TCP/IP architecture

• A set of protocols allowing communication

across diverse networks
• Out of ARPANET
• Emphasize on robustness regarding to
failure
• Emphasize on Flexibility in operating on
diverse networks
• As a result, TCP/IP architecture
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 TCP/IP network architecture

Application
Layer Application
Layer
Transport
Transport
Layer
Layer

Internet
Internet
Layer
Layer

Network Network
Interface Interface

(a) (b)

TCP/IP model does not

require strict layering
Figure 2.10
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TCP/IP architecture—application layer

• Provide services that can be used by other

applications
• Incorporate the functions of top 3 OSI layers
• E.g., HTTP protocol, format in request, dialogue
between client and server
– http request/response contains format information, so
transformation.
– a web page may contain text, graphics, Macromedia
Flash objects and perhaps a Java applet . Different
files, different downloads, the browser keeps tracks
of downloads.

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TCP/IP architecture—transport layer

• Application layer directly run over the transport

layer, corresponding to OSI transport layer.
• Two kinds of services: TCP & UDP.
• TCP—Transmission Control Protocol, reliable
connect-oriented transfer of a byte stream.
• UDP—User Datagram Protocol, best-effort
connectionless transfer of individual messages.

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 TCP/IP architecture-- Internet layer
Machine Machine B
A Application
Application
Router/Gateway Transport
Transport
Internet Internet Internet
Network Interface
Network Interface Network Interface

Network 1 Network 2

1. Transfer of information across networks through gateways/routers

2. Corresponding to OSI network layer: routing and congestion
control
3. Global unique IP address and IP packets
4. Best-effort connectionless IP packet transfer: no setup, routed 5
Figure 2.11
 TCP/IP architecture-- Network interface layer
Machine Machine B
A Application
Application
Router/Gateway Transport
Transport
IP IP
IP IP Internet
Internet packet Internet packet
packet packet
Network Interface
Network Interface Network InterfaceS

Packet Packet
Packet of network1 Packet
of network2
of network1 of network2

Network 1 Network 2

1. Concerned with network-specific aspects of the transfer of packets

2. Corresponding to part of OSI network layer and data link layer
3. Different network interfaces: X.25, ATM, frame relay, Ethernet, etc

Figure 2.11
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 The procedure executed at
1.routers
Router receives a frame from one network (e.g., N1) through its
physical layer
2. The data link entity for N1 extracts the IP packet from the frame
and passes the IP packet up to its network entity.
3. The network entity checks destination IP address (finds the packet
is not for itself) and determines the next hop based on
destination IP address (i.e., routing) , this next hop router will
be in another network (e.g. N2)
4. Network entity passes the IP packet down to the data link entity
for N2
5. Data link entity for N2 encapsulates the IP packet in a frame of N2
and passes the frame down to physical layer for transmission to
the next router through network N2.

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App. HTTP SMTP DNS RTP

Transport TCP UDP TCP/UDP Provides

a network
independent
platform

IP provides
Internet IP independence
from underlying
networks

Network Network Network

Interface 1 Interface 2 Interface 3

(e.g., Ethernet driver) (e.g., PPP driver)

TCP/IP protocol graph 8

Figure 2.12
TCP/IP big picture: how the layers work together

• Examples of each of the layers

• How the layers interact across the interfaces
• How PDUs of a layer are built and what key
information is in the header
• Relationship between physical address and IP
address
• How an IP packet is routed across several
networks

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An internet consisting of an Ethernet LAN and a point-to-point link
(a) (1,1)
(2,1)
router (2,2)
s (1,3) r PPP

Ethernet w

(1,2)
(b)

Server HTTP etc. PC

HTTP etc.
TCP/UDP Router TCP/UDP
IP IP IP
Net Interface Net Interfaces Net Interface

Ethernet PPP
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Figure 2.13
 (1,1)
(2,1)
router (2,2)
s (1,3) r PPP

Ethernet w

(1,2)

•PPP is also a specific network

•IP address: network ID + host ID, such as (1,1),(2,2)…
•Physical address (such as s, r,…):
•For Ethernet, each machine in an Ethernet has an NIC
card with a global unique flat 48-bit address
•For PPP, no need for physical address
•Router has two IP addresses: (1,3), (2,1)
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Figure 2.13
 Example 1:Workstation sends an IP datagram to the server
(a) (1,1)
(2,1)
router (2,2)
s (1,3) r PPP
0. Assumed server’s IP is known to workstation, if not,…
Ethernet w
1.Workstation (IP entity) finds server’s physical address
2.IP entity forms and passes IP packet down to
Ethernet driver along with physical addresses w, s
3. Ethernet driver forms Ethernet frame and broadcast
(1,2) 4. Server NIC captures the frame due to its address s
(b) 5. Find it is an IP so pass up to IP entity

Workstation HTTP etc. HTTP Server

etc.
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

IP IP
(1,2)(1,1) data (1,2)(1,1) data
Ethernet driver Ethernet driver

w,s, IP (1,2)(1.1) data Ethernet w,s, IP (1,2)(1.1) data

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Figure 2.13
Example1—Workstation sends a IP
datagram to the server (cont.)
•How does workstation know the server’s IP address?
First search in its cache, if not found, query by DNS and cache it
•IP entity in workstation knows that the server is in
the same network, why? Because of the same network ID

•How to know the server’s physical address ?

–looks up its mapping table to try to find server’s physical
address s. if server’s physical address is not known,
–by ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) to find it.

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 Example 2: server sends a IP datagram to PC
(a) (1,1)
(2,1)
router (2,2)
s (1,3) r PPP
w 1. Server forms IP packet with PC as destination
Ethernet
2. Server sends packet to router first by broadcast
3. Router finds the packet is not for itself, so sends to PC
4. PC finds the IP packet is for it,so pass on to upper layer
(1,2)(1) IP packet is the same all the way, but frames are not
(b) (2) Addresses in frame is different from ones in IP packet
(2) Router has two network interfaces
Server HTTP etc. PC
HTTP etc.
TCP/UDP Router TCP/UDP
IP IP IP
(1,1)(2,2) data (1,1)(2,2) data (1,1)(2,2
Net Interface
Net InterfaceS Net Interface
s,r,IP (1,1)(2,2) data r,pc,IP (1,1)(2,2) data
Ethernet
PPP
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Figure 2.13
Example2: server sends IP datagram to PC (cont.)

• How to routing, i e., why server knows to send the IP

packet to the router first ?
– Look up routing table, in detail,
• by complete destination IP address, if not found
• by network ID of destination IP address, if not found
• the default router is selected. (In this example, we
assume the router r is the default router).
• For a PPP frame, there is no need for physical
address in the other end.
• The IP address of a home computer
connected to the Internet through modem is
dynamically assigned (DHCP) .
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 Header contains source and
destination IP addresses; IP
Upper level (i.e. transport) Header
protocol type

Header contains source and

destination physical addresses; Frame
Upper level (i.e. network) Ethernet Check
protocol type Header Sequence

IP datagram is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame

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Figure 2.14
S sends a packet to R:
1. Find R’s IP address by DNS.
2. Check its routing table for R, if find (next hop), send to it.
3. Otherwise, send to default router
4. Needs to find the physical address of the next hop router.
5. The router checks its routing table for the next hop and send to it.
s
net 3
G
net 1
G
G
G
net 5

net 2 G net 4 G
R

6. continue until the packet reaches the router in the same LAN with R.
7. The router finds R’s physical address and sends to it.

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Figure 2.8
Big picture: web document
browsing
• Suppose a user on PC clicks a link of a document
contained in the server, and HTTP client passes
a request to TCP layer asking for setting up a
TCP connection, and the TCP connection
between the PC and the server has been
established (How? Discuss later).
• The http client then passes http request
message (such as GET /….) to TCP layer, what
will happen??

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Big picture: web document browsing—HTTP request is passed down

HTTP Request

c, 80
Header contains source and TCP
destination port numbers
Header

(2,2)(11),TCP
Header contains source and
destination IP addresses; IP
transport protocol type Header

pc,r,IP
Header contains source
and destination physical Frame
ppp Check
addresses; network
protocol type Header Sequence

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Figure 2.15
 Big picture: web document browsing
• The ppp driver (data link entity) in PC forms a PPP
frame and sends the frame to the other end of
the PPP link, i.e., router
• The router extracts IP packet (from the PPP
frame), makes routing decision according on
destination IP address (1,1), forms an Ethernet
frame (encapsulating the IP packet) and
broadcasts it onto Ethernet
• The server NIC captures the frame, extracts the
IP packet and passes it to IP entity, then to TCP
entity and then to HTTP server
• Finally the server retrieves the document and puts
it in HTTP response packet and sends back to PC.
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Sever processes multiple
requests
• Question: there is one http server, there may be
several http clients which sends http requests to the
http server simultaneously,so there are several
connections at the same with the same destination IP
address, same port number: 80, and the same
protocol type: TCP. How does the server distinguish
these connections and process them separately?
http http
client http server client
http
http client client

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 Sever processes multiple
requests
• Answer: the way to specify the end-to-end process-to-
process connection.
– Socket address: port number + IP address + protocol type
– Sender socket address: sender port number + sender IP
address + protocol type
– Receiver socket address: receiver port number + receiver IP
address + protocol
type.
– Connection = sender socket address + receiver socket address
http http
client c2,m1; s, 80, TCP http server clientm2
m1
cc,m3; s, 80,TCP
http
http client clientm3
c1,m1, s, 80, TCP

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 Apple Talk Protocols
• The Apple Talk Protocol suite includes the
following protocols:  
AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol
RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
AEP AppleTalk Echo Protocol
ATP AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
NBP Name-Binding Protocol
ZIP Zone Information Protocol
ASP AppleTalk Session Protocol
PAP Printer Access Protocol
ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
AFP AppleTalk Filing Protocol
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• Apple Computer developed the AppleTalk protocol suite to
implement file transfer, printer sharing, and mail service among Apple
systems using the LocalTalk interface built into Apple hardware.

• AppleTalk is a multi-layered protocol providing internetwork routing,

transaction and data stream service, naming service, and
comprehensive file and print sharing.

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