SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

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Six Months Industrial Training Report

In partial fulfillment of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Comm. Engg.

STUDY OF GSM BASICS,ROAMING TESTING

AND GENERATION OF DAILY REPORTS
Undertaken At
BHARTI Mobile Ltd.
C-25, phase II
MOHALI

Submitted By:
Nandita
225043454
E.C.E
S.U.S.C.E.T,TANGORI(MOHALI)
Punjab Technical University,Jalandhar

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“Say a word of gratitude and splendour-

In a moment it is gone,
But there are a hundred ripples
Circling on & on &
on……………………….”

I, Nandita, student of S.U.S.C.E.T, TANGORI, 6th Semester (E.C.E) express my

heartfelt thanks to Mr. Gurcharan Singh (Training and Placement Officer) for
providing me his valuable guidance and sharp vision to undertake this six
months industrial training.

Training in an organization like “AIRTEL” which is fuelled by the individuals

with so much zest & energy, “teaming” up to form a formidable force, was in
itself a true learning experience which is going to help me immensely in my
career. There is no substitute to “Teamwork”. This is one of the many lessons I
learnt during my training in “BHARTI MOBILE Ltd”.

I hereby convey my thanks to all those whom have rendered their valuable help,
support and guidance during my training period. First of all, I would like to
thank Mr.Shankar Halder(Chief Technical Officer) for granting me the
permission to work as a Trainee in this esteemed company & for providing me
all the facilities.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. H.K. Mishra (D.G.M, NSS),
Mr. Munish Nagpal (Senior Manager ,NSS) & Mr.Ashwani Shukla (Manager ,
NSS) for their support ,co-operation and valuable guidance throughout the
training period.

I would like to pay my heartiest thanks to Mr.Vivek Kaushik(Engineer,NSS),

Ms. Neeti Saxena(Engineer,NSS ) , Ms. Harmeet Virk(Engineer,NSS )and Mr.
Rahul Bhatia(Engineer,NSS) for her vital help in clarifying various concepts and
helping at every stage during the training period.

NANDITA

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With the ongoing telecom revolution where innovations are taking place at the
blink of an eye , it is impossible to keep the pace with the emerging trends. In
organization where Making Things Right in the first instance is the driving
motto ,perfection and accuracy are inevitable.

Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the
environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or
otherwise. A well planned ,properly executed and evaluated industrial training
helps a lot in inculcating a professional attitude. It provides a linkage between
the student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial approach to
problem solving ,based on a broad understanding of process and mode of
operation of organization.

During this period , the students get the real ,first hand experience for working
in the actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been
gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart from this ,the
students get an opportunity to learn the latest technology ,which immensely
helps them in building their career.

I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures ,which

increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. This training had finally
made me step into the ongoing telecom revolution and gradually become the part
of it.All the credit goes to organization Bharti – which in true self made the
telecom revolution happen.

In this report the GSM technology and the various parameters governing the
performance of the mobile network has been discussed.

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Topic
Page No.

Company Profile
6
 Business Strategy
8
 Company achievements
9
 Branches of Bharti
12
 Technical Department Hierarchy
13

GSM Basics
14

GSM Architecture
18

Channels
22
 Frequency band of operations
22
 Access Method
24
 Air Interface Channels
25

Call Set-Up
29

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Transmission Problems
34

Solution to transimission problems

37

Wireless Concept
39

GSM Transmission process

41

GSM Network identities

49

GSM Subscriber services

55

MY DEPARTMENT(NSS)
58
 NSS Components
60
 Work Profile 68
 Roaming testing
68
 Short test
68
 Long test 71
 Prepaid test 75
 GT and IMSI Analysis 76
 Health checkup 84
 MMS,MASALA and GPRS Dump 87
 HGSDP Dump 89

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 The SCR Sheet 91

 The Daily GSM MAPA 93
 C7& Processor Load
101

INDUSTRY APPLICATION 103

CONCLUSION 104

BIBLIOGRAPHY 105

Spearheading the Indian telecom

revolution for two decades

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Bharti Enterprises, India’s leading telecom conglomerate has been at the

forefront of technology and has revolutionized with its world class services.
Established in 1976, Bharti Enterprises has been a pioneering force in the
telecom sector with many firsts and innovations to its credit. Working on the
principle of providing end to end communication solution across the telecom
value chain from manufacture of hardware to development of telecom software
and from fixed line to cellular and wireless services, e-commerce, broadband,
domestic long distance, undersea cable, infrastructure development and business
solutions. Bharti Enterprises under cable chairmanship of Sunil Bharti Mittal is
the only company to have brought to India the excellence and expertise of
leading Telecom players of the world., Bharti Telecom, the manufacture division
of Bharti is the largest sets under the brand name Beetel. Bharti televentures, the
services division of bharti has major interests in Basic, long Distance and
Cellular, Broadband and Infrastructure Operations in the country.

NORTHERN REGION
After touching the hearts of more than 1 million customers and winning the
Techies Award for Best Cellular Services for four consecutive years, Bharti
Cellular has reached Punjab- the land of colors, festivals, industrious people and
emerging opportunities, Haryana- the place of handicrafts & textile industry,
and Himachal Pradesh the ultimate destination for nature lovers.
Punjab is said to be a sweet home-coming for Bharti, launched on Feb 8,2002.
With over 25000 bookings on day 1 and having 50,000 customer in just 75 days it
is already on an expressway to success.
Ahead of competitors in Himachal, and with grand start in Haryana, Bharti is
here to take care of communication needs and live up to the true spirit of
Northern Region of Excellence.

Highlights of history, collaborations and achievements are given

below.

“As we spread wings to expand our capabilities and explore new

horizons, the fundamental focus remains unchanged: seek out the
best technology in the world and put it at the service of our ultimate
user: our customer.”

Sunil Bharti Mittal

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Bharti Enterprises has been at the forefront of technology and has revolutionized
telecommunications with its world-class products and services. Established in
1985, Bharti has been a pioneering force in the telecom sector with many firsts
and innovations to its credit, ranging from being the first mobile service in Delhi,
first private basic telephone service provider in the country, first Indian
company to provide comprehensive telecom services outside India in Seychelles
and first private sector service provider to launch National Long Distance
Services in India. As of September 30, 2003, Bharti had approximately 5.11
million total customers – nearly 4.62 million mobile and 496,700 fixed line
customers.National Long Distance Services in India. As of September 30, 2003,
Bharti had approximately 5.11 million total customers – nearly 4.62 million
mobile and 496,700 fixed line customers.Its services sector businesses include
mobile operations in Andhra Pradesh, Chennai, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh circle,
Maharashtra circle, Mumbai, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh (West)
circle. In addition, it also has a fixed-line operation in the states of Madhya
Pradesh and Chattisgarh, Haryana, Delhi, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and
nationwide broadband and long distance networks.Bharti has recently launched
national long distance services by offering data transmission services and voice
transmission services for calls originating and terminating on most of India's
mobile networks.The Company is also implementing a submarine cable project
connecting Chennai-Singapore for providing international bandwidth. Bharti
Enterprises also manufactures and exports telephone terminals and cordless
phones. Apart from being the largest manufacturer of telephone instruments, it
is also the first telecom company to export its products to the USA.

Business Strategy

Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective is“to capitalize on the growth

opportunities that the Company believes are available in the Indian
telecommunications market and consolidate its position to be the leading
integrated telecommunications services provider in key markets in India, with a
focus on providing mobile services”.
The Company has developed the following strategies to achieve its strategic
objective:
• Focus on maximizing revenues and margins;
• Capture maximum telecommunications revenue potential with minimum
geographical coverage;
• Offer multiple telecommunications services to provide customers with a
"one-stop shop" solution;

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• Position itself to tap data transmission opportunities and offer advanced

mobile data services;
• Focus on satisfying and retaining customers by ensuring high level of
customer satisfaction;
• Leverage strengths of its strategic and financial partners; and
• Emphasize on human resource development to achieve operational
efficiencies.

Businesses
Bharti Tele-Ventures current businesses include -

• Mobile services

• Fixed-line

• National and international long distance services

• VSAT, Internet services and network solutions

Competitive Strengths

Bharti Tele-Ventures believes that the following elements will contribute to the
Company's success as an integrated telecommunication services provider in
India and will provide the Company with a solid foundation to execute its
business strategy:

• Nationwide Footprint - As of September 30, 2003, approximately 91% of

India's total mobile subscribers resided in the Company's fifteen mobile
circles. These 15 circles collectively accounted for approximately 56% of
India's land mass;
• Focus on telecommunications to enable the Company to better anticipate
industry trends and capitalise on new telecommunications-related
business opportunities;
• The strong brand name recognition and a reputation for offering high
quality service to its customers;
• Quality management team with vision and proven execution skills; and
• The Company's strong relationships with international strategic and
financial investors such as SingTel, Warburg Pincus, International
Finance Corporation, Asian Infrastructure Fund Group and New York
Life Insurance.

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COMPANY ACHIEVEMENTS
1996

 BTNL’s winning bid for Madhya Pradesh Service Area for Fixed Line
telephone services.
 Formed Casio Bharti Mobile Communications Limited a joint venture with
Casio & Mitsui of Japan to manufacture & market Radio Pagers.
 Formed Bharti Duraline Pvt. Ltd., a Joint Venture with Duraline
Corporation, USA to manufacture HDPE Ducts.
 Formed a Joint Venture Company Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. with
Telecom Italia, Italy to promote various telecom projects in India.
 BTNL commercially launched cellular services in Himachal Pradesh.

1997

 British Telecom joined the Consortium of Bharti Cellular.

 BTNL granted License for Madhya Pradesh Fixed Line services.
 Bharti & BT formed a joint venture Bharti BT Limited for a VSAT
project.
 Bharti Global granted the license to operate comprehensive telecom
services in Seychelles as Second Operator.

1998

 First ever Indian Private Fixed Line Service launched in Indore, Madhya
Pradesh on 4th June, 1998 by BTNL.
 Bharti BT Internet Limited formed to offer Internet & E-Commerce
Services in collaboration with British Telecom.
 Services launched in Seychelles on 12th December, 1998.
 British Telecom consolidated its shareholding in Bharti Cellular.

1999

 Bharti BT Internet launches Mantra Online Internet services in May.

 EM Warburg Pincus, one of the largest International Private Equity
Investors, joins BTVL.
 Acquired controlling stake in J T Mobiles - Cellular Operator in Andhra
& Karnataka (Now Bharti Mobile Limited).
 Intel takes Equity stake in Bharti Tele-Spatial and Bharti Telesoft.

2000

 New York Life International takes stake in Bharti Cellular.

 Launch of AIRTEL and MAGIC brands in Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.

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 Bharti Telesoft opened its overseas offices in UK & USA.

 Acquire controlling stake in Skycell, Chennai
 Singapore Telecom decides to invest in Bharti and becomes partner in
BTL & BTVL.
 Entered into a JV with Singapore Telecom Intnl, for Submarine Cable
project between Singapore-Chennai and Mumbai-Singapore.

2001

 Entered into a joint venture with Singapore Telecom International for

Submarine Cable project between India and Singapore
 Acquired cellular operation from Spice Cell in Kolkata.
 Acquired eight cellular licences as fourth operator for the circles of
Mumbai, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, UP (West), Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Madhya Pradesh.
 Crossed the 1 million subscriber base mark in October 2001.
 Acquired four licences to offer basic services in Delhi, Haryana, Tamil
Nadu and Karnataka circles.
 Punjab license restored to Bharti Mobile by the DoT and migration to
NTP- 1999 accepted
 Bharti Telesonic has entered into a license agreement with DoT to provide
National Long Distance Services in India and has been the first service
provider to start service in the country.
 Bharti Aquanet, Bharti Telesonic and Bharti Cellular have entered into
license agreements with the DoT to provide ISP services in India
 Bharti launches India’s first private sector national long distance service
under the brand name IndiaOne.

2002

 Bharti launched cellular services in Punjab

 Bharti listed on the National stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange
and the Delhi Stock Exchange on February 18, 2002.
 Bharti received a letter of intent from the Government of India to provide
international voice services.

2003

 Bharti launched New NDC 9872 for Punjab

 Bharti completed 9,00,000 Customers in Punjab.
 Bharti passed milestone of 100 Direct International tie-ups which
includes 59 different countries.

2004
 Bharti launched GPRS with 14 International Operator.
 Widest coverage which includes 137 countries and 337 Global
Networks.

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 Deepest Coverage which includes 16 Indian States and 1400 towns.

 Bharti was the first corporate to launch EDGE in Punjab.Bharti
started working on launching their cellular services in Jammu &
Kashmir and Rajasthan
 Airtel wins the “World Communications Best Brand Award”

2005
 Bharti Tele-Ventures is the "Indian Mobile Operator of the Year 2005”
 Ericsson and Bharti sign managed capacity expansion contract for rural
India
 The first Indian company to supply phones under their own brand –
Beetel - in the retail segment to the UAE
 Sunil Bharti Mittal, Chairman & Managing Director , Bharti Enterprises
gets 'The Best Asian Telecom CEO' award. Bharti Tele-Ventures is Asia's
'Best GSM Carrier'.
 Airtel Completes Its 23 Circle All India Footprint
 Airtel Launches India's First Stock & Portfolio Tracker On The Mobile
 Bharti Launches Airtel In North East & Assam
 Airtel Becomes The First GSM Operator In The Country To Cross The
10 Million-Customer Milestone

BRANCHES OF BHARTI

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CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
CARE
CARE
MARKETING
MARKETING
I.T.
I.T.

BHARTI
BHARTI
ENTERPRIS
ENTERPRIS
PROJECT EE
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT FINANCE
FINANCE

HUMAN
HUMAN
RESOURCE
RESOURCE TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL

TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
HIERARCHY
The office of AIRTEL is located at Mohali. The Technical department hierarchy
is shown below.

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TECHNICALDEPARTMENT
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

NSS
NSS

NETWORKPLANNING
NETWORK PLANNING

OPERATIONMAINTAINENCE
OPERATION MAINTAINENCE&CONTROLLING
&CONTROLLING
(OMC)
(OMC)

OPERATIONAND
OPERATION ANDMAINTENENCE
MAINTENENCE(O&M)
(O&M)

MY DEPARTMENT

NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

I did my six months training in NSS , where I learnt about various tests which
are performed for launching roaming with different network operators and
various reports which are made on daily basis for the analysis and maintenance
of entire network of Punjab ,Haryana ,HP and J&K. Along with the basic
functions of NSS, I also had an insight into few other concepts of GSM which
helped me get through with my work.

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Introduction To GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications)

Why “cellular”?

Radio spectrum is very limited, that’s why we have only 10-25MHz dedicated to
wireless communication. Such narrow bandwidth allows 100-400 channels of
reasonable quality, which is not rational and commercially not profitable to
develop network for such small number of mobile subscribers. Genius idea lead
to division of the whole geographical area to relatively small cells, and each cell
may reuse the same frequencies by reducing power of transmission. Each cell has
its own antenna (base station), and all base stations are interconnected using
microwave or cable communication.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

Definition
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard
for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group
established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard
that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio
system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of
Europe will join the GSM partnership.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL NETWORK STRUCTURE

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Every telephone network needs a specific structure to route incoming calls to the
correct exchange and then on to the subscriber. In a mobile network, this
structure is very important because the subscribers are mobile.

CELL
A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area where radio
coverage is given by one base station. Different cells are identified by a unique
number called Cell Global Identity (CGI). In a complete network the number of
cells is large.

There is a limited number of frequencies available within the frequency band

specified for cellular systems. Each operator licensed to run a cellular network,
has been provided with a number of frequencies. A cell has one or several
frequencies, depending on traffic load. To cover a country, for example, the
available frequencies must be reused. The same frequency cannot be used in
neighbouring cells due to interference.

Neighbouring cells can’t have the same frequency.

LOCATION AREA

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The Location Area (LA) is defined as a group of cells. The system uses LA to
search for subscribers in active state. When there is a call for a mobile station, a
paging message is broadcast to all cells belonging to a specific LA.
A LA is the part of the network in which a mobile station may move around
freely without reporting its location to the network. Different location areas can
be identified by the system using the Location Area Identity (LAI).

Location Areas

MSC/VLR SERVICE AREA

The mobile station is registered in a database called Visitor Location Register
(VLR). MSC and VLR are always implemented in the same node in all Ericsson
GSM networks, thus the area is often called MSC/VLR Service Area. A
MSC/VLR Service Area is made up of a number of LAs. It represents the
geographical part of the network that is covered by one MSC. To route a call to
an MS,the subscriber’s MSC service area is also recorded and monitored..

Network Areas

PLMN SERVICE AREA

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The Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is a geographical area served by one
network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers radio
coverage and possibility to access its network.

PLMN Service Area

GSM SERVICE AREA

The GSM service area is the entire geographic areas in which a subscriber can
gain access to the GSM network.The GSM service area increases as more
operators sign contract agreeing to work together. As shown in Figure, these
areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public
land mobile network (PLMN) areas.

GSM

Network Architecture

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The GSM network can be divided into four main parts:

 Mobile Station (MS).

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
 The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).

Mobile Station
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:

 The mobile equipment or terminal.

 The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

The Terminal

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There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power

and application:

 The `fixed' terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their

maximum allowed output power is 20 W.
 The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles.
Their maximum allowed output power is 8W.
 The handheld terminals have experienced the biggest success
thanks to their weight and volume, which are continuously
decreasing. These terminals can emit up to 2 W. The evolution of
technologies allows decreasing the maximum allowed power to
0.8W.

The SIM
The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card
into the terminal, the user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without
the SIM card, the terminal is not operational.
The SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN).
In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some
parameters of the user such as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI).
Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, the only
element that personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore,
the user can have access to its subscribed services in any terminal using its SIM
card.

Base Station Subsystem(BSS)

The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of the
transmission and reception. The BSS can be divided into two parts:

 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station.

 The Base Station Controller (BSC).

Base Transceiver Station(BTS)

Station
The BTS controls the radio interface to the MS. The BTS comprises the radio
equipment such as transceivers and antennas which are needed to serve each
cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the centre of a cell. Its
transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between one and
sixteen transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell.

The Base Station Controller(BSC)

Controller

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The BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio resources. A BSC is
principally in charge of handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and
control of the radio frequency power levels of the BTS.

Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS)

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The different components of the NSS are described
below:

Mobile services Switching Centre(MSC)

The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It
controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems such as Public
Switched Telephone Network(PSTN),Integrated Services Digital
Network(ISDN),public data networks,private networks and other mobile
networks.

Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile
subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a
person’s subscription information until that subscription is canceled. The
information stored includes:
 Subscriber identity
 Subscriber supplementary services
 Subscriber location information
 Subscriber authentication information
If the capacity of a HLR is exceeded by the number of subscribers, additional
HLRs may be added.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR database contains information about all the mobile subscribers
currently located in the MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC
in a network. The VLR temporarily stores subscription information so that the
MSC can service all the subscribers currently visiting that MSC service area.
The VLR can be regarded as a distributed HLR as it holds a copy of the HLR
information stored about the subscriber.
When a subscriber roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR connected to
that MSC requests information about the subscriber from the subscriber’s HLR.
The HLR sends a copy of the information to the VLR and updates its own
location information. When the subscriber makes a call, the VLR will already
have the information required for call set-up.

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AUthentication
thentication Center (AUC)
AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's
identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network
operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world. The AUC
is a database connected to the HLR which provides it with the authentication
parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR is also used for security purposes. It is a register containing information
about the mobile equipments. More particularly, it contains a list of all valid
terminals. A terminal is identified by its International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). The EIR allows then to forbid calls from stolen or unauthorized
terminals (e.g., a terminal which does not respect the specifications concerning
the output RF power).

The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS is connected to the different components of the NSS and to the BSC, in
order to control and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling
the traffic load of the BSS.
However, the increasing number of base stations, due to the development of
cellular radio networks, has provoked that some of the maintenance tasks are
transferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases considerably the costs of the
maintenance of the system.

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FREQUENCY BAND OF OPERATION

Frequency bands are allocated on the GSM Band first come first serve basis for
first three operations in a state 900 brands for next three operations 1800 band
& for further next three operators 1800 band is allotted .

Frequency bands allotted to Airtel in North region

In Punjab 900 band
In Haryana 1800 band
In Rajastan 900 band
In HP 900 band
In J&K 900 band

RADIO CHANNEL

A mobile station communicates with a base station via a radio channel. A radio
channel is a bi-directional radio transmission path. Each radio channel has two
distinct frequencies; one for downlink and one for uplink.

Downlink is defined as the transmission path from the base station to the mobile
station, while uplink is defined as the transmission path from the mobile station
to the base station.

Uplink and downlink on a radio channel

The base station transmits on one frequency while the mobile station transmits
on another frequency. This creates a full duplex communication path. That is,
simultaneous communication in both directions.

GSM 900 GSM1800 GSM 1900

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Uplink frequency 890-915 Mhz 1710-1785 Mhz 1850-1910 Mhz

Downlink frequency 935-960 Mhz 1805-1880 Mhz 1930-1990 Mhz

DUPLEX DISTANCE

The distance between one uplink frequency and its corresponding downlink
frequency is called the duplex distance. The duplex distance varies for different
frequency bands.

STANDARD GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Duplex Distance 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz

Duplex distance

CHANNEL SEPARATION

The distance between adjacent frequencies on either the uplink or downlink is

called channel separation. Channel separation is 200 kHz, regardless of the
standards mentioned above. This separation is necessary to reduce interference
between channels.
In addition to the duplex distance, every mobile system includes a channel
separation. This is the distance on the frequency band between channels being
transmitted in the same direction. This is required in order to avoid the
overlapping of information in one channel into an adjacent channel.The length
of separation between two channels is dependent on the amount of information
which is to be transmitted within the channel. The greater the amount of
information to transmit, the greater the amount of separation required.

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From the figure above, it can be seen that the information to be sent is
modulated around the carrier frequency of 895.4 MHz. The same is true of the
information to be sent on 895.6 MHz. To avoid interference between the two sets
of information, a separation distance of 200 kHz is required. If less separation
were used, they would interfere and a caller on 895.4 MHz may experience
crosstalk or noise from the caller on 895.6 MHz.

ACCESS METHOD

Ericsson has chosen the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) method for all
Ericsson GSM networks. TDMA allows several different calls to share the same
frequency.i.e TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the
same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot. Most digital cellular
systems use the technique of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to transmit
and receive speech signals. With TDMA, one channel is used to carry a number
of calls, each call using that channel at designated periods in time. These periods
of time are referred to as time slots. Each MS on a call is assigned one time slot
on the uplink frequency and one on the downlink frequency. The information
sent during one time slot is called a burst. In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8
time slots. This means that a GSM radio carrier can carry 8 calls.

TDMA

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AIR INTERFACE CHANNELS :

The path used to carry information between a Mobile Station and a Base
Transceiver Station is known as the Physical Channel. A physical channel may
carry different messages, depending on the information which is to be sent.
These messages are called logical channels. For example, on one of the physical
channels used for traffic, the traffic itself is transmitted using a Traffic CHannel
(TCH) message, while a handover instruction is transmitted using a Fast
Associated Control Channel (FACCH) message.
The Control and Traffic Channels are further subdivided, there are two types of
Traffic Channels and three categories of Control

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL CHANNELS

Each timeslot on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel. Therefore, there
are 8 physical channels per carrier frequency in GSM. Physical channels can be
used to transmit speech, data or signaling information.

Logical channels and bursts

CONTROL CHANNELS

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When an MS is switched on, it searches for a BTS to connect to. The MS scans
the entire frequency band, or, optionally, uses a list containing the allocated
carrier frequencies for this operator. When the MS finds the strongest carrier, it
must then determine if it is a control channel. It does so by searching for a
particular logical channel called Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH).A
frequency carrying BCCH contains important information for an MS, including
e.g. the current LA identity, synchronization information and network identity.
Without such information, an MS cannot work with a network. This information
is broadcast at regular intervals, leading to the term Broadcast Channel (BCH)
information.

Broadcast Channels (BCH)

The BCH channels are used by the base station to provide the mobile station
with the sufficient information it needs to synchronize with the network. Three
different types of BCHs are:

 The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), which gives to the

mobile station the parameters needed in order to identify and access the
network.
 The Synchronization Channel (SCH), carries information about
the TDMA frame number and the BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE
of BTS.
 The Frequency-Correction Channel (FCCH), which supplies the
mobile station with the frequency reference of the system in order to
synchronize it with the network.

When the MS has finished analyzing the information on a BCH, it then has all
the information required to work with a network. However, if the MS roams to
another cell, it must repeat the process of reading FCCH, SCH and BCCH in the
new cell. If the mobile subscriber then wishes to make or receive a call, the
Common Control CHannels (CCCH) must be used.

Common Control Channels (CCCH)

The CCCH channels help to establish the calls from the mobile station or the

network. Three different types of CCCH can be defined:

 The Paging Channel (PCH), is used to alert the mobile station of an

incoming call.
 The Random Access Channel (RACH), which is used by the mobile
station to request access to the network.
 The Access Grant Channel (AGCH) is used by the base station to
inform the mobile station about which channel it should use. This channel
is the answer of a base station to a RACH from the mobile station

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At this stage the MS and BSS are ready to begin call set-up procedures. For this
the MS and BSS use Dedicated Control CHannels (DCCHs).

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

The DCCH channels are used for message exchange between several mobiles
or a mobile and the network. Two different types of DCCH can be defined:

 Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH), is used in

order to exchange signaling information in the downlink and uplink
directions.
 Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) is used for channel
maintenance and channel control.
 Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH) replaces all or part of
a traffic channel when urgent signaling information must be transmitted.
The FACCH channels carry the same information as the SDCCH
channels.
 Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH this logical channel is used to
transmit short message service

Traffic Channels
Once call set-up procedures have been completed on the control physical channel
the MS tunes to a traffic physical channel.
There are two types of TCH:
 Full rate (TCH): transmits full rate speech (13 kbits/s). A full rate TCH
occupies one physical channel.
 Half rate (TCH/2): transmits half rate speech (5.6 kbits/s). Two half
rate TCHs can share one physical channel, thus doubling the capacity of a
cell.
 Enhanced Full rate (TCH):transmits full rate speech with an
improved voice quality. It also occupies one physical channel.

Burst structure
As it has been stated before, the burst is the unit in time of a TDMA system.
Four different types of bursts can be distinguished in GSM:

• The frequency-correction burst is used on the FCCH. It has the same

length as the normal burst but a different structure.
• The synchronization burst is used on the SCH. It has the same length as
the normal burst but a different structure.

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• The random access burst is used on the RACH and is shorter than the
normal burst.
• The normal burst is used to carry speech or data information. It lasts
approximately 0.577 ms and has a length of 156.25 bits. Its structure is
presented in figure 3.

Structure of the 26-Multiframe, the TDMA frame and the normal burst
*This figure has been taken, with the corresponding authorization, from "An
Overview of GSM" by John Scourias (see Other GSM sites)

The tail bits (T) are a group of three bits set to zero and placed at the beginning
and the end of a burst. They are used to cover the periods of ramping up and
down of the mobile's power.
The coded data bits corresponds to two groups, of 57 bits each, containing
signaling or user data.
The stealing flags (S) indicate, to the receiver, whether the information carried
by a burst corresponds to traffic or signaling data.
The training sequence has a length of 26 bits. It is used to synchronize the
receiver with the incoming information, avoiding then the negative effects
produced by a multipath propagation.
The guard period (GP), with a length of 8.25 bits, is used to avoid a possible
overlap of two mobiles during the ramping time.

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1.CALL FROM MS

Provided that the MS is listening to the system information in the cell and that
it is registered in the MSC/VLR handling this cell, the MS can attempt to make a
call. The procedures are
1. The MS requests a SDCCH using the RACH.
2. The MS indicates that it wants to set up a call. The identity of the MS, IMSI, is
analyzed and the MS is marked as busy in the VLR.
3. Authentication is performed as described for location updating.
4. Ciphering may be initiated.
5. MSC receives a setup message from the MS. This information includes what
kind of service the MS wants and the number (called the B number) dialed by
the mobile subscriber. MSC checks that the MS does not have services like
barring of outgoing calls activated. Barring can be activated either by the
subscriber or by the operator. If the MS is not barred, the setup of the call
proceeds.
6. Between the MSC and the BSC a link is established and a PCM TS is seized.
The MSC sends a request to the BSC to assign a TCH. The BSC checks if there is
an idle TCH, assigns it to the call and tells the BTS to activate the channel. The
BTS sends an acknowledgment when the activation is complete and then the
BSC orders the MS to transfer to the TCH. The BSC informs the MSC when the
assignment is complete. The traffic control subsystem analyses the digits and sets
up the connection to the called subscriber. The call is connected through in the
group switch.
7. An alert message is sent to the MS indicating that a ringing tone has been
generated on the other side. The ringing tone generated in the exchange on the B
subscriber side is sent to the MS via the group switch in MSC. The ringing tone
is
sent over the air, not generated in the MS.
8. When the B subscriber answers, the network sends a connect message to the
MS indicating that the call is accepted. The MS returns a connect
acknowledgment, which completes the call set-up.

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Fig:Mobile originating call establishment.

Figure shows the messages sent between the MS and the

network during mobile originating call set-up.

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Fig.: Mobile originating call establishment (early assignment).

2.CALL TO MS

A mobile terminated call is more complicated than a mobile originated call. This
is due to the fact that the calling party does not know where the MS (called
party) is located. The signaling is shown in Figure
1. The number dialed by the calling part is called the Mobile Station ISDN
number (MSISDN). In cases where a call is made from the fixed network, PSTN,
the exchange analyses the number and determines that the call is for a GSM
subscriber.
2. The call is routed to the nearest GMSC in the home PLMN of the called MS.
3. By analyzing the MSISDN, the GMSC finds out which HLR the subscriber is
registered in. GMSC asks the HLR for information so the call can be routed to
the MSC/VLR where the MS is temporary registered. With help of MSISDN the
HLR finds the IMSI and the data record for the subscriber. IMSI is a number
for the subscriber (see Appendix), only used in the signaling network. The
address to the serving VLR was received at registration and is stored together
with IMSI in the HLR.
4. The HLR contacts the VLR to get a roaming number. This is an ordinary
telephone number to the MSC/VLR. The VLR sends the roaming number to the
HLR.
5. The HLR forwards the roaming number to the GMSC.
6a. With help of the roaming number, the GMSC can route the call to the
appropriate MSC.

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6b. The call is routed to the MSC. If the system has the feature ‘Call Dropback’,
and this feature is supported by the national signaling scheme, the GMSC may
drop the call ‘back’ to the previous node. The decision is based on the received
roaming number and the capabilities of the incoming route. Then, the routes
marked
(2) and (6a) are released.

Fig : Call from PSTN

In some situations, PSTN may be used to reroute the call. In countries having a
poorly functioning or very expensive PSTN, it might be better to build a separate
network with connections between the MSCs and GMSCs.
7. The MSC knows which location area the MS is located in and sends a paging
message to the BSCs handling this location area. In GSM, there are two places
where information about which cells belong to the location area can be stored:
 the MSC
 the BSC
In Ericsson’s GSM system it is the BSC that stores this information. The MSC
sends the identity of the location area and MS to the BSCs in the LA.
8. The BSC distributes the paging message to the BTSs in the LA.
9. The BTSs page the MS using IMSI or TMSI. The MS sends a request for a
SDCCH when it detects its identity in the paging message. The MSC performs
authentication and starts ciphering as described earlier. The MSC may send
information to the MS about the services that are requested. These can for
example be speech, data, fax. The BSC orders the BTS to activate a TCH and to
release the SDCCH. MS is ordered to tune in the frequency of the TCH. An

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Alerting message is sent from the MS indicating that a ringing tone has been
generated in the MS. A ringing tone for the calling subscriber is generated in
MSC. When the mobile subscriber answers, the MS sends a Connect message.
The network completes the through connection path and sends a Connection
acknowledgment to MS. The duplex path for traffic is now open.

Fig : Mobile terminating call establishment

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TRANSMISSION RATE

The transmission rate over the air is 270 kbits/s. This is true for GSM 900, GSM
1800 and GSM 1900. The amount of information transmitted over a radio
channel over a period of time is known as the transmission rate. Transmission
rate is expressed in bits per second or bit/s.
TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS:
Many problems may occur during the transmission of radio signal.They are:

PATH LOSS
Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker & weaker due
to increasing distance between MS and BTS,even if there are no obstacles
between the Tx & Rx antenna.
SHADOWING
Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including hills &
buildings between the BTS & MS.The obstacles create a shadowing effect which
can decrease the received signal strength.When the MS moves,the signal strength
fluctuates depending on the obstacles between the MS & BTS.

Shadowing

1. MULTIPATH FADING
This occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the MS &
BTS,& therefore more than one signal arriving at the receiver.This may be due
to buildings or mountains,either close to or far from the receiving device.
Rayleigh fading & Time dispersion are forms of multipath fading.

Rayleigh fading

This occurs when a signal takes more than one path between the MS & BTS
antennas.In this case,the signal is not received on the line of sight path directly

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from the Tx antenna,rather it is reflected off buildings & is received from several
different paths.It occurs when the obstacles are close to the Rx antenna.

Rayleigh fading

3.2 Time dispersion

Time dispersion is another problem relating to multiple paths to the Rx antenna

of either an MS or BTS.However,in contrast to rayleigh fading,the reflected
signal comes from an object far away from the Rx antenna.It causes Inter
Symbol Interference(ISI) where consecutive bits interfere with each other
making it difficult for the Rx to determine which symbol is the correct one.An
example of this is shown in the figure below where the sequence 1,0 is sent from
the BTS

Time dispersion
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If the reflected signal arrives one bit time after the direct signal, then the
receiver detects a 1 from the reflected wave at the same time it detects a 0 from
the direct wave. The symbol 1 interferes with the symbol 0 and the MS does not
know which one is correct.

4. TIME ALIGNMENT
Each MS on a call is allocated a time slot on a TDMA frame.This is an amount of
time during which the MS transmits information to the BTS.The information
must also arrive at the BTS within that time slot.The time alignment problem
occurs when part of the information transmitted by an MS does not arrive
within the allocated time slot.Instead,that part may arrive during the next time
slot,& may interfere with information from another MS using that other time
slot.It is caused by a large distance between the MS & the BTS.Effectively,the
signal cannot travel over the large distance within the given time.
For example, an MS is close to a BTS and has been allocated time slot 3 (TS 3).
During the call, the MS moves away from the BTS causing the information sent
from the BTS to arrive at the MS later and later. The answer from the MS also
arrives later at the BTS. If nothing is done, the delay becomes so long that the
transmission from the MS in time slot 3 overlaps with the information which the
BTS receives in time slot 4.

The time alignment problem

1.CHANNEL CODING
In digital transmission,the quality of the transmitted signal is often expressed in
terms of how many of the received bits are incorrect.This is called Bit Error
Rate(BER).BER defines the % of the total no. of received bits which are
incorrectly detected.This % should be as low as possible.

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This percentage should be as low as possible. It is not possible to reduce the

percentage to zero because the transmission path is constantly changing. This
means that there must be an allowance for a certain amount of errors and at the
same time an ability to restore the information, or at least detect errors so the
incorrect information bits are not interpreted as correct. This is especially
important during transmission of data, as opposed to speech, for which a higher
BER is acceptable.
Channel coding is used to detect & correct errors in a received bit stream.It adds
bits to the message.These bits enable a channel decoder to determine whether the
message has faulty bits,& to potentially correct the faulty bits.

2.INTERLEAVING
In reality, bit errors often occur in sequence, as caused by long fading dips
affecting several consecutive bits. Channel coding is most effective in detecting
and correcting single errors and short error sequences. It is not suitable for
handling longer sequences of bit errors. For this reason, a process called
interleaving is used to separate consecutive bits of a message so that these are
transmitted in a non-consecutive way. For example, a message block may consist
of four bits (1234). If four message blocks must be transmitted, and one is lost in
transmission, without interleaving there is a 25% BER overall, but a 100% BER
for that lost message block. It is not possible to recover from this.

Interleaving
If interleaving is used the bits of each block may be sent in a non-
consecutive manner. If one block is lost in transmission, again there is a 25%
BER overall. However, this time the 25% is spread over the entire set of
message blocks, giving a 25% BER for each. This is more manageable and there
is a greater possibility that the errors can be corrected by a channel decoder.

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Received interleaved message blocks

3.TIMING ADVANCE
This is a solution specifically designed to counteract the problem of time
alignment.It works by instructing the misaligned MS to transmit its burst earlier
than it normally would.In GSM,the timing advance information relates to bit
times.Thus an MS may be instructed to advance its transmission by a certain no.
of bit times.The maximum in GSM is 63 bit times. Timing advance is a solution
specifically designed to counteract the problem of time alignment. It works by
instructing the misaligned MS to transmit its burst earlier than it normally
would. In GSM, the timing advance information relates to bit times. Thus, an
MS may be instructed to advance its transmission by a certain number of bit
times. The maximum in GSM is 63 bit times. This is one of the parameters that
limits the GSM cell size to a maximum of 35 km radius.

Timing advance

INTRODUCTION TO ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Analog Information

Analog information is continuous and does not stop at discrete values. An

example of analog information is time. It is continuous and does not stop at
specific points. An analog watch may have a second-hand which does not jump
from one second to the next, but continues around the watch face without
stopping.

Analog Signals

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An analog signal is a continuous waveform which changes in accordance with the

properties of the information being represented.

Digital Information

Digital information is a set of discrete values. Time can also be represented

digitally. However, digital time would be represented by a watch which jumps
from one minute to the next without stopping at the seconds. In effect, such a
digital watch is taking a sample of time at predefined intervals.

Digital Signals

For mobile systems, digital signals may be considered to be sets of discrete

waveforms.

DIGITAL SIGNAL

ADVANTAGES OF USING DIGITAL

Human speech is a form of analog information. It is continuous and changes in

both frequency (higher and lower pitches) and amplitude (whispering and
shouting). At first, analog signals may appear to be a better medium for carrying
analog information such as speech. Analog information is continuous and if it
were to be represented by discrete samples of the information (digital signal),
then some information would be missing (like
the seconds on the digital watch). An analog signal would not miss any values as
it too is continuous. All signals, analog and digital, become distorted over
distances.
In analog, the only solution to this is to amplify the signal. However, in doing so,
the distortion is also amplified. In digital, the signal can be completely
regenerated as new, without the distortion.

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The problem with using digital signals to transfer analog information is that
some information will be missing due to the technique of taking samples.
However, the more often the samples are taken, the closer the resulting digital
values will be to a true representation of the analog information. Overall, if
samples are taken often enough, digital signals provide a better quality for
transmission of analog information than analog signals.

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

 It economizes on Bandwidth.
 It allows easy integration with Personnal communication Systems(PCS)
devices.
 It maintains superior Quality of Voice transmission over long distances.
 It is difficult to Decode.
 It can use Lower Average transmitted power.
 It enables smaller and less expensive individual recievers and
transmitters.
 It offers Voice privacy.

The following figure summarizes the GSM transmission process. The details of
transmission from an MS are described later in this section.

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GSM transmission process

Stage 1 ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERSION

One of the primary functions of an MS is to convert the analog speech
information into digital form for transmission using a digital signal. The analog
to digital (A/D) conversion process outputs a collection of bits: binary ones and
zeros which represent the speech input.

A/D CONVERSION

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The A/D conversion is performed by using a process called Pulse Code

Modulation (PCM). PCM involves three main steps:
 Sampling
 Quantization
 Coding

Step 1: SAMPLING
Sampling involves measuring the analog signal at specific time intervals.

Analog signal sampling

The accuracy of describing the analog signal in digital terms depends on how
often the analog signal is sampled, among other things. This is expressed as the
sampling frequency. The sampling theory states that:
To reproduce an analog signal without distortion , the signal must be
sampled with at least twice the frequency of the highest frequency component in
the analog signal.
Normal speech mainly contains frequency components lower than 3400 Hz.
Higher components have low energy and may be omitted without affecting the
speech quality much. Applying the sampling theory to analog speech signals, the
sampling frequency, should be at least 2 x 3.4 kHz = 6.8 kHz. Telecommunication
systems use a sampling frequency of 8 kHz, which is acceptable based on the
sampling theory.
Step 2: Quantization

The next step is to give each sample a value. For this reason, the amplitude
of the signal at the time of sampling is measured and approximated to one of a
finite set of values. The figure below shows the principle of quantization applied
to an analog signal. It can be seen that a slight error is introduced in this process
when the signal is quantized or approximated. The degree of accuracy depends
on the number of quantization levels used. Within common telephony, 256 levels
are used while in GSM 8,192 levels are used.

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Quantization

Step 3: Coding
Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary. Every value is
represented by a binary code of 13 bits (213= 8192). For example, a quantized
value of 2,157 would have a bit pattern of 0100001101101:

Coding of quantized value 2157

Summary of A/D Conversion

The result from the process of A/D conversion is 8,000 samples per second of
13 bits each. This is a bit rate of 104 kbits/s. When it is considered that 8
subscribers use one radio channel, the overall bit rate would be 8 x 104 kbits/s =
832 kbits/s. Recalling the general rule of 1 bit per Hertz, this bit rate would not
fit into the 200 kHz available for all 8 subscribers. The bit rate must be reduced
somehow - this is achieved using segmentation and speech coding.

STAGE 2: SEGMENTATION
The key to reducing the bit rate is to send information about the
speech instead of the speech itself. This can be explained with the following
analogy:
Person A wishes to listen to a certain piece of music and they know that person B
has it on record. A rings B asking for the use of the record for some time.
Unfortunately, the record is scratched and cannot be used. Instead, B sends A
parameters of how the music is built up - the sheets of music - together with

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information about how fast it should be played - the frequency - and A

reproduces the music.
In GSM, the speech coding process analyzes speech samples and outputs
parameters of what the speech consists of: the tone, length of tone, pitch, etc.
This is then transmitted through the network to another MS which generates the
speech based on these parameters.
The process of segmentation and speech coding is explained in more detail as
follows:
The human speech process starts in the vocal chords or speech organs, where a
tone is generated. The mouth, tongue, teeth, etc. act as a filter, changing the
nature of this tone. The aim of speech coding in GSM is to send only information
about the original tone itself and about the filter.
Segmentation: Given that the speech organs are relatively slow in adapting to
changes, the filter parameters representing the speech organs are approximately
constant during 20 ms. For this reason, when coding speech in GSM, a block of
20 ms is coded into one set of bits. In effect, it is similar to sampling speech at a
rate of 50 times per second instead of the 8,000 used by A/D conversion.

STAGE 3: SPEECH CODING

Instead of using 13 bits per sample as in A/D conversion, GSM speech

coding uses 260 bits. This calculates as 50 x 260 = 13 kbits/s. This provides a
speech quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with
wireline PSTN phones.
Many types of speech coders are available. Some offer better speech quality, at
the expense of a higher bit rate (waveform coders). Others use lower bit rates, at
the expense of lower speech quality (vocoders). The hybrid coder which GSM
uses provides good speech quality with a relatively low bit rate, at the expense of
speech coder complexity.

Summary of Segmentation and Speech Coding

The GSM speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbits/s per subscriber.
When it is considered that 8 subscribers use one radio channel, the overall bit
rate would be 8 x 13 kbits/s = 104 kbits/s. This compares favorably with the 832
kbits/s from A/D conversion.

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However, speech coding does not consider the problems which may be
encountered on the radio transmission path. The next stages in the transmission
process, channel coding and interleaving, help to overcome these problems.

STAGE 4: CHANNEL CODING

Channel coding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech coding as an input and
outputs 456 encoded bits.The 260 bits are split according to their relative
importance:

 Block 1: 50 very important bits

 Block 2: 132 important bits and
 Block 3: 78 not so important bits

The first block of 50 bits is sent through a block coder, which adds three parity
bits to result in 53 bits. It is these three bits which are used to detect errors in a
received message.
These 53 bits, the 132 bits in the second block and 4 tail bits (total = 189) are sent
to a 1:2 convolutional coder which outputs 378 bits. The bits added by the
convolutional coder enable the correction of errors when the message is received.
The remaining bits of block 3 are not protected.

Channel coding

STAGE 5: INTERLEAVING

First level of interleaving

The channel coder provides 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech. These are
interleaved, forming eight blocks of 57 bits each, as shown in the figure below.

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Interleaving of 20 ms of encoded speech

As can be seen in Figure , in any one burst, there is space for two of these
blocks. (The remaining bits are explained later in this book.) Thus, if one burst
transmission is lost, there is a 25% BER for the entire 20 ms of speech (2/8 =
25%).

Normal burst
Second level of interleaving
If only one level of interleaving is used, a loss of this burst results in a total
loss of 25%. This is too much for the channel decoder to correct. A second level
of interleaving can be introduced to further reduce the possible BER to 12.5%.
Instead of sending two blocks of 57 bits from the same 20 ms of speech within
one burst, a block from one 20 ms and a block from another 20 ms are sent
together. This causes a delay in the system, because the MS must wait for the
next 20 ms of speech. However, the system can now afford to loose a whole burst
because the loss only affects 12.5% of the bits from each speech frame. This rate
can be corrected by a channel decoder.

Speech frame

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Second level of interleaving

STAGE 6: CIPHERING/ENCRYPTION

The purpose of ciphering is to encode the burst so that it cannot be

interpreted by any device other than the intended receiver. The ciphering
algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm. It does not add bits to the burst,
meaning that the input and output to the ciphering process is the same as the
input: 456 bits per 20 ms.

STAGE 7: BURST FORMATTING

As previously explained, every transmission from an MS/BTS must

include some extra information such as the training sequence. The process of
burst formatting is to add these bits (along with some others such as tail bits) to
the basic speech/data being sent. This increases the overall bit rate, but is
necessary to counteract problems encountered on the radio path.
In GSM, the input to burst formatting is the 456 bits received from ciphering.
Burst formatting adds a total of 136 bits per block of 20 ms, bringing the overall
total to 592.
However, each time slot on a TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long. This provides
enough time for 156.25 bits to be transmitted (each bit takes 3.7 ms), but a burst
only contains 148 bits. The rest of the space, 8.25 bit times, is empty and is called
the Guard Period (GP). This time is used to enable the MS/BTS “ramp up” and
“ramp down”. To ramp up means to get power from the battery/power supply

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for transmission. Ramping down is performed after each transmission to ensure

that the MS is not using battery power during time slots allocated to other MSs.

The output of burst formatting is a burst of 156.25 bits or 625 bits per
20 ms. However, in order to regulate the modulator, some dummy bits are used
on either side of the burst. This brings the total to 676 bits per 20 ms of speech.
When it is considered that there are 8 subscriber per TDMA frame, the overall
bit rate for GSM can be calculated to be 270.4 kbits/s.

STAGE 8: MODULATION & TRANSMISSION

The transmission rate over the air is 270 kbits/s. This is true for GSM 900,
GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. The amount of information transmitted over a radio
channel over a period of time is known as the transmission rate. Transmission
rate is expressed in bits per second or bit/s.
The 676 bits per 20 ms of speech must then be sent over the air using a
carrier frequency. As previously explained, GSM uses the GMSK modulation
technique. The bits are modulated onto a carrier frequency (e.g. 912.2 MHz) and
transmitted.

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Network identities are numbers which a GSM network uses to locate a mobile
subscriber when it is establishing a call to that subscriber. As the network relies
on these identities to route calls to subscribers, it is important that each identity
is unique and correct.

SUBSCRIBER-RELATED IDENTITIES

1.Mobile Station ISDN number (MSISDN)

The Mobile Station ISDN number (MSISDN) uniquely identifies a mobile
telephone subscription in the PSTN numbering plan. This is the number dialed
when calling a mobile subscriber. As the MSISDN is the actual telephone
number of the mobile subscriber, it is the only network identity that subscribers
are aware of. All other network identities discussed in this chapter are for
internal network use and subscribers do not need to be aware of them.
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN

CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number

2.International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique identity
allocated to each subscriber which facilitates correct subscriber identification
over the radio path and through the network. It is used for all signaling in the
PLMN. All network related subscriber information is connected to an IMSI. The
IMSI is stored in the SIM, the HLR and in the serving VLR.

The IMSI consists of three different parts:

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MCC Mobile Country Code

MNC Mobile Network Code
MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number
According to the GSM specifications, the IMSI has a maximum length of 15
digits.

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is a temporary IMSI
number made known to an MS at registration. It is used to protect the
subscriber’s identity on the air interface. The TMSI has local significance only
(that is, within the MSC/VLR area) and is changed at time intervals or when
certain events occur such as location updating. The TMSI structure can be
determined by each operator but should not consist of more than 8 digits.

EQUIPMENT-RELATED IDENTITIES

1. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is used to uniquely
identify MS equipment to the network. The IMEI is used for security procedures
such as identifying stolen equipment and preventing unauthorized access to the
network.According to the GSM specifications, IMEI has a total length of 15
digits, and consists of the following:

TAC Type Approval Code, determined by a central GSM body

FAC Final Assembly Code, identifies the manufacturer
SNR Serial Number, an individual serial number of six digits uniquely
identifies all equipment within each TAC and FAC
spare A spare digit for future use and should always be zero when transmitt

International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version

number
(IMEISV)

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The International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version number

(IMEISV) provides a unique identity for every MS and also refers to the version
of software which is installed in the MS. The version of software is important as
it may affect the services offered by the MS or its speech coding capabilities. For
example, mobile networks need to know the MS speech coding capabilities when
a call is being made (i.e. half rate/full
rate, etc). This will be indicated by the IMEISV. The IMEISV consists of the
following:

SVN Software Version Number, allows the mobile equipment manufacturer to

identify different software versions of a given type approved mobile. SVN value
99 is reserved for future use

LOCATION-RELATED IDENTITIES

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is a temporary network identity
which is assigned during the establishment of a call to a roaming subscriber.
More information about the use of MSRN can be found in the "Traffic Cases"
section later in the
book. The MSRN consists of three parts:

A MSRN is used during the call setup phase for mobile terminating calls. Each
mobile terminating call enters the GMSC in the PLMN. The call is then re-
routed by the GMSC, to the MSC where the called mobile subscriber is located.
For this purpose, a unique number (MSRN) is allocated by the MSC and
provided to the GMSC. The MSRN is seized for the call setup phase only and
released immediately afterwards. The call setup takes place in the following way:
1. GMSC receives a signaling message "Initial Address Message" for the
incoming call (MSISDN).

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2. GMSC sends a signaling message "Send Routing Information" to the HLR

where the subscriber data is stored (MSISDN).
3. HLR uses MSISDN to find the subscriber data in the database. The
Supplementary Service (Call forward unconditional not active) is verified. The
VLR address that
corresponds to the subscriber location and the IMSI are retrieved. HLR sends a
signaling message "Provide Roaming Number" using the VLR address as the
destination (IMSI).
4. VLR having received the message, requests MSC to seize an idle MSRN and to
associate it with the IMSI received. VLR sends back the result to the HLR
(MSRN).
5. HLR sends back the result to the GMSC (MSRN).
6. GMSC uses MSRN to re-route the call to the MSC. MSC receives a signaling
message "Initial Address Message" for the incoming call (MSRN). MSC
performs digit analysis on the received MSRN. The result is "Mobile
terminating". The MSC finds the association between the MSRN and the IMSI.
The MSRN is released and the IMSI is used for the final establishment of the
call.

The Use of MSRN:

The interrogation call routing function (request for a MSRN) is a part of the
Mobile Application Part (MAP). All data exchanged between the GMSC-HLR-
MSC/VLR for the purpose of interrogation is sent over the signaling network.

Location Area Identity (LAI)

The Location Area Identity (LAI) is a temporary network identity which is also
required for routing. The two main purposes of the LAI are:
1. Paging, which is used to inform the MSC of the LA in which the MS is
currently situated
2. Location updating of mobile subscribers
The LAI contains the following:

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LAC
Location Area Code, the maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65,536
different location areas to be defined in one PLMN

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

The Cell Global Identity (CGI) is used for identifying individual cells within an
LA. Cell identification is achieved by adding a Cell Identity (CI) to the LAI
components. The CI has a maximum length of 16 bits. The CGI consists of:

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

The Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) enables MSs to distinguish between
different neighboring base stations. The BSIC consists of:

NCC Network Color Code (3 bits) identifies the PLMN.. NCC is primarily
used to distinguish between operators on each side of a border
BCC Base Station Color Code (3 bits) identifies the Base Station to help
distinguish between RBS using the same control frequencies

Location Number (LN)

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The Location Number (LN) is a number related to a certain geographical area,

which the network operator specifies by “tying” the location numbers to cells,
location areas, or
MSC/VLR service areas. The LN is used to implement features like
regional/local
subscription and geographical differentiated charging. The LN consists of the
following:

LSP Locally Significant Part

Regional Subscription Zone Identity (RSZI)

For each regional subscription, zones/regions need to be defined. This is achieved
by using the Regional Subscription Zone Identity (RSZI). The RSZI consist of
the following:

ZC The length of the Zone Code, is two octets

There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony
(also referred to as teleservices) and data (also referred to as bearer services).
Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the
complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate
with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit

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appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the
network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following
subscriber services are supported by GSM:

 Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)-DTMF is a tone signaling

scheme often used for various control purposes via the telephone network,
such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM supports full-
originating DTMF.

 Facsimile Group III-GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As

standard fax machines are designed to be connected to a telephone using
analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the exchange is used
in the GSM system. This enables a GSM-connected fax to communicate
with any analog fax in the network.

 Short Message Services-A convenient facility of the GSM network is

the short message service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160
alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile station. This
service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a
number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or
has left the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the
subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage
area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be
received.

 Cell Broadcast-A variation of the short message service is the cell

broadcast facility. A message of a maximum of 93 characters can be
broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic area. Typical
applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports on accidents.

 Voice Mail-This service is actually an answering machine within the

network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to
the subscriber's voice-mail box and the subscriber checks for messages
via a personal security code.

 Fax Mail-With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at
any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service center from which
they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security code to the
desired fax number.

SUPPLEMENTRY SERVICES
GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can
complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary
services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating
features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows.

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 Call Forwarding-This service gives the subscriber the ability to

forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not
reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed
unconditionally.

 Barring of Outgoing Calls-This service makes it possible for a mobile

subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls.

 Barring of Incoming Calls-This function allows the subscriber to

prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call
barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls
when roaming outside the home PLMN.

 Advice of Charge (AOC)-The AoC service provides the mobile

subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of
AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of the
bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AoC for
data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements.

 Call Hold-This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing

call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is
only applicable to normal telephony.

 Call Waiting-This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified

of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer,
reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM
telecommunications services using a circuit-switched connection.

 Multiparty Service-The multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber

to establish a multiparty conversation-that is, a simultaneous
conversation between three and six subscribers. This service is only
applicable to normal telephony.

 Calling Line Identification Presentation/Restriction-These

services supply the called party with the integrated services digital
network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service
enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction
overrides the presentation.
 Closed User Groups (CUGs)-CUGs are generally comparable to a
PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling
themselves and certain numbers.

 GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)-GPRS uses a packet-mode

technique to transfer high-speed and low-speed data and signalling in an
efficient manner. GPRS optimises the use of network and radio resources.

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Strict separation between the radio subsystem and network subsystem is

maintained, allowing the network subsystem to be reused with other radio
access technologies. GPRS does not mandate changes to an installed MSC
base. New GPRS radio channels are defined, and the allocation of these
channels is flexible: from 1 to 8 radio interface timeslots can be allocated
per TDMA frame, timeslots are shared by the active users, and up and
downlink are allocated separately. The radio interface resources can be
shared dynamically between speech and data services as a function of
service load and operator preference.

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NETWORK SWITCHING SUB SYSTEM :

NSS forms the core of all the technical departments with the maintenance &
working of all the MSC functions. NSS functions are divided into four sub
departments :

1. ROAMING:

Roaming deals with the mobile roaming facility of the MS, which is the major
facility provided to the mobile subscribers. It deals with the national &
international launches, roaming related definitions, problems. It also deals with
the SMS functioning within other networks too.

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2. VAS (VALUE ADDED SERVICES) :-

Various services like Floritel, news, cricket update are the services provided to
the mobile users. VAS team deals with maintenance & upgrade of the system. It
deals with the creation of new dialog boxes etc.

3. HARDWARE TEAM :-

It deals with the maintenance of all the MSC’s, RBSC’s, Ater’s & various Links
etc. they monitor & rectify all the hardware alarms & also the responsible for
their gradation.

4. IN ( INTELLIGENCE NETWORK ) TEAM :-

IN is the latest technology for prepaid subscribers. We have a new IN of Ericsson

i.e. IN 3.6 and the maintenance & execution of the IN databases & all the
prepaid related complaints. They are responsible for the IVR, recharges etc.

The Network Switching and Subsystem (NSS) in GSM

systems consist of following components:

MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER/VISITOR

LOCATION REGISTER (MSC/VLR)

MSC FUNCTIONS:
The primary node in a GSM network is the MSC. It is the node which controls
calls both to MSs and from MSs. The primary functions of an MSC include the
following:

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o Switching and Call routing: an MSC controls call set-up, supervision

and release and may interact with other nodes to successfully establish a call.
This includes routing of calls from MSs to other networks such as a PSTN.
o Charging: an MSC contains functions for charging mobile calls and
information about the particular charge rates to apply to a call at any given
time or for a given destination. During a call it records this information and
stores it after the call, e.g. for output to a billing center.
o Service provisioning: supplementary services are provided and
managed by an MSC. In addition, the SMS service is handled by MSCs.
o Communication with HLRs: the primary occassion on which an MSC
and HLR communicate is during the set-up of a call to an MS, when the HLR
requests some routing information from the MSC.
o Communication with VLR: associated with each MSC is a VLR, with
which it communicates for subscription information, especially during call
set-up and release.
o Communication with MSCs: it may be necessary for two MSCs to
communicate with each other during call set-up or handovers between cells
belonging to different MSCs.
o Control of connected BSCs: as the BSS acts as the interface between the
MSs and the SS, the MSC has the function of controlling the primary BSS
node: the BSC. Each MSC may control many BSCs, depending on the
volume of traffic in a particular MSC service area. An MSC may
communicate with its BSCs during, for example, call set-up and handovers
between two BSCs.
o Direct access to internet services: traditionally, an MSC accessed the
Internet nodes of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) via existing networks
such as the PSTN. However, this function enables an MSC to communicate
directly with Internet nodes, thus reducing call set-up time. Direct access can
be provided by using an access server called Tigris (from Advanced
Computer Communications). This may be integrated in an MSC or stand-
alone connected to an MSC.

VLR FUNCTIONS:
The role of a VLR in a GSM network is to act as a temporary storage location
for subscription information for MSs which are within a particular MSC service
area. The VLR contains information from a subscriber's HLR necessary in
order to provide the subscribed services to visiting users. When a subscriber
enters the covering area of a new MSC, the VLR associated to this MSC will
request information about the new subscriber to its corresponding HLR. The
VLR will then have enough information in order to assure the subscribed
services without needing to ask the HLR each time a communication is
established.The VLR is always implemented together with a MSC; so the area
under control of the MSC is also the area under control of the VLR. Thus, there
is one VLR for each MSC service area. This means that the MSC does not have

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to contact the HLR (which may be located in another country) every time the
subscriber uses a service or changes its status.

The following occurs when MSs move into a new service area:
1. The VLR checks its database to determine whether or not it has a record for
the MS (based on the subscriber’s IMSI)
2. When the VLR finds no record for the MS, it sends a request to the
subscriber’s HLR for a copy of the MS’s subscription
3. The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its location
information for the subscriber. The HLR instructs the old VLR to delete the
information it has on the MS
4. The VLR stores its subscription information for the MS, including the latest
location and status (idle)

Fig.:VLR-HLR interaction

For the duration which the MS is within in its MSC service area, a VLR contains
a complete copy of the necessary subscription details, including the following
information for each MS:
 Identity numbers for the subscriber
 Supplementary service information (e.g. whether the subscriber has call
forwarding on busy activated or not)
 Activitiy of MS (e.g. idle)
 Current LA of MS
GATEWAY MSC (GMSC) FUNCTIONS:
Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a HLR in order to route a
mobile terminating call. It is not used in calls from MSs to any terminal other
than another MS.
For example, if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make a call to a GSM
mobile subscriber, then the PSTN exchange will access the GSM network by first
connecting the call to a GMSC. The GMSC requests call routing information
from the HLR which provides information about which MSC/VLR to route the
call to. The same is true of a call from an MS to another MS

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HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) FUNCTIONS:

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile
subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a
person’s subscription information until that subscription is cancelled. The
information stored includes:
• Subscriber identity (i.e. IMSI, MSISDN)
• Subscriber supplementary services
• Subscriber location information (i.e. MSC service area)
• Subscriber authentication information

The primary functions of the HLR include:

o Subscription database Management: as a database, the HLR must
be able to process data quickly in response to data retrieval and update
requests from other network nodes. For this reason it acts as a database
management system. Each subscriber record contains a substantial
amount of parameters.
o Communication with MSCs: when setting up calls to an MS, it is
necessary for the HLR to contact the MSC serving the MS for routing
information.
o Communication with GMSCs: during call set-up to an MS, the
GMSC requests MS location information from the HLR, which then
provides this in the form of routing information. Also, if the subscriber is
detached the HLR will inform the GMSC that there is no need to perform
further routing of the call. By analyzing the IMSI, a GMSC knows which
HLR to contact worldwide for that MS’s subscription.
o Communication with AUCs: before any activity involving change or
use of susbcription information takes place, the HLR must retrieve new
authentication parameters from an AUC.
o Communication with VLRs when an MS moves into a new MSC
service area the VLR for that area requests information about the MS
from the HLR of the subscriber. The HLR provides a copy of the
subscription details, updates its MS location information and instructs the
old VLR to delete the information it has about that MS. As the ILR acts
as a VLR for AMPS subscribers, the HLR communicates with it in a
similar way.

AUthentication Center (AUC) and Equipment Identity

Register (EIR)
PLMN’s need a higher level of protection than traditional telephone networks.
network
Therefore, to protect GSM systems, the following security functions have been
defined:

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o Subscriber Authentication: by performing authentication, the

network ensures that no unauthorized users can access the network,
including those which are attempting to impersonate others.
o Radio information ciphering: the information sent between the
network and an MS is ciphered. An MS can only decipher information
intended for itself.
o Mobile equipment identification: because the subscriber and
equipment are separate in GSM, it is necessary to have a separate
authentication process for the MS equipment. This ensures, e.g. that a
mobile terminal which has been stolen is not able to access the network.
o Subscriber identity confidentiality: during communication with
an MS over a radio link, it is desireable that the real identity (IMSI) of
the MS is not always transmitted. Instead a temporary identity (TMSI)
can be used. This helps to avoid subscription fraud.
The AUC and EIR are involved in the first three of the above features, while
the last is handled by MSC/VLRs

AUC FUNCTIONS:
The primary function of an AUC is to provide information which is then used by
an MSC/VLR to perform subscriber authentication and to establish ciphering
procedures on the radio link between the network and MSs.
The information provided is called a triplet and consists of:

1. A non predictable RANDom number (RAND)

2. A Signed RESponse (SRES)
3. A ciphering Key (Kc)

Provision of Triplets
At subscription time, each subscriber is assigned a subscriber authentication
Key (Ki). Ki is stored in the AUC along with the subscriber’s IMSI. Both are
used in the process of providing a triplet. The same Ki and IMSI are also stored
in the SIM. In an AUC the following steps are carried out to produce one triplet:

1. A non-predictable random number, RAND, is generated

2. RAND and Ki are used to calculate SRES and Kc, using two
different algorithms, A3 and A8 respectively
3. RAND, SRES and Kc are delivered together to the HLR as a

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Fig.: Provision of triplets

Authentication Procedure:
1. The MSC/VLR transmits the RAND to the MS.
2. The MS uses RAND in the A3 and A8 algorithms to compute the SRES and
Ki.
3. The signature SRES is sent back to MSC/VLR which performs authentication,
by checking whether the SRES from the MS and the SRES from the AUC match.
If so, the subscriber is permitted to use the network. If not, the subscriber is
barred from network access.

Fig: Authentication procedure

Authentication can be performed during:

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 Each registration
 Each call setup attempt
 Location updating
 Before supplementary service activation and deactivation
There can be exceptions for subscribers belonging to other PLMNs.

Ciphering Procedure:
Confidentiality means that user information and signaling exchanged between
BTSs and MSs is not disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities or processes.
A ciphering sequence is produced using Kc and the TDMA frame number as
inputs in the encryption algorithm A5. The purpose of this is to ensure privacy
concerning user information (speech and data) as well as user related signaling
elements.
In order to test the ciphering procedure some sample of information must be
used. For this purpose the actual ciphering mode command (M) is used.
1. M and Kc are sent from the MSC/VLR to the BTS.
2. M is forwarded to the MS.
3. M is encrypted using Kc (calculated earlier with SRES in the authentication
procedure) and the TDMA frame number which are fed through the encryption
algorithm, A5.
4. The encrypted message is sent to the BTS.
5. Encrypted M is decrypted in the BTS using Kc, the TDMA frame number and
the decryption algorithm, A5.
6. If the decryption of M was successful, the ciphering mode completed message
is sent to the MSC. All information over the air interface is ciphered from this
point on.

Fig : Ciphering procedure

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EIR FUNCTIONS:

Equipment Identification Procedure:

The equipment identification procedure uses the identity of the equipment itself
(IMEI) to ensure that the MS terminal equipment is valid.
1. The MSC/VLR requests the IMEI from the MS.
2. MS sends IMEI to MSC.
3. MSC/VLR sends IMEI to EIR.
4. On reception of IMEI, the EIR examines three lists:
– A white list containing all number series of all equipment identities that have
been allocated in the different participating GSM countries.
– A black list containing all equipment identities that have been barred.
– A gray list (on operator level) containing faulty or non approved mobile
equipment.
5. The result is sent to MSC/VLR, which then decides whether
or not to allow network access for the terminal equipment.

Fig. Equipment identification

The decision to identify equipment remains with individual operators. GSM

specifications recommend identification for each attempted call set-up.

MESSAGE CENTER (MC) FUNCTIONS:

An MC may be added to a GSM network to provide one or more of the following
messaging services:
 V oice mail
 Fax mail
 Short Message Service (SMS) text messages
 SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB) text messages
These services can generate considerable revenue for a network operator, as they
are becoming increasingly popular.

Voice Mail

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Voice mail ensures that all calls to a person can be completed, even when a
person does not answer calls. A calling party can record a voice message for the
subscriber they are calling.A subscriber can use their MS to select diversion to
voice mail based on a particular event or status (e.g. busy, unreachable).The
subscriber is informed that they have voice messages in their mailbox by means
of either a short text message or phone
call from the network at regular intervals. If their MS is detached, this indication
is sent when the subscriber next attaches to the network. The subscriber can
then retrieve their voice mail messages at a later stage. Functions for storing
voice messages over a long
period also exist.

Fax Mail
Fax mail operates similarly to voice mail. For MSs which support fax, a
subscriber can set diversion for all or some fax calls to a fax mailbox. When the
MS is next attached to the network, the network will deliver the fax message to a
fax machine identified by the MS

SMS
A short text message consists of up 160 alphanumeric characters, entered at a
Short Message Entity (SME) such as an MS (using the keypad) or computer
terminal.
A short message always originates or terminates in a GSM network, meaning
that a short message can not be sent between two SMEs residing outside a GSM
network.
The short message originator knows if the message delivery is successful or
unsuccessful via notification. When a message is submitted, the deferred delivery
option can be requested. This option makes it possible to specify the time the
message is to be delivered.
An MC which handles SMS messages is often referred to as an SMS Center
(SMS-C). When a message is to be forwarded to an MS, the system must first
determine where the MS is situated.As in ordinary voice traffic, a gateway
requests the routing information. The gateway is called the SMS GMSC.
Each short message is time stamped by the when it is submitted.A message is
deleted once the delivery is successful or once the time specified in deferred
delivery expires. When a message is buffered, the SMS-C regularly attempts to
deliver the message, at intervals defined by the operator.

SMSCB
The SMSCB service enables a message of up to 93 alphanumeric characters to be
delivered to all attached MSs in one cell. This may be useful for identifying key
phone numbers in the cell’s area such as that of a hospital or police
station.Alternatively, it may be used for advertising services within the cell (e.g.
“Superfood Restaurant in this area at the junction of M8 and I33”).

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ROAMING TESTINGS
Roaming testings are carried out to check and make sure that services and parameters
provided by the operator are working are within control i.e. Outroamer may be in any
part of world service provider must be able to change/edit/create supplementary
services as well as subscriber permanent data (like barring, reset, cfu etc).After the
tests results are pass links are opened for operator according to the launch status i.e.
Bilateral or Unilateral(Either Inroamer or Outroamer).
In Bilateral Launch Status, both HPLMN and VPLMN subscribers are authorized to
latch on to the network.(Airtel Punjab Subscriber can latch on to CSL Hongkong
network and CSL Hongkong Subscriber can latch on to Airtel Punjab Network)
In Unilateral- Inroamers case, only subscriber of other network can latch on to
HPLMN (Only CSL Hongkong Subscriber can latch on to Airtel Punjab Network)
In Unilateral-Outroamers case,only subscriber of HPLMN can latch onto VPLMN
(Only Airtel Punjab Subscriber can latch on to CSL Hongkong network).
Tests that are performed are based on the launch status i.e.Both way or only one side
has to perform tests.Bilateral case both ends have to perform tests one by one.After
defining IMSI and GT for the network operator tests that are performed are as
follow :-
 SHORT TEST (IR24 )
 LONG TEST
 PREPAID TEST(IR 32)

Short test
Before the start of the test we have to note the TT File .
The command used is C:\>afpls -ls
All the time measurement are taken only after synchronizing the clock of the computer
with that of the MSC.
The command used is caclp;

In Short testing the following tests are performed

CHECK THE CALL AND SMS STATUS

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First a call is made from the inroamer test sim on a bharti sim. Then as per the
international format we note down MSISDN &IMSI for both MS(a) and MS(b).
The command used for getting the imsi is

Mgtrp:msisdn=xxxxxxxxxx;
Then using the command
Mgslp:imsi=xxxxxxxxxx,all;
We note down the services provided to the inroamer.
Then the following test cases are performed:
 Originate a call from Bharti sim
 Terminate a call from Bharti sim
 Originate a sms from Bharti sim
 Terminate a sms from Bharti sim

CALL TEST
MS1(A) CALLS MS2(A), BOTH ROAMED TO VPLMN (B)
Inroamer to inroamer call is made from the roaming test sim cards .As per the
international format we have to note down MSISDN &IMSI for both MS(a) and
MS(b).Then following timings are noted down:

 Dail end up time of MS(a)

 Alerting time on MS(b)
 Time of perceived answer of call
 Time of disconnecting the call

MESSAGE TEST
MOBILE ORIGINATED AND TERMINATED SHORT MESSAGE SERVIC

Inroamer to inroamer sms is made from the roaming test sim cards.
MS(b) is switched off for this test.
Then following timings are noted down:

 SMS send time

 MS(b) ON time
 SMS Receive time on MS(b)

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After completing the tests, the Ttfile is again noted down.

The command used is afpls -ls

Format of filling the tests is somewhat as follow for short test (IR24):

APPENDIX A
MoU-IREG Stage 4 Test Results for Mobile Stations of PLMN(a) Roaming to PLMN(b)
A.1.1. NETWORK OPERATOR INFORMATION
HPLMN (a)
VPLMN (b)
Date of Tests
Testing personnel PLMN(a)
Tel/Fax:
Testing personnel PLMN(b)
Tel/Fax:

A 2.1.1. LOCATION UPDATE BY MS(A) IN VPLMN(B)

(a) VLR Record contents:

MSISDN
IMSI
Teleservices

Bearer Services
Supplementary Services

A 2.1.3. MS1(A) CALLS MS2(A), BOTH ROAMED TO VPLMN (B)

(a) MSISDN of originating MS (i.e.MS1(a))

(b) Number keyed into MS1(a)
(c) Time of start of call (i.e. SEND key operation)
(d) Delay between SEND key operation at MS1(a) and MS2(a) alerting
*(e) Time of perceived answer of call hr/min/sec
*(f) Chargable Call Duration (i.e. perceived answer until end of call. Duration must be 60sec or more.)
(g) Quality of call [Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Bad] GOOD
(h) Echo present ? NO
If Yes, to which MS ? [MS1(a) / MS2(a)]

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(i) Comments

A 2.3 SMS TEST RESULTS

A 2.3.1 MOBILE ORIGINATED AND TERMINATED SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE

(a) MSISDN of MS1(a)

(b) E164 address of HPLMN SMS - Service Centre
(c ) Time of transmitting to SMS - Service Centre
(d) MSISDN of MS2(a)
(e) Time of switching on MS2(a) hr/min/sec
(f) Time of receipt of SMS at MS2(a) hr/min/sec
(g) Was message correctly received? yes

Test Sheet

Test Successful (YES/NO) Remark

Location Update Yes Ok
Originate a call from Bharti SIM Yes Ok
Terminate a call on Bharti SIM Yes Ok
Originate SMS from Bharti SIM Yes Ok
Terminate SMS on Bharti SIM Yes Ok

LONG TEST

In LONG TEST all the tests performed in the short test are to be performed.
First the Short Test is performed as follows:
a) We note down the Ttfile.
b) RESETING- Erasing the previous location information of the subscriber,then the
MS is switched OFF and ON.
Expected event- MS should be able to location update again, if it happens test is
PASS otherwise other tests are not performed before sorting out this problem.
c)Check the call and sms status.
d)Inroamer to inroamer CALL test.
e)Inroamer to inroamer SMS test.

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In addition to the Short test the following tests are performed:

i) PSTN CALL TEST

In this test the call is made from PSTN to MS(a)
Under this test three different cases are performed.
 MS(a) is ON (responding to paging)
 IMSI DETACH (TAKE BATTERY OFF WHILE PHONE IS SWITCH ON)
 MS(a) SWITCHED OFF (no response to paging)

In all the above cases we note down the following:

1. Dail end up time of PSTN
2. Alerting time on MS(a)
3. Time of Start of Announcement
4. Language of Announcement
5. Time of End of Announcement
6. Text of Announcement
In Switched OFF case the announcement is of the Other operator.
In IMSI detach the announcement is of the HLPMN (i.e Airtel)

ii) SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE TESTS

Under this test the following cases are performed:

a) Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC):

In this test all the outgoing calls from the inroamer card are barred and the following
observations are recorded:
i) Time of activation of BAOC.
ii) Call to 112 must be successful.
iii) Call to PSTN must not be successful.
iv) Time of deactivation of BAOC.

b) Barring of all outgoing international calls (BOIC)

In this test all the outgoing international calls from the inroamer card are barred and
the following observations are recorded:

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1.Time of activation of BOIC.

2. A call to a PSTN no. in VPLMN is made and the following timings are noted
down:
1.Dail end up time of MS(a)
2.Alerting time on PSTN
3.Time of perceived answer of call
4.Time of disconnecting the call

3.Call to number in HPLMN must not be successful.

4.Time of deactivation of BOIC.

c) Barring of all outgoing international calls except for Home Country

(BOIC-EXHC)
In this test all the outgoing international calls except for the HPLMN from the inroamer
card are barred and the following observations are recorded:
1.Time of activation of BOIC-EXHC.
2. A call to a PSTN no. in VPLMN is made and the following timings are noted
down:
1.Dail end up time of MS(a)
2.Alerting time on PSTN
3.Time of perceived answer of call
4.Time of disconnecting the call

3.Call to PSTN in HPLMN must be successful.

4.Time of deactivation of BOIC-EXHC.

d) Barring of all incoming calls (BAIC):

In this test all the incoming calls from the inroamer card are barred and the following
observations are recorded:
i) Time of activation of BAIC.
ii) Call from a PSTN is made and the timings are noted down as
earlier.
iii) Time of deactivation of BAIC.

e) Call forwarding when not reachable(CFNRC)- IMSI DETATCH case

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f) Call forwarding when not reachable(CFNRC)-SWITCH OFF case

g) Call forwarding when busy (CFB)
h) Call forwarding when no reply (CFNRY)
In these tests call forwardings are activated.
Expected event- The service is not activated as thess cases are not applicable for an
inroamer.
i)Call forwading Unconditional(CFU)
In this test all calls of roaming SIM are forwarded on Bharti SIM and the following
observations are taken:
1. Dail end up time of MS(a)
2. Alerting time on forwarded MS
3. Time of perceived answer of call
4. Time of disconnecting the call

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PREPAID TEST(IR 32)

Before the start of the test we have to note the TT File .
The command used is C:\>afpls -ls
All the time measurement are taken only after synchronizing the clock of the computer
with that of the MSC.
The command used is caclp;
The format of the prepaid test is provided by the operator.The calls are then made
according to the format.The prepaid test format of hutch kolkata is as shown:

After completing the tests, the Ttfile is again noted down.

The command used is C:\>afpls -ls

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GT AND IMSI SERIES ANALYSIS

The mobile telephone International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number

series, which is used at traffic handling in the Mobile Services Switching
Centre/Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR) and in the Short Message Service-
Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC), is analysed and can give the following results:
IMSI number series with analysis data found; or IMSI number series not found.
The analysis is implemented by the use of analysis data tables. These tables are
specified in this document.
The analysis data is stored in two analysis tables: the operating table used for
traffic handling, and the non-operating table used for changing the analysis. A
change in the analysis tables is specified in the non-operating table. The tables
are then switched to activate the change. After activation, the original table
remains protected against changes during a specified protection period
(PROTECTIONTIME). PROTECTIONTIME is an application-dependent
parameter defined in block MNSAN(The Function Block MNSAN is a part of
the subsystem MTS (Mobile Telephony Subsystem) in APT.Function Block
MNSAN handles and analyses IMSI number series and stores associated analysis
data.), whose range of values is 1 - 4320 minutes, with a default value of 1440
minutes (24 hours).

MOBILE TELEPHONY, IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS,

ZEROING, INITIATE
Command
MGIZI;

Function
The command zeroes the entire not operating table in the IMSI (International
Mobile Subscriber Identity) number series analysis.The order remains after
system restart.

MOBILE TELEPHONY, IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS,

COPY, INITIATE
Command
MGICI;

Function
The command orders the operating table for IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity) number series analysis to be copied to the not operating
table. Unprotected not operating table is zeroed.The order remains after system
restart.

Example 1
MGICI;

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Copying of the operating table for IMSI number series analysis

into the not operating table is ordered.

MOBILE TELEPHONY, IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS,

SPECIFICATION, END
Command
MGISE:IMSIS=imsis;

Parameters
IMSIS=imsis International mobile subscriber identity number series.
Specifies IMSI number series which is to be set vacant.
Max 15 decimal digits.

Function
The command is used to delete IMSI number series in the
IMSI number series analysis not operating table.
The order remains after system restart.

Mobile Telephony, IMSI Number Series Analysis Specification,

Initiate
Command
MGISI:IMSIS=imsis[,M=m,NA=na][,ANRES=anres...];

Parameters
ANRES=anres Miscellaneous analysis result

Expressed as id[-num] where:

id
Analysis result identifier
num
Numerical value of analysis result

IMSIS=imsis International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

number series
Digit string 1 - 15 digits

The specified number series cannot overlap an existing

number series; that is, the specified number series
cannot be the same as the beginning of an existing
number series. In addition, the beginning of the
specified number series cannot be the same as an
existing number series.

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M=m Modification of IMSI from the E.212 to the E.214

numbering plan

Expressed as num-digits where:

num
Number of digits to be deleted from the most
significant position
Numeral 1 - 15
digits
Digits to be added in the most significant position
Digit string 1 - 15 digits
NA=na Nature of address
3
National significant number
4
International significant number

The default value is 4.

Function
This command initiates IMSI number series analysis data for a group of mobile
subscribers that is to have a common analysis result.
If parameters M and NA are specified, the following data is used during IMSI
number analysis to address the Home Location Register (HLR) as a Global Title
(GT) for the Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP):
• Modified IMSI number according to E.214 numbering plan
• Nature of address specified in the command
• Translation type 0 (determined by the system)
If parameters M and NA are not specified, the following data is used during IMSI
number analysis to address the HLR as a GT for the SCCP:
• Received IMSI number according to E.212 numbering plan
• International significant number nature of address
• Translation type defined by an application parameter in the Parameter
List of block MNSAN
The order remains after system restart.

Example 1
MGISI:IMSIS=310120;

IMSI numbers starting with 310120 are analysed using the E.212 numbering
plan, international significant number nature of address, and translation type
from the Parameter List of block MNSAN to address the HLR as a GT for the
SCCP.

Example 2
MGISI:IMSIS=24466,M=5-3585,NA=4;

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IMSI numbers starting with 24466 are modified to replace the five most
significant digits with the digits 3585 and then analysed using the E.214
numbering plan, international significant number nature of address, and
translation type 0.

MOBILE TELEPHONY, IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS,

ACTIVATION, INITIATE
Command
MGIAI[:TIME=time];

Parameters
TIME=time Specifies the time for activation of the changed analysis table.
Expressed as hhmm where:
hh is numeral 00-23,
mm is numeral 00-59.
If the parameter part is omitted, the operating and not
operating
table are changed immediately.

Function
The command initiates the changed, not operating, table to become operating.
The previous used operating table will be saved during a protection period.
After the protection period, new data for IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity) number series analysis may be specified. At time ordered activation the
protection period is counted from the indicated time. If parameter TIME is given
then result printout MT IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS ACTIVATED is
printed, otherwise an answer printout EXECUTED is printed.The order remains
after system restart.

Example 1
MGIAI;
Switching of not operating and operating tables takes
place immediately.

Example 2
MGIAI:TIME=2240;
Switching of not operating and operating tables takes
place at 22:40.

MOBILE TELEPHONY, IMSI NUMBER SERIES ANALYSIS,

ACTIVATION, RESET
Command
MGIAR;

Function
The command orders a reset of the analysis to the previous table for analysis.

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If time initiated activation of the not operating table is ordered but not executed,
the order is cancelled.The order remains after system restart.

Example 1
MGIAR;
Return to previously used table for IMSI number series analysis.

CCITT7, Global Title Series, Initiate

Command
C7GSI:TT=tt,NP=np,NA=na,NS=ns,GTRC=gtrc[,STATUS=status];

Parameters
GTRC=gtrc Global Title (GT) routing case

GT routing case is a routing specification in the Signalling

Connection Control Part (SCCP) network, identified by a
number.
Numeral 1 - 65534
NA=na Nature of address indicator
Numeral 0 - 127
NP=np Numbering plan
Numeral 0 - 14
NS=ns Number series
Digit string 1 - 18 digits

Each digit is 0 - 9 or #10 - #15.

A maximum of 10 overdecadic digits is allowed.

STATUS=status Status of the GT series in the non-operating GT area at
special situations
OLD
The GT series in the non-operating area have not
been modified since last executed or cancelled
activation.
ZERO
The GT series in the non-operating area have been
zeroed
TT=tt Translation type
Numeral 0 - 254

Function
This command defines a GT series and associates it to a GT routing case in the
non-operating GT area. GTs used in SCCP messages are translated in
accordance with the GT routing case specified for the GT series in this
command.
This format applies to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and
Chinese protocols.

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A GT series represents all GTs which have the same translation. The GT series is
made up of translation type, numbering plan, nature of address indicator, and a
number series.
If the first digits of the GT match a GT series during translation, the GT routing
case specified for this GT series is the translation result for the GT.
Parameter STATUS is only valid at first C7GSI command after activating or
zeroing the non-operating GT area.
The order remains after system restart.

CCITT7, Global Title Series, Print

Command

C7GSP:TT=tt,NP=np,NA=na,NS=ns;
Parameters
NA=na Nature of address indicator
Numeral 0 - 127
NP=np Numbering plan
Numeral 0 - 14
NS=ns Number series
Digit string 1 - 18 digits

Each digit is 0 - 9 or #10 - #15.

A maximum of 10 overdecadic digits is

allowed.
TT=tt Translation type
Numeral 0 - 254

Function
This command prints GT series data and the associated GT routing case.
A GT series represents all GTs which have the same translation. The GT series is
made up of translation type, numbering plan, nature of address indicator, and a
number series.
This format is valid for International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and
Chinese protocols.

CCITT7, Global Title Routing Case, Print

CTGCP:GTRC=gtrc;
Parameters
GTRC=gtrc GT routing case

GT routing case is a routing specification in the Signalling Connection

Control Part (SCCP) network identified by a number.
Numeral 1 - 65534

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ALL
All defined global title routing cases

Function
This command prints GT routing case data.
The specified GT routing cases defined with the given primary SP or secondary
SP, or both are printed.

Example 1
C7GCP:GTRC=5&7;

GT routing case data for GT routing cases 5 and 7 defined in the operating GT
area is printed.

CCITT7, SCCP Network Configuration, Print

Format

C7NCP:SP=sp;
SP=sp Signalling Point (SP)

Function

This command prints network configuration data for all SPs or a specific one in
the SCCP network. The information about the remote SCCP availability is also
given.

CCITT7, Global Title Area Activation, Reset

Command
C7TAR;

Function
This command resets the global title areas.
The operating and non-operating global title area are formed by global title
series and global title routing cases.
If the protection period has not elapsed, the non-operating global title area will
be switched with operating global title area back to the original state (before the
activation command was executed). If the activation of a (non-operating) global
title area is ordered but not yet executed, the activation is cancelled.
The order remains after system restart.

Example 1
C7TAR;

The global title areas are reset.

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CCITT7, Global Title Area Activation, Initiate

Command
/ \
|/ \|
| |TIME=time[,STATUS=status] ||
C7TAI|:+ +|;
| |STATUS=status ||
|\ /|
\ /

Parameters
STATUS=status Status of the non-operating Global Title (GT) area at special
situations
OLD
The GT series in the non-operating area have not been
modified since last executed or cancelled activation, or the
GT series have been modified but the GT routing cases
remain unchanged since last executed or cancelled
activation.
ZERO
The GT series in the non-operating area have been
zeroed, or the GT series have been modified but the GT
routing cases remain zeroed
TIME=time Time of activation

Specifies the time for activation of the non-operating GT area. If

the parameter is omitted, the non-operating GT area is activated
immediately.

Expressed as hhmm where:

hh
Hours
Digit string 00 - 23
mm
Minutes
Digit string 00 - 59

Function
This command initiates the activation of the non-operating GT area.
The operating and non-operating GT area are formed by GT series and GT
routing cases.
The activation can be time activated or immediate. An activation of the backup
non-operating GT area can be performed.
Parameter STATUS is only valid when the status of the non-operating GT area is
old or zero.

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The operating area prior to activation will become the backup protected non-
operating area after activation.
The order remains after system restart.

Example 1
C7TAI;

The activation of the non-operating GT area is initiated immediately.

HEALTH CHECK
Health check is performed on regular basis.It consist of three basic steps.They
are:
 Welcome SMS testing
 Call testing
 SMS testing
 Reach me cases

WELCOME SMS TESTING

Whenever a subscriber latches on to home network from the other network/area
then Home network gives Welcome SMSs to the subscriber. Winback sms is the
acknowledgment to the subscriber that you have logged off the preferred
network (Airtel). Exactly the messages are as follows :-

Message ID Message Edit Delete

Dear __HOMEOPERATOR__ subscriber. Airtel INA02
__WEL_IN__ welcomes you to Punjab. Stay connected on Punjab's Edit Delete
largest and the only 2.5 G network covering 255 towns.
Airtel Punjab at ur Service. Dial 626 fr Cab, 604 fr Info,
__WEL_AVV_NAT1__ 602 fr FoodTel, 611 fr Travel Info, 630 fr Car Helpline & Edit Delete
603 fr CourierTel between 10am to 6 Pm
Enjoy Airtel Anywhere payment service. Now make
__WEL_AVV_NAT2__ payments by cash or credit card at select Airtel Edit Delete
showrooms anywhere in India. For assistance Dial 121.
__GREETING__,Dear Airtel Punjab Customer, AIRTEL
Pre_out Edit Delete
wishes you a pleasent stay in __OPERATOR__.
Airtel wishes you a pleasant stay in
In touch Int __VISITEDCOUNTRY__. You have logged into Edit Delete
__OPERATOR__. Have a great Day!
Dear Subscriber, u have logged out of AirTel. Pls select
WinBack Edit Delete
AirTel/INA 02 manually and enjoy the widest coverage
Congratulation ! Lucky number 2394 is the owner of a
_wel avv nat 3_ Diamond pendant . Next time it could be you. Dial 456 Edit Delete
now to get your lucky number.
Airtel&American Express offer you superior forex rates &
WEL AVV NAT 3 free gift*.if u are in Amritsar Contact 0183- Edit Delete
2590640/visit Rajasansi Airport.Condition apply
WEL_BACK_NAT Airtel Punjab welcomes you back home. Enjoy home Edit Delete

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tariffs beyond this Point

Punjab's only network supporting connectivity thru
__WEL_AVV_NAT4__ GPRS, Edge and Blackberry even while Roaming Stay Edit Delete
connected on Airtel / INA02
Dial 646 and Speak 2 Ur Service, Airtels exclusive Voice
__WEL_AVV_NAT5_ Recognition System. Jokes, Ringtones, MusiCards, Edit Delete
Cricket, Movie Reviews & lots more
Airtel & American Express offer you superior forex rates
__WEL_AVV_NAT6__ & free gift.if u are in Amritsar Contact Edit Delete
01832590640/visit Rajasansi Airport.Condition apply
Stay connected on Punjab's largest and the only
__WEL_AVV_NAT7__ network supporting GPRS while Roaming absolutely Edit Delete
free.

The messages comes as they are given in the profile.the various settings of the
welcome sms are done by loging on to nimbus server.Then according to the
messages generated we fill the sheet given below:

CALL TESTING
In call testing following steps are performed:
i)MO (Mobile Originating) call from test sim to Airtel sim.
ii)MT (Mobile Terminating) call to test sim from Airtel sim.

SMS TESTING
In SMS testing following steps are performed:
i)MO (Mobile Originating) sms from test sim to Airtel sim.
ii)MT (Mobile Terminating) sms to test sim from Airtel sim.

REACH ME CASES

Under these cases the call forwardings are tested.

Tests are done for :

 CFU
 CFNRY
 CFB
 CFNRC

The above mentioned supplementary services are tested by forwarding a call to

some other number as well as to the voicemail box.

NOTE:If all the SMS are being delivered then the Welcome SMS testing is Pass.

TROUBLESHOOTING WELCOME SMS PROBLEM

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Tapping Server is the server which manage the delivery of the message. Tapping
server is connected in parallel onto Point of interconnection of the media with
the switch. Tapping server is so called because it simply taps the link for
National/International messages .Currently the links tapped by the
tapping server are 0NLDO, 1NLDO, 0HFCLJAL and 1HFCLJAL. Two links
tapped are for NLDO and the other two are for HFCLJAL . These links are for
delivering welcome SMS to the subscriber.

IP Address for Punjab Tapping server is 10.0.16.28

IP Address for Haryana Tapping server is 10.0.24.28
IP Address for Himachal Tapping server is 10.0.32.28

For trouble shooting the messages we log on to Telnet 10.0.16.28

Sql> select* from active_roamers where msisdn=------------;
This command gives the status of msisdn stated in the command .

If roamer is tapped by the tapping server then it will show active state.
Then we give the next command
Sql> select * from roamer where msisdn=------------;
This will total no. of visits made by the roamer along with date corresponding
date. This is to ensure that the Time for re- welcome sms has expired.

If the re-welcome sms time has not expired then welcome sms will not come but
to check the working of server we delete the subscriber data from the tapping
server, this will allow the server to send welcome sms , and the command used is
Sql> delete from active_roamers where msisdn=----------;
Sql> delete from roamer where msisdn=-----------;

If then also sms is not being delivered then after confirming all connections OK
we call the vendor.

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MMS,MASALA and GPRS DUMP

The log is created to take the MMS,GPRS and MASALA dump.This dump
consists of the MSISDNs of all the subscribers who have the above
mentioned services activated.These dumps are required by the Sales &
Marketing, Finance and Customer Care departments.These logs are created
by using the below mentioned commands.

Home Location Register, Access Point Name, Print

Format

Command

/ \
|/ \ |
||APN1=apn1[,APN2=apn2]| |
|+ +[,MSUSERS]|
HGAPP:+|APNID=apnid | +;
|\ / |
|APNID=ALL |
| |
|MSUSERS |
\ /

Parameters
APN1=apn1 Access Point Name (APN) first part
Text string 1 ~ 41 characters
APN2=apn2 APN second part
Text string 1 ~ 41 characters
APNID=apnid APN identifier
Numeral 0 ~ 2047
ALL
All APN identifier
MSUSERS All mobile subscribers connected.
Subscribers using the entered APN in any of their defined
subscriber Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts.

Function
This command prints APN data in the Home Location Register (HLR).
If parameter MSUSERS is entered, result printout HLR ACCESS POINT
NAME DATA is received. Otherwise, answer printout HLR ACCESS POINT
NAME DATA is received.
If parameter APN1 and, if necessary, APN2 are entered, the APN and the
corresponding APN identifier are printed.
The entered APN must be compliant with the following syntax:

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 The length of the APN cannot exceed 62 characters.

 The APN consists of one of more labels separated by dots. Each label
must start with a letter, end with a letter or a digit, and have as criteria
characters only letters, digits and hyphen.
 APN must not start with the text RAC, LAC or SGSN.
 APN must not end in .GPRS.

If parameter APNID is entered, the APN identifier and the corresponding APN
are printed.
If parameter APNID or APN1 and, if necessary, APN2, and MSUSERS are
entered, the MSISDN and the IMSI of all the mobile subscriber that use the
entered APN in any of their defined subscriber PDP context and the
corresponding PDP identifiers are printed.
If parameters APNID is equal to ALL, the APN and the corresponding APN
identifier for subscribers using a non subscribed APN, are printed.
If only parameter MSUSERS is entered, the Mobile Station ISDN Number
(MSISDN) and the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) of all the
mobile subscribers having any subscriber PDP context defined that allows the
mobile subscriber to request a non subscribed APN and the corresponding PDP
identifier is printed.
This command can be initiated from up to 16 Input/Output (IO) devices
simultaneously.
The order does not remain after system restart.

Example 1
HGAPP:APNID=ALL;All the APNs defined in the HLR and their corresponding
APN identifiers are printed.
HLR ACCESS POINT NAME DATA(Vary operator to operator)

APN APNID
AIRTELFUN.COM 7
AIRTELGPRS.COM 6
AIRTELMMS.COM 5
AIRTELWAP.COM 1
BCLDELHI.COM 2
DDD.COM 8
MARTINDEL.COM 10
MARTINLOTTERY.COM 11
PLAYWINDEL.COM 3
PNBINDIA.COM 4
SBIINDIA.COM 12
SUNSHINEDEL.COM 9

Example 2
HGAPP:APNID=5;

The APN corresponding to the APNID 5 is printed.

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HGSDP DUMP

HGSDP command gives the status of the subscriber. It also gives us the list of all
the services provided to the subscriber.The HGSDP dump is required by the
various departments for checking the status of the subscribers of their intrest.

Home Location Register, Subscriber Data, Print

Command
/ \
/ \ | / \ |
|MSISDN=msisdn...| | |ALL | |
| | | |SUDA| |
HGSDP:+IMSI=imsi... + |,+ + |;
| | | |SSDA| |
|CONNECTED | | |LOC | |
\ / | \ / |
\ /

Parameters

ALL All subscriber data

CONNECTED All connected subscribers
IMSI=imsi International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
See the Application Information for block HTRAN .
LOC Subscriber location data
MSISDN=msisdn Mobile Station International ISDN Number (MSISDN)
See the Application Information for block HTRAN .
SSDA Permanent and supplementary service subscriber data
SUDA Permanent subscriber data

Function
This command prints subscriber data for mobile subscribers in HLR.
Answer printout HLR SUBSCRIBER DATA is received.
Associated answer printouts are also received depending on the parameter
given:

 PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA , SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE

DATA and LOCATION DATA answer printouts are received when
parameter ALL is entered.
 PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA is received when parameter SUDA
is entered.
 PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA and SUPPLEMENTARY
SERVICE DATA answer printouts are received when parameter SSDA is
entered.

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 LOCATION DATA answer printout is received when parameter LOC is

entered.

This command can be initiated from up to 16 Input/Output (IO) devices

simultaneously.
The order does not remain after system restart.

Example 1
HGSDP:CONNECTED;

Subscriber data for all connected subscribers are printed.

Example 2
HGSDP:IMSI=1234567890,ALL;
All subscriber data for the mobile subscriber with IMSI 1234567890 are printed

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THE SCR SHEET

The SCR(Successfull Call Rate) Sheet is made on daily basis for finding the
Success Call Rate of Punjab,Haryana,Himachal Pardesh and Jammu & Kashmir
region.The Punjab region include
MSC1,MSC2,MSC3,PBGMSC1,PBGMSC2,MSC6,JALMSC1 and
PBGMSC3.The Haryana region include HRYMSC1.The HP region include
SHMMSC2 and J&K region includes JKMSC1 and SRIMSC1.
Tools used are:
1.WINFOIL
2.OSS

The snapshot of SCR Sheet is as shown below:

The command used is:

IO FUNCTIONS, FILE TO ALPHANUMERIC DEVICE, TRANSFER

1 Format

1.1 Command

/ \
| / \|
| |NF ||
IOFAT:FILE=file[,IO=io]|,+ +|;
| |HEX||
| \ /|
\ /

1.2 Parameters
FILE=file File name.
HEX Hexadecimal printout.

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IO=io IO-device identity.

NF No formatting.

2 Function
This command executes output of a specified file, single or subfile, on a specified
alphanumeric device or, if parameter IO=io is omitted, on the device from which
the command was given. If the parameter NF is specified, the file is output
without editing or specifying block limits. This is suitable only for
alphanumerical output files, e.g. log files. If NF is omitted, block limits are
included in the output.If NF is omitted and the file is binary, the output will be in
edited hexadecimal form.If parameter HEX is given it will be output in edited
hexadecimal form independent of file type.Note: When a printout is to be done in
HEX-format with parameter HEX, the parameter NF must be omitted!
The command does not remain after system restart.

The various parameters used to calculate SCR are

PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
Number of calls (sufficient information received to discriminate between
NCALLS
the different traffic types)
NBANS Number of B-answers
NABEFD Number of A-replacements before dialling
NADURD Number of A-replacements during dialling
NAAFTD Number of A-replacements after dialling
Number of A-replacements before B-answer, within 10 seconds (calls that
NABEFA1 do not receive end-of-selection information from the remote end and do
not reach end-of-selection are counted here)
NABEFA2 Number of A-replacements before B-answer, exceeding 10 seconds
NTOBEFD Number of time-outs before dialling
NTODURD Number of time-outs during dialling
NTOBEFA Number of time-outs before B-answer
NBBUSY Number of B-Subscribers busy
Number of B-Numbers out of order, interception marked B-Subscriber,
NBOUT
and B-Numbers barred for incoming calls
NBNOEX Number of B-Numbers that do not exist
Number of calls offered to busy subscribers with call waiting, that are not
NCAWNOA
answered
NNMBLO Number of calls blocked due to network management actions(Successful)

SCR=(NBANS+NABEFD+NADURD+NAAFTD+NABEFA1+NABEFA2+NTOBEFD
+NTODURD+NTOBEFA+NBBUSY+NBOUT+NBNOEX+NCAWNOA+NNMB
LO)/NCALLS

THE DAILY GSM MAPA

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The GSM Technical MAPA(Maintenance And Performance Analysis) is a daily

report that shows the daily network performance. In this report a regular data is
maintained about the different sections of the network. The study of this report
helps in keeping an eye on the network’s performance. This report includes data
about in roamers, outroamers, installed capacity, subscriber’s data, prepaid
data, voicemail, etc.
Various commands are used for getting the data that is to be filled in the report.
These commands are given in WINFIOL,the software which is directly
connected to the MSCs. Some of the columns require data that has to be taken
from other systems.

Below is the shot of the sheet of the report.

Various commands are given in the winfoil for preparing the reports. The
description to all the commands can be searched in Alex library.The various
parameters are as explained below:

Sr.No. PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

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Installed Capacity(Switching
Network Capacity)
1 HLR(K) Capacity of HLR in Kilo
2 No. of MSC’s Total no. of MSC’s in a state.For eg. The
no. of MSC’s for Punjab are eight
3 Total MSC Capacity(Erls) Total traffic that all the MSC’s of a state
can handle.
4 Total MSC Capacity(BHCA) Maximum capacity of MSC to accept calls
[BHCA-Busy Hour Call in busy hour.
Attempt]
5 IN Prepaid(Equipped BHCA) Maximum number of calls that can be
handled by a Service Data Point during
busy hour.
Subscriber Data
HLR(at 00:00 hrs)
6 Total HLR Total number of subscribers
7 Registered Total no. of subscribers which are
registered in the HLR.
8 Unregistered Connections cancelled due to factors like
lack of bill payment
VLR(at NBH)
9 Total VLR Sum of all the subscribers of all the MSC’s
of the state and inroamers who have
location updated in the MSC’s of the state
10 Attached Subscribers who are using MSC’s of the
state to route their calls presently.
11 Detached Subscribers who are not using MSC’s of
the state.
IN Subs.(Prepaid)
12 Installed All subscribers having Prepaid connection
13 Active Prepaid subscribers who can make both
incoming and outgoing calls.
14 Disconnections Prepaid subscribers who can not make
both incoming and outgoing calls as their
grace period has expired.
15 Recharges Number of subscribers who have
recharged.
16 First call to IVR *123# is the number for checking the
[IVR-Interactive Voice balance. This parameter shows how many
Response] subscribers have checked their balance. A
particular subscriber can make any number
of calls to this number but only the first
call of the subscriber is counted in this
parameter.
17 Grace period Total number of subscribers in the grace
period.After grace period the registration
of SIM card fails.
18 1-30 days Number of subscribers which are having 1-
30 days left for recharging.

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19 31-60 days Number of subscribers which are having

31-60 days left for recharging.
20 61-90 days Number of subscribers which are having
61-90days left for recharging.
Roamers(at NBH)
21 In Roamers(Total) Total number of subscribers of any other
state or coutry who are location updating
in Airtel,Punjab network.
22 In Roamer(National) Subscribers of any other state in India
(whether of Airtel or any other operator)
who are location updating in Airtel,Punjab
network.
23 In Roamer(International) International subscribers who are location
updating in Airtel,Punjab network.
24 Out Roamer(Total) Total number of Airtel(Punjab) subscribers
who are location updating in the network
of any other state or country.
25 Out Roamer(National) Total number of Airtel(Punjab) subscribers
who are location updating in the network
of any other state in India
26 Out Roamer(International) Total number of Airtel(Punjab) subscribers
who are location updating in the network
of any other country.
GPRS
27 Number of registered GPRS Number of subscribers which can use the
subscribers facility of GPRS.
Network Usage
Switching Network Usage
28 Network Busy Hour Busy hour of the day i.e. maximum usage
at that time.
29 BH Traffic(Erl) Total Traffic in the Busy hour.
30 Switch BHCA Calls which have reached till MSC in the
busy hour.
VMS Usage Calls going to Voice Mail depending on
[VMS-Voice Mail Service] subscribers choice(Busy, Out of coverage
or Out of reach)
31 Voice Mail Boxes Equipped Total number of Voice Mail Boxes
equipped.
32 Voice Mail Boxes Assigned Total number of Voice Mail Boxes that
are assigned.

The commands used are:

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MGSVP
MOBILE TELEPHONY, MOBILE SUBSCRIBER SURVEY

Command
MGSVP;

Parameters
No parameters

Function:
The command MGSVP is used to print the HLR address, the number of
currently registered mobile subscribers and the number of attached mobile
subscribers from each HLR.The total number of registered mobile subscribers
and the total number of attached mobile subscribers in the MSC/VLR are
printed as well.It is possible to give the command simultaneously from 16 IO
devices.
hlraddr Home Location Register (HLR) address Expressed as na-ai
where:
na Nature of address indicator
3National significant number
4International number
ai Address information
Digit string 1 - 15 decimal digits

nsub Number of registered mobile subscribers in the (MSC/VLR)

nsuba Number of attached mobile subscribers in the MSC/VLR for
the specified address
totnsub Total number of registered mobile subscribers in the
MSC/VLR

totnsuba Total number of attached mobile subscribers in the

SAAEP
SIZE ALTERATION OF DATA FILES, ALTERATION EVENT

Command
/ \ / / \\
|sae| | |block||
SAAEP:SAE=+ + |, BLOCK= + +|;
|ALL| | |ALL ||
\ / \ \ //

Parameters

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BLOCK=block Block name

Identifier 1 - 7 character

SAE=sae Size Alteration Event

Numeral 0 - 8192
The maximum value is defined in the Operating
System area as highest SAE no.
Function:

This command is used to print file size information of Size Alteration Events
(SAEs) defined in the system.The parameter SAE specifies the Size Alteration
Event number. The SAE type can be local or global. The table indicates the
number range for local and global SAEs:

Table 1
SAE Type SAE number range
GLOBAL 0 – 499
LOCAL 500 – 899
GLOBAL 900 - highest usable SAE number defined in the Operating System
Area

If the SAE number specified in parameter SAE is of type LOCAL, the

parameter BLOCK must also be specified. If value ALL is specified for
parameter BLOCK then
file size information of the specified LOCAL SAE in all participating blocks are
printed.
If the SAE number specified in parameter SAE is of type GLOBAL, the
parameter BLOCK must not be specified.If parameter value ALL is specified for
parameter SAE then file size information of all SAEs defined in the system are
printed. If a block name is specified together with ALL for parameter SAE, then
all SAEs defined in the specified block are printed. The function uses the SAE
database tables where all SAEs that are defined in the system are stored. If the
SAE database tables are not complete, the function allows file size information of
one SAE to be printed.The order does not remain after system restart.

HGLSP
Home Location Register, Mobile Subscriber Location Survey, Print
Command
HGLSP[:GPRS];

Parameters
GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network
GPRS mobile subscriber location survey will be printed.

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Function:

This command prints the mobile subscriber location survey for non-GPRS or
GPRS network subscribers. Answer printout HLR MOBILE SUBSCRIBER
LOCATION SURVEY is received if optional parameter GPRS is not specified.
This printout is made for all the Visitor Location Registers (VLR) where mobile
subscribers belonging to this Home Location Register (HLR) are registered. The
current number of mobile subscribers in each VLR is printed as well. If there
are any characteristics defined for these VLRs,then mobile subscribers in
unknown location, restricted location and barred location will be printed.

Answer printout HLR GPRS MOBILE SUBSCRIBER LOCATION SURVEY is

received if optional parameter GPRS is specified. This printout is made for all
the Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) where mobile subscribers belonging to
this HLR are registered. The current number of mobile subscribers in each
SGSN is printed as well.

If there are any characteristics defined for these SGSNs, it will be indicated.
Furthermore the current number of GPRS network mobile subscribers in
unknown location, restricted location and barred location will be printed.

IOFAT
IO FUNCTIONS, FILE TO ALPHANUMERIC DEVICE,
TRANSFER
Command
/ \
| / \|
| |NF ||
IOFAT:FILE=file[,IO=io]|,+ +|;
| |HEX||
| \ /|
\ /

Parameters

FILE=file File name.

HEX Hexadecimal printout.
IO=io IO-device identity.
NF No formatting.

Function:
This command executes output of a specified file, single or subfile, on a specified
alphanumeric device or, if parameter IO=io is omitted, on the device from which
the command was given. If the parameter NF is specified, the file is output
without editing or specifying block limits. This is suitable only for
alphanumerical output files, e.g. log files. If NF is omitted, block limits are
included in the output. If NF is omitted and the file is binary, the output will be

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in edited hexadecimal form. If parameter HEX is given it will be output in edited

hexadecimal form independent of file type. Note: When a printout is to be done
in HEX-format with parameter HEX, the parameter NF must be omitted. The
command does not remain after system restart.
For various types of interaction with the system two softwares are used, namely:
1. WINFIOL
2. EXCEED
The screenshots of the two softwares is given.

Figure: Screenshot of WINFOIL

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Figure: Screenshot of EXCEED SERVER

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. C7 AND PROCESSOR LOAD

The c7 and processor load reports were made on daily basis,for checking various parameters related
to the network.Both these reports contains different data ,and data for both of these report is
fetched in different ways.
The c7 report gives us the information about the average transmiting and receving traffic.it gives
us information about all the c7’s of the particular node.The purpose of this report is to monitor and
maintain the existing links and to plan for new links.The percentage utilization of links should not
be greater than 30%.If the utilization is greater than 30% steps are taken to improve it.

The data for c7 report is taken from metrica server

From the metrica server we download the required report and then change it into required
format.wemake the c7 report for following:

• PUN/MSC1
• PUN/MSC2
• PUN/MSC3
• PUN/PBGMSC1
• PUN/PBGMSC2

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• PUN/MSC6
• PUN/JALMSC
• PUN/PBGMSC3
• PUN/PBSCP1
• PUN/PBSCP2
• PUN/PBSCP3
• PUN/JKMSC1
• PUN/SRIMSC1
• PUN/MSCHRY
• PUN/SHMMSC2

The figure shows the snapshot of the c7 report

The processor load report gives us the peak processor load of the mscs.

Also the links are confirmed by giving following command in winfiol:

c7ltp:ls=all;

This command gives us the total number of links &SPID(Signalling Point Identity).

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With the completion of this training I am now aware of the technical setup of the
GSM network. I have worked for six complete months in the Performance
Department. I have worked almost as an employee engineer to the extent of my
technical capabilities. Doing all these I have acquired a lot of knowledge about
the working of my Department (Network Switching and Subsystem).
I was the part of one of the most happening and demanding field of
communication i.e. the Global System for Mobile and spending six months into it
really proved very useful to me and I have gained following things out of it:

 I got an overview of the actual working of GSM network

 I worked practically which helped me in being more familiar to the
practical tasks which I am supposed to do in the long run.
 I learned inter department coordination and the qualities such as
team work.
 Training helped me increasing my working skills & stamina and also
showed me the atmosphere which we have to join after completion of
the degree program.

Finally the main advantage of this training was that I have now opened doors for
my easy entry to the giant mobile telecom industry.

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I have concluded following things out of the training:

 The GSM system is very vast field and six months are nothing to
understand all of its elements even briefly.
 Some introduction to the GSM prior to the training in this field is
very essential to make the understandings easy at initial phase.
 The communication hardware studied theoretically prior to the
training was physically very small part of the transmission
system.
 Inter department coordination and team works are the key factors
for development of an enterprise.
 ractical tasks and projects should be taken seriously during the
degree program as one should be practically sound to be
successful in the modern industry.

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 www.airtelindia.com

 www.ericsson.com

 Active library explorer (ALEX)

 Ericsson system manuals

 www.airtelworld.com

 Daily Dairy by Nandita

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