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by : Joe Kesaulya
Cell : 081917 97 2229
PARTIAL GRAMMATICAL TOPICS

1. MISSING MAIN VERB

Remember that every English sentence must have a SUBJECT and a MAIN VERB, but there are some kinds of
sentences without a main verb. For this purpose we have to use a MAIN VERB.

SUBJECT VERB
The sound of the engines bothers my concentration

1) The prettiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes
2) In my opinion it is too soon to make a decision.
3) Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven is good ?
4) Do you know whether the movie starts at seven
5) Sam is almost always a lot of fun.
6) The book that I lent you has a good bibliography.
7) Arizona has a very dry climate.
8) Venomous snakes have modified teeth connected to poison glands in which the venom is secreted and stored.

2. VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN INFINITIVE IN THE COMPLEMENT.

The following verbs require an infinitive for a verb in the complement.

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT (infinitive) MODIFIER

We had planned to leave the day before yesterday.

AGREE DECIDE HESITATE NEED REFUSE

Menyetujui Putuskan Ragu ragu Butuh Menolak
APPEAR DEMAND HOPE OFFER SEEM
Timbul Minta dengan sangat Harap / mendoakan Menawarkan Kelihatannya
ARRANGE DESERVE INTEND PLAN TEND
Mengatur Layak Berrencana Merencanakan Condong
ASK EXPECT LEARN PREPARE THREATEN
Tanya Mengharapkan Belajar Mempersiapkan Mengintimidasi
CLAIM FAIL MANAGE PRETEND WAIT
Nyatakan Gagal Mengatur Ber-pura-2 Menunggu
CONSENT FORGET MEAN PROMISE WANT
Member ijin Lupa Maksud Berjanji Ingin

1) He wanted to speak with Mr. Roberts.

2) We demand to know our status.
3) I intend to inform you that we cannot approve your application.
4) They didn’t plan to buy a car.
5) The weather tends to improve in May.
6) One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning to repeat it.
7) Representative democracy seemed to evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Great
Britain, Europe, and the United States.
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3. VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN –ing FORM IN THE COMPLEMENT.

The following verbs require an –ing form for a verb in the complement.

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT (-ing form) MODIFIER

He enjoys travelling by plane.

ADMIT ENJOY RECALL

Mengaku Menikmati Mengingat
APPRECIATE FINISH RECOMMEND
Menghargai Menyelesaikan Merekomendasi
AVOID KEEP REGRET
Menghindar Menahan Menyesal
COMPLETE MENTION RISK
Melengkapi Menyebut Mengambil risiko
CONSIDER MISS STOP
Sadar Rindu / kehilangan Berhenti
DELAY POSTPONE SUGGEST
Mengundur Mengundur Menganjurkan
DENY PRACTICE TOLERATE
Menyangkal Melatih Mengijinkan / menerima
DISCUSS QUIT UNDERSTAND
Berdiskusi Meninggalkan Mengerti

Note : FORBID may be used with either an infinitive or –ing complement, but forbid from is not idiomatic (natural-biasa).

1) She is considering not going

2) We enjoyed talking with your friend.
3) Hank completed writing his thesis this summer.
4) I miss watching the news when I’m travelling.
5) She mentioned shopping at El Paso in her letter.
6) Strauss finished writing two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday.
7) Many people have stopped smoking because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health.

4. VERB PHRASES THAT REQUIRE an –ing FORM IN THE COMPLEMENT.

The following verb phrases require an –ing form for a verb in the complement.

SUBJECT VERB phrase COMPLEMENT )-ing form) MODIFIER

She forgot about cancelling her appointment.
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APPROVE OF DO NOT MIND KEEP ON

Setuju akan Tidak keberatan Terus menerus
BE BETTER OFF FORGET ABOUT LOOK FORWARD TO
Lebih baik Lupa tentang mengharapkan
CAN’T HELP GET THROUGH OBJECT TO
Tak berdaya Tembus Tidak setuju akan
COUNT ON INSIST ON THINK ABOUT
Dapat diandalkan Bersikeras akan Pikir tentang
THINK OF
Memikirkan

Note : the verb phrase BE likely does not require an –ing form but requires an infinitive in the complement.

1) She is likely to know.

2) Let’s go to the movie when you get through studying.
3) His mother forbids him to stay out late on school nights.
4) His mother forbids him staying out on school nights.
5) I have been looking forward to meeting you.
6) We wouldn’t mind waiting.
7) Many modern architects insist on using materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape.
8) During Jackson’s administration, those who did not approve of permitting common people in the White House were
shocked by the president’s insistence that they be invited into the mansion.

GENERALIZATION : TENSE

Many grammar books list a large number of tenses in English, but the two basic tenses are present and past.

Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to express future and other special times.
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5. MODALS AND MODAL-RELATED PATTERNS.

MODAL + VERB WORD

A modal is used with a verb word; a verb word is the dictionary form of the verb. In some grammar books the verb word is
called the bare infinitive because it appears without the word to. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but they are
used most often with modals.

PERBEDAAN ANTARA KATA HELP & ASSIST dengan pertanyaan CAN - HOW

 CAN

Yang menyatakan suatu kemahiran atau kemampuan.

I can speak English fluently [mahir berbicara bahasa Inggris]

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 MAY

- Boleh/diperbolehkan You may go home Kamu boleh pulang

- Kemungkinan He may [might] be ill Mungkin dia sakit

- Minta ijin May I close the door ? Boleh saya tutup pintu ?

- Semoga May you be happy ‼ Semoga kalian bahagia

HELP Membantu melakukan 1.Can I help you ? 1.Apakah saya sanggup membantu Anda ?
sesuatu; (apakah saya mampu ?)

2.How can I help you ? 2.Bagaimana saya sanggup membantu Anda ?

(dalam kesukaran)

Membantu 3.May I help you 3.Apakah diperbolehkan saya membantu Anda ?

melaksanakan suatu (Maknanya : Apakah Anda berkenan saya
permintaan membantu Anda)

4.How may I help you 4.Bagaimana saya bisa membantu Anda ?

(dengan cara apa ?)

ASSIST Membantu dalam 1.Can I assist you ? 1.Bisa saya bantu Anda (meringankan tugas
suatu tugas Anda)

2.How can I assist you 2.Dengan cara apa saya bisa bantu Anda (dengan
tugas Anda)

3.How may I assist you ? 3. Bagaimana Anda ingin dibantu (dalam tugas
Anda)

Tenses & the respectively cases.

Bahasa Inggris mengenal 16 (enambelas) tenses atau waktu. Ke-16 tenses ini dapat disaring menjadi 10 tenses yang terpenting dan bila disaring menjadi 5
basic tenses atau 5 waktu dasar.Ke – lima waktu dasar ini sangat penting dan harus difahami 100%, sebab ke-11 tense lainnya semuanya bertumpu pada ke-5
dasar ini.Selanjutnya dibutuhkan lagi 5 tense lain, agar bahasa Inggris yang kita gunakan dalam sebuah percakapan, menjadi lebih sempurna.Ke-10 tense yang
penting dapat dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) kelompok yang besar, seperti dapat dilihat di bagan dibawah ini.
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PRESENT PAST

SIMPLE PRESENT KATA KERJA KE- 1 SIMPLE PAST KATA KERJA KE- 2

 Kata kerja yang tidak lazim digunakan dg bentuk “ING”.  Aktivitas yang selesai dikerjakan di waktu lampau dengan keterangan
waktu lampau yang pasti –
 Merupakan suatu kebiasaan – EVERY ….. / GURANHOSS
YESTERDAY, 2 YEARS AGO
 Hal yg tidak dapat dipungkiri.

 Aktivitas di masa akan datang tetapi rencana belum pasti. – TOMORROW

etc.

PRESENT PERFECT HAVE/HAS + KATA KERJA KE- 3 PAST PERFECT HAD +KATA KERJA KE- 3

 Aktivitas yang selesai dilkerjakan di waktu lampau- SOME …..  Aktivitas yang selesai dilakukan sebelum melakukan aktivitas lain –
AGO/ALREADY BEFORE (SEBELUM)

 Aktivitas yg terjadi lebih dari sekali di waktu lampau.  Aktivitas yang dilakukan sesudah aktivitas lain selesai dilakukan – AFTER
(SESUDAH)
 Aktivitas yg mulai di masa lampau dan berlanjut sampai sekarang.
SAMA DENGAN TENSE 3 kasus ).
FOR (SELAMA) ; SINCE (SEJAK)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS AM/IS/ARE + KATA KERJA KE- 4 PAST CONTINUOUS WAS/WERE + KATA KERJA KE- 4

 Aktivitas yg berlangsung ketika kita bicara. – NOW (SEKARANG) – AT THE  Aktivitas yg sedang berlangsung dan diputus oleh aktivitas lain (WHEN –
MOMENT (SAAT INI) ketika).

Aktivitas di masa akan datang dan rencana sudah pasti.  Dua aktivitas berlangsung pada saat yang sama (WHILE – sementara).

 Aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau pada waktu yg tertentu

(ump. YESTERDAY FROM 4.oo TILL 6.oo).

PRESENT FUTURE WILL/SHALL + KATA KERJA KE- 1 PAST FUTURE WOULD/SHOULD + KATA KERJA KE- 1

 Suatu rencana untuk masa akan datang.  Suatu kebiasaan di masa lampau

 Sesuatu yg diharapkan (HOPE), dikhawatirkan (AFRAID), WORRIED),  Aktivitas di masa lampau yg tidak jadi dilaksanakan sebab suatu hal
dinantikan (EXPECT) akan terjadi.

 Suatu kebiasaan di masa akan datang.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAVE/HAS + BEEN + KATA K. K. 4 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAD + BEEN + K. K. 4

MIRIP DENGAN TENSE 3 kasus ) DAN 4 SAMA DENGAN TENSE 9 – MIRIP TENSE 3 kasus ) DAN 4

31. PERPADUAN WAKTU DALAM SEBUAH KALIMAT DENGAN MASING-MASING KATA PENGHUBUNGNYA.

6 when 2 4 before 2 8 but 2

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6 while 6 2 after 4

ACCEDE TO MENYETUJUI
ACCORDING TO SESUAI DENGAN ACCORDING TO THE LEGEND, PRINCESS MANDALIKA JUMPED INTO THE SEA
APPROVE OF MENYETUJUI I GAVE THE APPROVE OF ACCEPTING THEM AT THE COLLEGE
ASHAMED OF MALU AKAN I AM VERY ASHAMED OF YOU
BORED WITH BOSAN DENGAN WE ARE BORED WITH HIS STORIES
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CAPABLE OF SANGGUP AKAN JOHN IS CAPABLE OF DOING DIFFICULT JOBS

COMPETE WITH BERSAING DENGAN THE CHINESE MARKET COMPETES WITH THE JAPANESE
CONCERNED OF GUSAR TENTANG WE ARE VERY CONCERNED OF HIS WELL-DOING
CONSCIOUS WITH SADAR AKAN ARE YOU CONSCIOUS WITH YOUR RUDE BEHAVIOUR?
DEPEND ON TERGANTUNG PADA THAT DEPENDS ON THE DEAN’S DECISSION
EFFECTS ON DAMPAK TERHADAP YOUR MISDEED GIVES EFFECTS ON YOUR FUTURE
AFFECTS ON PENGARUH TERHADAP THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOME STUDENTS HAVE AFFECTS ON THE WHOLE CLASS
EQUAL TO SAMA DENGAN ARE THE SERVICES IN SHERATON EQUAL TO THOSE IN OBEROI ?
EXCEPT FOR KECUALI UNTUK THESE RULES ARE FOR ALL INDONESIANS EXCEPT FOR THEM WHO LIVE ABROAD
FROM NOW ON MULAI SEKARANG FROM NOW ON I WOULD LIKE YOU TO LISTEN TO ME
FROM TIME …. TIME TO DARI WAKTU KE WAKTU FROM TIME TO TIME MY AUNT VISITS ME
FROWN ON SENYUM (TERPAKSA) JACK IS FROWNING ON MY STORY
GLANCE AT MELIHAT SEKILAS WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A GLANCE AT MY COMPOSITION ?
THROUGH
INCAPABLE OF TIDAK SANGGUP AKAN GEORGE IS INCAPABLE OF WORKING AT THE FB DEPARTMENT
…. CONFLICT IN TIDAK SETUJU IS THIS IN CONFLICT WITH YOU ?
INFERIOR TO KURANG BAIK (JELEK) THE CHAIRS HERE ARE INFERIOR TO THE CHAIRS THERE
…. THE HABIT IN … OF MEMPUNYAI KEBIASAAN SOME PEOPLE ARE IN THE HABIT OF TALKING TOO MUCH
…. THE NEAR FUTURE IN DALAM WAKTU SINGKAT WILL YOU VISIT US AGAIN IN THE NEAR FUTURE ?
KNOWLEDGE OF MENGETAHUI / MAHIR BARBARA HAS THE KNOWLEDGE OF MANY FOREIGN LANGUAGES
NEAR; NEXT TO DEKAT DENGAN, THE BANK IS NEAR TO THE UNIVERSITY
DI SAMPING ITU NEXT TO THIS, I WOULD LIKE YOU TO LISTEN CAREFULLY
…. THE OPININION OF BERPENDAPAT ARE YOU OF THE OPINION THAT IT IS A BAD MANAGEMENT?
…. TOP …. ON …. OF SUDAH INI TAMBAH ITU ON TOP OF ALL MY PROBLEMS, I HAD TO SELL MY MOTORBIKE
OPPOSITE BERLAWANAN DENGAN THIS IS OPPOSITE MY PURPOSE
PRIOR TO SEBELUM YOU HAVE TO REPORT AT THE DESK 2 HOURS PRIOR TO DEPARTURE
RELATED TO BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN IS BELINDO RELATED TO BELINA ?
RESPECT FOR MERASA HORMAT I HAVE RESPECT FOR HIS WAY OF TEACHING
SIMILAR TO HAMPIR SAMA DENGAN THESE QUESTIONS ARE SIMILAR TO THE ONES I GAVE YOU
SINCE SEBAB SINCE YOU HAVEN’T STUDIED, YOU HAVE TO DO ANOTHER EXAMINATION
UNTIL AWAITING, PENDING I AM PATIENTLY SITTING UNTIL MY FRIENDS COME HOME
WITH REGARD TO “ DENGAN HORMAT ” WITH REGARD TO YOUR LETTER DATED 10 NOVEMBER 2009……

I have a special questions : Ik heb een special vraag Saya punya suatu pertanyaa :
IS BALI REACHING SATURATION IS BALI’S TOERISME AAN HET APAKAH BALI SUDAH MENCAPAI
POINT FOR TOURISM ? VERVAGENDE PUNT TOE ? TITIK JENUH KEPARIWISATAAN
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Adjectives / kata sifat

Descriptive Limiting

Menerangkan sifat seseorang - seekor binatang - suatu benda Membatasi kata-kata yang diterangkan

Descriptive – melukiskan/menguraikan Cardinal numbers

These are big houses I have only one book

One – two – three

Proper Ordinal numbers

Are those Balinese temples ? Where is the second key ?

First, second third – fourth

Quantative

They have much money

Much, many, some, any

Possesive
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Is this your book ?

My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

Demonstrative

These flowers are very beautiful

Articles

He told me a story

A, an, the

Catatan : Perhatikan rumus MD dan DM.

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D – yang diterangkan M – yang menerangkan

Bahasa Indonesia : Hukum DM Seorang anak Miskin

M – yang menerangkan D – yang diterangkan

Bahasa Inggris : Hukum MD A poor Child

131. Urutan penempatan lebih dari 2 (dua) kata sifat pada sebuah kata benda.

1. Determiner The, a, an, these, those

2 Quality Kwalitas Beautiful, expensive, ugly,

3. Size Ukuran Big, large, small, huge

4. Age/temperature Usia/suhu Young, old, antique, hot, cold

5. Participle k.kerja ke-3 Carved, painted, colored, built

5. Shape Bentuk Round, oval, square, rectangular

7. Color Warna Pink, brown, black, red, violet

8. Origin Asal usul Chinese, Indonesian, Persian, Egyptian, Indian

9. Material Bahan Wood, iron, marble, crystal, wool, gold, silver

10. Noun Benda Ornaments, farmer, house, building, car

11. Principal noun Benda utama Box, house, building

. Bandingkan urutan penempatan dalam sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia.

1 2 3 4 5

A beautiful fat clever young girl.

1 5 4 3 2

Seorang gadis pandai gemuk dan (yang) cantik.

132. Adverbs.
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Adverb adalah kata keterangan atau kata tambahan yang digunakan untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa (parts of speech),

BANDINGKAN : DENGAN ADVERB DENGAN ADJECTIVE

a]. Menerangkan sebuah Kata kerja He speaks fluently French. His French is very fluent.

The sun is shining brightly today. It is a bright day.

b]. Menerangkan Kata tambahan yang lain She sings very well. Her singing is very good.

c]. Menerangkan sebuah Kata depan The cat is almost outside the room.

e]. Menerangkan sebuah Kata sambung I want to know precisely how it happened. Is this the precise answer ?

He know exactly how it happened. What is the exact time

NB Sebuah adverb juga dapat menerangkan sebuah kalimat asertif [assertive sentence], yaitu sebuah kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal
sesuatu.

Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself [sudah terang kesuksesanmu terutama tergantung padamu sendiri].

Unfortunately we don’t speak sufficient English [ sayang sekali bahasa Inggris kami kurang]

1.NEGATIVES

2.NEGATIVE EMPHASIS

3.EXCLAMATIONS

4.REFRENCES
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5.CAUSATIVES