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Cellular Structure and Function

The document discusses cellular structure and function. It begins with a brief history of cell discovery from Hooke's observation of cells under a microscope to the development of the cell theory. The basic principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document then describes different types of microscopes that have advanced the study of cells and the basic categories of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It concludes with an overview of the structure and function of the plasma membrane and some major cell structures and organelles.

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Lore Wheelock
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80 views15 pages

Cellular Structure and Function

The document discusses cellular structure and function. It begins with a brief history of cell discovery from Hooke's observation of cells under a microscope to the development of the cell theory. The basic principles of the cell theory are that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document then describes different types of microscopes that have advanced the study of cells and the basic categories of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It concludes with an overview of the structure and function of the plasma membrane and some major cell structures and organelles.

Uploaded by

Lore Wheelock
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular Structure and

Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory 7.2
The Plasma Membrane
7.3 Cellular Transport

Lorena Ma. Wheelock


7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
History of the Cell Theory
In 1665 Robert Hooke made a microscope and looked at
a piece of cork, the death cells of oak barn.

He saw empty chambers and called them


cells.

Cell!
Cell: is the basic structural and
functional unit of living organisms.
History of the Cell Theory

In 1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek made


his own microscope and discovered
single-celled, animal-like organisms, now
called protozoan.

The Cell Theory: the observations and conclusions of


Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann and others
summarized as the cell theory. Is one of the fundamental ideas
of modern biology and includes some principles.
History of the Cell Theory

Principles of the Cell Theory

*All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.


*Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of
all living organisms.
*Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with
cells passing copies of their genetic material or to their
daughter cells.
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Microscope Technology
The inventions of microscopes have led to the
development of the cell theory and better understanding of
cells.
Developments in microscope technology have
given scientists the ability to study cells in greater detail
than early scientists ever thought possible.
Microscope Technology

Kinds of Microscopes
Compound light microscopes: consists pf a series of
glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified
image.
Electron Microscopes:

Transmission Electron Scanning Tunneling Electron Scanning Electron


Microscope: instead of Microscope: involves
Microscope: is one
lenses, the electron bringing the charged tip of a
modification that directs
microscope uses magnets probe extremely close to the
electrons over the surface
to aim a beam of specimen and the tip. In of the death specimen.
electrons at thin slices. difference with the others it
can be used in alive
specimens.
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Basic Cell Types
All cell types have a structure called a plasma
membrane.
Plasma Membrane: a special boundary that helps in the
control on what enters and what leaves the cells.
Basic Cell Types
Cell Categories:
Prokaryotic: a cell without nucleus
or other membrane-bound organelles.
Most unicellular organisms are
prokaryotes. Many scientists think that
prokaryotes are similar to the 1st.
organisms on Earth.

Eukaryotic: contains a nucleus and


membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus
is a central organelle that contains the
cell’s genetic material on form of DNA.
Most of the animals are eukaryotes, but
some unicellular such as some: algae and
yeast are also eukaryotes.
Basic Cell Types

Origin of Cell Diversity


Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells millions
of years ago.
The Endosymbiont Theory: a symbiotic mutual
relationship involved one prokaryotic cell living inside
another.

Unicellular organisms
1.2 The Plasma Membrane
Function of the Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane (with detail): is a thin, flexible
boundary between a cell and its environment that allows
nutrients into the cell and the waste of other products.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane:

It’s composed of a phospholipid bilayer, they arrange


themselves to allow the exist of a watery environment.
Structure of the Plasma Membrane:

More components of the


Plasma Membrane:
*Cholesterol
*Proteins
*Carbohydrates

These “transport proteins” move needed substance or


waste materials. The phospholipids in the bilayer create a fluid
mosaic model, it allows all the components to move all the
organelles.
*Cell Wall: an inflexible barrier that
provides support and protects the plant cell.

*Centrioles: Organelles that occur in


pairs and are important for cell division.
Cell Structures!
7.3 Structures and Organelles
*Chloroplast: A double-membrane
organelle with thylakoids containing
chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes
place.
*Cilia: projections form cell surfaces that
aid in locomotion and feeding; also used to
sweep substances along surfaces.
*Cytoskeleton: a framework
for the cell within the cytoplasm.

*Endoplasmic reticulum: a highly


folded membrane that is the site of the protein
synthesis.
*Flagella: projections that aid in locomotion
and feeding.
*Golgi apparatus: a flattened
stack of tubular membranes that
modifies proteins and packages them
for distribution outside the cell.
*Lysosome: a vesicle that contains
digestive enzymes for the break down of
excess or worn-out cellular substances.

*Mitochondrion: a membrane-bound
organelle that makes energy available to the rest of
the cell.
*Nucleus: control center of the cell that
contains coded directions for the production if
proteins and the cell division.
*Plasma Membrane: a flexible
boundary that controls the
movement of substances into and out
of the cell.
*Ribosome: organelle that is the site
of protein synthesis.

*Vacuole: a membrane-bound vesicle for


the temporary storage of materials.

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