injection system in all the Blast Furnaces
 State-of-art process control computerization / automation
 State-of-art online testing and quality control
 Energy saving schemes
 Secondary refining
 Adherence to environment norms
Production Target
The production target of hot metal, crude steel and saleable steel after Expansion is indicated
below:

(Million tonne per annum)

Base Case
Item (2006-07) After Expansion
Actual
Hot Metal 14.6 26.2 (23.5)
Crude Steel 13.5 24.6 (21.4)
Saleable Steel 12.6 23.1 (20.2)

Figures in bracket indicate capacity after implementation of ongoing phase of

modernisation and expansion to be completed by 2012-2013

Construction  activity at ISP

 
Capital Expenditure

Amount spent on Expansion Plan and other Capital Schemes of SAIL (incl. subsidiary) during
last 3 years are as follows:

Total
Year (Rs./Crore
)
2007-
2181
08
2008-
5233
09
2009-
10606
10
 VISION

To be a respected world class corporation and the leader in Indian steel business
in quality, productivity, profitability and customer satisfaction

CREDO

We build lasting relationships with customers based on trust and mutual benefit.

We uphold highest ethical standards in conduct of our business.

We create and nurture a culture that supports flexibility, learning and is proactive to
change.

We chart a challenging career for employees with opportunities for advancement and
rewards.

We value the opportunity and responsibility to make a meaningful difference in people's

lives.
 Companies Policies
 Corporate Social Responsibility Policy

 Sail Mediclaim Scheme For Retired Employees

Inter Plant Standardization in Steel Industry (IPSS)


 Safety Policy

 Quality Policy

 Corporate Environmental Policy

 Human Resource Policy

 HIV/AIDS Policy

Information Technology Security Policy

 PRODUCTS

Product Mix

  Product Wise

  Semis Blooms, Billets & Slabs  

Structurals
  Long Products Crane Rails
Bars, Rods & Rebars
Wire Rods  
HR Coils, Sheets & Skelp
Plates
CR Coils & Sheets
  Flat Products
GC Sheets\ GP Sheets and Coils
Tinplates
Electrical Steel  

  Tubular Products   Pipes  

Rails
  Railway Products
Wheels, Axles, Wheel Sets  

  Plant Wise

  Bhilai Steel Plant Blooms, Billets & SlabsBeams

Channels, Angles
Crane Rails
Plates
Rails
Pig Iron, Chemicals & Fertilisers
  Bokaro Steel Plant HR Coils & Sheets
Plates
CR Coils & Sheets
GP Sheets & Coils/ GC Sheets
Pig Iron, Chemicals & Fertilisers
  Durgapur Steel Plant Blooms, Billets & Slabs
Joists, Channels, Angles
Bars, Rods & Rebars
Skelp
Wheels, Axles, Wheel Sets
Pig Iron, Chemicals & Fertilisers  
  Rourkela Steel Plant HR Coils
Plates
CR Coils & Sheets
GP Sheets/ GC Sheets
Tinplates
Electrical Steel
Pipes
Pig Iron, Chemicals & Fertilisers  
  Salem Steel Plant Stainless Steel

  Other Products

Pig Iron

The mass of pig shall be either 45 kg having two notches or 22.5 kg having one
notch, subject to mutual agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer.

Grade Designation Si% Mn% P% S%

Specification max
IS 13502/ Steelmakin PG Si X Mn1 See <0.5 £ 0.4 0.06
1992 g P40 Note 1
PG Si X Mn3 0.5-1.0
P40
PG Si X Mn5 1.0-1.5
P40
 

 Fertilsers

Ammonium Sulphate (20.6% N)

Brand name "Raja

 Coal Chemical
 Benzene (NG)
 Toluene (NG & IG)
 Xylene
 Light Solvent Naptha
 Solvent Oil
 Heavy Solvent Naptha
 Benzol (IG)
 Still Bottom Oil
 Hard, Medium, Granulated and Liquid Pitch
 Extra Hard Pitch
 Hot Pressed Naphthalene/ Naphthalene Flakes
 Heavy Creosote Oil
 Anthracene Oil
 Light Creosote Oil
 Meta Para Creosole
 Light Oil
 Sodium Phenolate
 Drained Naphthalene Oil
 Dephenolised Oil
 Heavy Benzol
 NG: Nitration Grade
 IG: Industrial Grade

For purchase of coal chemicals customers may kindly contact the Marketing
Managers of the plants at Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur and Rourkela.
 Chapter 2

Review of Litreture
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

Research is a one kind of process to get knowledge about some topic. Research is done so
that systematic analysis can be done and problem can also be solved.
 In this project Descriptive research Design was use.
 At the first stage theoretical study is attempted.
 At the second stage Historical study is attempted.
 At the Third stage Comparative study of Tax Planning is undertaken.

Chapter 4
Recommendations and Conclusion