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C

Oracle Join Syntax

Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do


the following:
• Write SELECT statements to access data from
more than one table using equijoins and non-
equijoins
• Use outer joins to view data that generally does
not meet a join condition
• Join a table to itself by using a self-join

C-2 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

C-3 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Cartesian Products

• A Cartesian product is formed when:


– A join condition is omitted
– A join condition is invalid
– All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the
second table
• To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a
valid join condition in a WHERE clause.

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Generating a Cartesian Product

EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows)

Cartesian product:
20 x 8 = 160 rows

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Types of Joins

Oracle-proprietary joins SQL:1999–compliant joins


(8i and earlier releases)

• Equijoin • Cross join


• Non-equijoin • Natural join
• Outer join • Using clause
• Self-join • Full (or two-sided)
outer join
• Arbitrary join
condition for outer
join

C-6 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Joining Tables Using Oracle Syntax

Use a join to query data from more than one table:

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column1 = table2.column2;

• Write the join condition in the WHERE clause.


• Prefix the column name with the table name when
the same column name appears in more than one
table.

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Equijoins

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

… …
Foreign key Primary key

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Retrieving Records
with Equijoins

SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.last_name,


employees.department_id, departments.department_id,
departments.location_id
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

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Additional Search Conditions
Using the AND Operator

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

… …

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Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names

• Use table prefixes to qualify column names that


are in multiple tables.
• Use table prefixes to improve performance.
• Use column aliases to distinguish columns that
have identical names but reside in different tables.

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Using Table Aliases

• Use table aliases to simplify queries.


• Use table prefixes to improve performance.

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e , departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;

C-12 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Joining More Than Two Tables

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS LOCATIONS

…
To join n tables together, you need a minimum of n–1
join conditions. For example, to join three tables, a
minimum of two joins is required.

C-13 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Non-Equijoins

EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

Salary in the EMPLOYEES


table must be between
… lowest salary and highest
salary in the JOB_GRADES
table.

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Retrieving Records
with Non-Equijoins

SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level


FROM employees e, job_grades j
WHERE e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

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Outer Joins

DEPARTMENTS EMPLOYEES

…
There are no employees
in department 190.

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Outer Joins Syntax

• You use an outer join to see rows that do not meet


the join condition.
• The outer join operator is the plus sign (+).

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column(+) = table2.column;

SELECT table1.column, table2.column


FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column = table2.column(+);

C-17 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Using Outer Joins

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name


FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id(+) = d.department_id ;

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Self-Joins

EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

… …

MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal to


EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.

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Joining a Table to Itself

SELECT worker.last_name || ' works for '


|| manager.last_name
FROM employees worker, employees manager
WHERE worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id ;

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Summary

In this appendix, you should have learned how to use


joins to display data from multiple tables by using
Oracle-proprietary syntax for versions 8i and earlier.

C-21 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.


Practice C: Overview

This practice covers writing queries to join tables


using Oracle syntax.

C-22 Copyright © 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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