DATA HANDLING PAGE

I
)1ýACCESSION

TM9501521
09-TITLE
NO.

PRACTICAL ARODYNAMICS
99-DOCUMENT LOC ' I-TOPIC TAGS

aerodynamic fo-1ce, aerodynamic boundary

layer, aerodynamic stability,
aerodynamic control,
OF THE An-2 AIRCRAFT aerodynamic drag/(U)AN2 transport
aircraft
47-SUBJECT AREA

oi, 20
43,AUTHOR 10-DATE OF INFO
SHIFRIN, M. N. -----.68
43-SOURCEPRAKTICHESKAYA
(RUSSIAN) AERODINAMIKA SAMOLETA AN-2 FT 419-gN.9
FTD-1T DO&UMF•T •
74-MONITORING AGENCY 69-PROJECT NO.

2o0o6
63-SECURITY AND DOWNGRADING INFORMATION 64-CONTROL MARKINGS 97-HEADER CLASN

UNCL, O NONE

76-REEL/FRAME NO. 77-SUPERSEDES 78-CHANGES 40-GEOGRAPHICAL NO. OF PAGES

AREA
1890 0477 UR 232
CONTRACT NO. FTD 'T' NO. PUBLISHING DATE TYPE PRODUCT REVISION FREQ

65- 94- TRANSLATION

02-UR/0000/6 8/000/000/000i/0! ?6., ACCESSION NO. .
ABSTRACT

(U) The book discusses basic properties and laws of motion of

the air, aerodynamic forces of the wing, peculiarities of
layout and aerodynamic properties of the aircraft, equilibrium,
stability and controllability of the aircraft under different
flight conditions, and peculiarities of flight under conditions
of icing. The book is intended for students of colleges and
schools of civil aviation and can be used by flying personnel
of other departments operating the An-2 aircraft. There are
6 tables and 105 figures.

AFSC pto.R Om, ,* .. ,

AOSR 69 12 76 TR

*g

kEVIEI

"UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
R~iRTBAOT6N' UNIDE'NTIFIED FLYING OBJE.CTS

BY- A
PANEL OF Tilt.' NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

• ii
ILL
UMN'1 lS69 ,

Copyright, National Academy of Sciences, 1969. This book.

or any parts thereof, 06ýy hot he reproduced in any form
without written permission fr6m the'publisher except that
reproduction in whole, or ih part, is" permitted for any
use of the United States Government,

IoI

Reproduced by the
CLEARING H 0USE
for Federal Scientific & Technical
Information Springfield Va. 22151

1. This doctiment has been approved forpubl-c

M'l.ase and sale; its distribution is Unlimited.
 C~A A~-

of' the
11
- L ~ C6loradop Report on Unidentif~ied Flying OL'jccts,
by a
Pancl,'of the National Acadubfy, of -Sciences

'The panel was appointed ih the la ttcrpart -of Octohecr and

-eart.y Npvember 1968., The charge to' the, Pa'nel was "to provide ain
independent 9asse,§ýmcnt of ýthe- sc6pc, ine~thodoJlogy, -and finidings, 6f
the- (University -of Col1orado) study as refilccted-in the (University's')
Reoft. WletePne.1 largeqly restrict-ed its re~view to this
9 cýharge,, it was thought botn a~ppropr-iate afid nbces'sar'y that the
:Pancl become faufiiiiar, with various scic-entlficý 'o *nts of view asi
_pre~scntc.-d in other publ:icatibns and -reports b'y technically trainEd,
S pqrmons.. -

It was not the task of 'the,'Panel to Conduct its, own study

-of' UFOs. or to 'invite advocates, scientif icall y trained, or -not . of'
Vatfous po,:*hts of view 'to hearings.- The t6ask-was to study the
Un55iVersity'sRep-orf and- to assess:, First, its; scope-; namcly,
d~id" 'theRepq'iT, in the 'opinion of the Pane:ý, cover' those topits-
thcA~t a sclenti~fi6 study of 'UFO' phenomaen~a 'should have embracecj-?
*, Second,, its ffiethodology; namely'; aOid' tib Re-port,. in the opinion
of -,the.YPane1,--reveal ati accepae sihtif'ib-methodology and
40~ro46 to thce- subject? Third,, itý fihdihgs; namely, were the
-Y-;.cnCus'p~ns -anid. interpretations warxzift~d iby the 6'idence and
Iye -aspresented'in the R6Port affd wer'e they reasonable? 9

Iift'h6 course of its review the Pahi~l coilsulted papers -ioi

tihe'same.'subject by teph'nica'J.ly trained pe~rsons (for example,
-W~llibni Marko'wi~tz, "IThe Physic6s and, Metaphysics of 'Unidefitif iedi
Flying., Ob-jects," Scie~nce,, 157, 19' pp. ."1274-79,. Jamies E.
VMcl~ofald,, 11Sc1,n&en_'T~e'_cnology and UPOs,w1 presented, Januiary 26,
'1968,' at a General Sepnciir, of the United Aircraft': Reseci'ch
9I,Aboiatories', }2ast flaftfbs j, Connectdctit. James E. McDonald,
f1IUFOs, a- Ah International 'Scientikr-c Problcihi,"l prc~ented 'March 12,,
196, ýat the Canadiah -Aeronauti~cs and, Space Institute Ast*i'&haut~ics
Symposiumý, 116ntreal), Canhada. Jamies E~. McDonald', I'týecn on
Internatio6nal Scientifio Alspects of' the Prob~lems of Uriidc'nti-f led
P.i~yilng Objects," ,sent to thie 'United Nationis -on June, 7,,, 19G7,
Dool 11. Mbnze.J,ý,. -Plying- Saucers, Harvard Uriivcrisitty rs~
9(C~b~dge
152'. 'J~f ~JT~hze End 'Lylc 'G'. Boyd:', T'he VWorld
of-Fying Sa'uce~rs, Doublechoy (New York~, 1%,3). Report fI Leigs
5C7c Scc :i~ff7~ sory Panel. on Unidle:tif iod V J~yc~j~s,
Jaur i PT.lF-7 F-T6V T Q8i)i.
-Advisory 1)c;.-rd, ad, hoc Z564.7-Efec'ec5k
I: '1Zf ~ .fnGc ~ tpsLuWI~i'
0.9,ii)i'1 c~ xh~
~FTIyin UI7Jets'E, koTings
Represcntatives, 1ýinetic th Congress, Second Session, July 20, J.9CB).
 !-

-3'

The Panei beg=rn its review inmr.idjztcly- c'fter- the, 1"eport

became available, on -Novcmber .5ý, 1968, by an initiala readbig of
the Report by: each, member of the Panel durxing a tw0-week period.
The 'PaneJ. convened on tdcember 2 for a dfiscussioh of members'
,-initial assessmentsq, for consi]deration .of the-Pane)' sý charge
(scope, methodolVogy, and findings in. the Report), and fob. de6-
.Uineatibn 0f further steps in its review. Te iatter iii•lued
.,the study of other documents -presenting views and fkid ing•4o5% i
technit.aJ.y trained persons, (e.g., the documents eited- a)•-•"•
,fuitheP cxamination of the Report's summark and findings, -nd
furher -directed 'study -of specialized chapters of -the Rebprt.7by:
appropriate members of the Pane,. Extensive dscLssion; •oh
by qorrespqodence and by, Aelcphon, occurred du.ing this perieod.
The 'Panel met again -on January '6,19G9, to conclude it"s -deliberatiohs

Ie
and to ,prepare its findings,, which are presented beJ7b!.w

I. SCOPE

The- study by the University- of Colorado commenced in October

S196G and continued for about two, years,. Case studies of 59 reports
of UFOs are' 'presentedin detail, with 68 plates; of these, ten
reports predated the ,project, but were so well, documented 'that
theyLIFOwere included..
study, devoted to and
foreignis countries,
,programsAS~~to
inchapter UFOsý UF~s reported
oneinýtohistory, one

in the 20 yeais 'receding the study. Ten chapters are devoted to

perceptual problems, 'processes of peFception,and reporting, psycho-.;.
.ogical, aspects of UFO reports, optids, radar, sonic boom, atospheric
el'ectricity and plasrfa interpretations, 'balloons., instrumentation
for UFO searches,.," and statistical analyses. (T.Wentýy-four appdndix&s
add' 1detailed ,teechnical backgroundct the" study. Volume 4 cohcludGes
with an index of 27 pages.)
p In 6ur: bpinion the- scope. of the, ýtfdy was adequate to its

II. ME'rHOpOLOGY
As a)rule, fibel trips we.re made t6o investigate UFO reports
only if they were less than a y,-ar o]ld,. The Report states -that
"nearl/ all MO-sigtgtirL, are of short: duration, seldom last;j an
"hour .2nd ',uually for a iew minuces. Thus most investigations co,.
siste,] of intervi.ews with persons 'who ,made .fcports. Three teams,
usually consi'sting of two persons each (a physical scientist rid
,a p;y,'hologi,;t-), •c",,'re ,mployed in f•jield in'vcstigations whe'e, tele- j.
phoni,, co!1mIunio1t:J.or, v-,J:t h 1,O
•-..':.ghti ,r" individuals gaive hoie -of
gc,:i.•ing added irnfo:.'ma-t:icn. The aim %%,as to get a tcam to the site

ti I'

ii
el

.
 4I
as quickla-% as ýposslible aft-er- a reported, sighting. (-It was founid
thaf near:Ly afl. cases cu bd i lssified in such -categories as
- -~ pr nksý, hoaxes., nav itrptations,.and various typs of is
-interpretatiobns. A few- events; whic did-not fit thesýe categories,
aire lef t, unexplainied.-
iNat~rilals and conditions OrenabJle to laboratory ,approaclies
werea investig~ted c,, alleged` UFO parts by chemical: .4nalysis,
,WUtomoliilei ignition f~, lAre by simulation studids,j and -UtO photography
by ihotog anumet~ieic alyscs. (O 5potographic. cases investigated,,
nine are sýaid 'to givee'Vi.dence, of probable fabrication, seven are
clas~ified a's niatur-alor;-M~an-'mddc pheriom na', twelve provided in-
ýsuif i'cit dat oraa*ssnd seven were considered to be
possible fabrications:nn.poe-ob"ra jctwihig
strangenes~s. 1);rnepod-tberelobeswthig
technibal-ly traine~d pers6nnel We're utilized by the Univer~ity.
the Universi`ty :group- included' a s4ub-group on fibld inivestigations I
of UFO re'ports;, their'nai ration- and -interpretations.'of cas~bs 6re-
reasonable and, adequate,. Lead ing,groups werCe engaged ýuncl&' contract
for specialized vibrk egS'vnfoitd Research Institute on radar,
--

anomalies and a subsidiary.'of the Raytheon Corporation for photo-

granupbtric analyses. Divergent vi~ews of those few scientists-,who
'have looked; into UFOs welod taken* into, account.-The, history of the
subject' was -also surveyed i including-the ex-periences in,sore other
thations. F~inallyj extensive,use was made of many specialists in
various public 'and private l'aboratories.-
to- The Report makes cJleai thiat with the,-best means at our dis-
pos~l p6sitivib cor~relation :of all UFO reports with identifiable, V
-known~ pýhnomeM, is iiot' poss"ible. No ýstudy, past, -curr~nt oi" ,future,
-can provideý the basis for statinfg categorically that a 'familiar
phenomenhon wi-il 'nedessawiy be -linka&ble .to'e'very sighting.. 'The
~Report is" free of dogmoatisrivo this" mdtter. It is also clear,
'as one goes through the descriptions of UFO sightings-, whether in
-the,Report. or lin, Other litýe'ratu re, that -while som~e incide'nts.,have
no psitive identification wit faIla pheniomena', they also have,
j
;no Positive,'idenittfication,with ýextrater~restrial visitors or 'artifacts.

We think the methodblogy and approa6h, weie we~ll chosen, in

III. 'FINDINGS'
Th' ýStudy concludes (a)'that ab6ut 90 pe.rcent of al~l UFO
r~ots 'prov to qiePl~aus ibly related to" ordinary plienomcnia,
,(b") th'atli'ttle -ifanything has come from the study of UPOs in"
the
past -21 ycaf-r-s that has added to scient~ific knowledge, and (c) that
furth.-jr extansi~'o study of UFO si htings -is not. justi~fiedl in theýý
1---- M ,t

tfyf ;h ,,potii / ' NAin-,

C, ' -_ tlii- it11s e -
NýUj

- -5 "S

on~evidenc~mnow av1la2 .N'

'I ~The RL-ppoiV '. iiig nde-lmiis bni11~ig'ht

t
1h uibber~,,. Drelkid itsffist s6ctionji ýt
A recjer
'offiialscireicy, oh UFO,, -UFO-ts~.-a-aPosiq ~nenzr tl
fitu.re gover~mn~ahf~h go -d-c~gitly, cprts,2a;hd''jv N'.f
6i ;them reljate to, thc. q'estiqn 6f, aw~t 2ifiy fbrtheV InmvcstigattOnsý
of
~Osapear .'&ýratc dAn. t I of the.tudy, 0We-pa
an-suimmaýrize theso jindin- C Jo~tin~CO pjedi~i~igv or
comm~ents6', 07
2, Oh, secr~ecy~i. ts t6e, su)Lbie 1"thr~obded,>r'i bfficibl"ýI

We accept,,this fid"h f h ~uy

thn inv th
-2 bndffie* ()j thietviemt. UF ;sJjh ' Ngs

3n"h.Ontdy "uTure, IWo% -ihins

''h quetio reuin aý to-
wht,
fqvzin,1~ eer, governanns Ojhculde so~ot-eudy
-

rulort: 1potrcitacs. "rmThe.historyo-l 'puh.i,,?" sTh

tý 2ond r as- no'e
bepasis y. ledr A~iriyTrbelate'tiu.! sigh6nNeprsi~in "the ex-D
pectat~j.6n
that -thcy are ~bingrtonfiuetoVe,~ac _oe sýie
bt-e thins o o tepaoumet
D 'fonscudha
, ne thesefch oml et -.
'Ofvei;O-arce P :-operati n-s withut ri~ed or af uch!sý)auf it as l- NN

9 "0
We, co'n~ur, wi the poltU - - N~d'

funhe
4we evnves57tj
Orun ignb ~Y~o.c feoIetzaol.
0h

reotsr
sccit ifrec std oir~ UFc!s"? The,~uy
on ~ o~~fi
~QCmi(:ldZ~in f hiskiidn th 46a- ( Would Feurrt-f oxton no~\
of ctatO sti]--itg'thyntr~dhuteng to sc'itrn'o?' Ao c~hc'-o.aco!Ic
V u~of.
but th;it P~prith ehins norefo1 s o *t).fin
andle hse pno51-
4tsw
-m

VvO.1sii 11ce. ýxidec1tiohs :tithout ve1 sruwcd'

9 hun se~t
~

(G)rnon
'At Vsb~ up
ia majbr
i -'-hows aytiy a ý. s,' sphr'ie. opt::ie s, af(K' j f -- -
the, so " ontigic-tudyon f~do
'Ubs1I,?, Ae studytbunde Lt'ic-:o :aiI.wh- c'h
II!,Ctl'rit ntkin.-`dg has quite lrin tli( 'tte'!- t jise t-JAIs-01C, :w Os211
(G t.J.przl
pi& n.OW
1111It le 1;"; Ckld to Seyenti -hI
n

zltcNi.'ifi
 6-

-attention in connection with -the iitcrpretation of some 1IFO reports,

buit they are also of fundencintal scienti.fic interest, and they arc
relevant to prpcltical problcm. related to the improvement of safety
S" of
,4-,tit military
ii "te•Areas by the flyi,.,.
and civ:ilian Researl.h
Depax-tment of Defense, being carried
effortstheareEnvironmental
Science Services Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, anid by universities and norprofit reseurch organi-
zations •such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research, whose
work, ls, sponsored by-the National Science Foundation."
The Report also observes (7) that UFO reports and beliefs
are also of interest to "tthe social scientist and the communications
specialist." In these areas particuilarly -- i.e., (6) and (7) --
the study suggests (8) that "scientists with adequa'ze training and
credentials who do come up with a clearly defined,.specific proposal"
0ihoud -be supported, implying that normal. competitive procedures and
assessments ,of prooposals* should be followed here as is customary.
"We concur with these evaluations and recommendations.

IV. PANEL CONCLUSION

The range. of topics in the Report is extensive and its various
chapters., dealing with many aspects of the subject, should prove of
value to scholars in many fields. Its analyses and findings are
pertinent and useful in any fi,,• re assessment of activity in 0.his
field. We concur in the reboyioncltion suggesting that no high
,bi6rity in UMO investigatio:'s is warranted by data of the past
two -decades.
We are unanimous in the opinion that this has been a very
6editable effort to apply oj)jectivelp the relevant techniques of
science to the solution of the UFO problem. The Report recognizes
,iat there remain UFO sightings that are not easily explained. The
Report does suggest, however, so many reasonable and possible directions
in which an explanation may cventually be found, that there seems to
be n6o reason 'to attribute /them to an extraterrestrial source without
evidence that is much more convincing. The Report also shows how
difficult it is to apply scientific methods to the occasional
transient sightings with any chance of success. While further study
of particular aspects of the topic (e.g., atmospheric phenomena)
may be usefu3, a stuidy of UFOs in general is not a promising way
to expand sc~en~tific undeo."standing of the phenomena. On the basis
Of present know.ledge the .eIast likely exp.anation of UPOs is the
hypothesis of extraterrestrial ,vksitatimns by intelligent beings.

-- Gera•d. M. Clemence, chairminn; H. R. Crane, David M. Dennison,

Wallacc 0. Fenn, H. Keffer Hart.linc, E. R. Hilgard, Mark Kac,
Francis W. Relche].derfer., Will:u ,m W. Rubey, C. D. Shane, Oswald G.
Villard, Jr.
Attachments:

- List of-Panel Members

- Letter of Transmittal
 $

MEMBERS OF THE REVIEW PA14L

Gerald M. Clemence, Chairman

'tale University

H. R. Crane Mark Xac

University of Michigan The Rockefeller Univev-'ity
David M. Dennison Fiancis W. Reichelderfor
University of Michigan Washington, D.C.
Wallace 0. Fenn William W. Rubey
University of !v.jhester University of California
at Los Angeles
H. Kelleor Ha - vl-./ne..-
The RockefeC.tlor Qiiversity C. D. Shane
Santa Cruz, California
E. R. Hilgard
Stanford University Oswald G. Villarsd, Jr.
Stanford University

II
I
I

II

Ii
 %.4

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

orfFcI Or Twc pICSEONt

Rie604tt. AV4.*PUC
'014?UIO
WASI~iNGON.0. C. 8• 4:S
C,
,

January 8, 1969

The 1ionorable Alexander H. Flax

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
Washington, D. C. 20330
Dear Dr. Flax:
Following your request of October 29, 1968, the
Academy appointed a panel of its members to review
j
tho report of the University of Colorado study group
on Unidentified Flying Objects.
As you know, a final draft of this report was
made available to the panel on November 15, 1968.
Under the chairmanship of Dr. Gerald Clemence the
panel has devoted substantial time and effort to a
careful review of the scope, methodology arbd find-
ings of the Colorado study group and has prevared
and unanimously approved the attached report, which
I am pleased to transmit on behalf of the panel.
The Academy accepted this task because of its
belief in the importance of making available to the
government and the public a careful assessment of the
scientific significance of UFO phenomena which have '
been variously inirpreted both in this country and "
abroad.
Substantial questions have been raised as to
the adequacy of our research and investigation pro-
grams to explain or to determine the nature of these
sometimes puzzling reports of observed phenomena.
It is my hope that the Colorado report, together with
our panel review, will be helpful to you and other
responsible officials in determining the nature and
scope of any continuing research effort in this area.

K !
 The Honorable Alexander H. Flax
January 8, 1969
Page Two

Finally, may I add that the report of the re-

viewing panel was prepared and is being made avail-
able for the sole purpose of assisting the governient
in reaching a decision on its future course of action.
Its use in whole or part for any other purpose would
be incompatible with the purpose of che review and
the conditions under which it was conducted.

Sincerely yours,

F ederick ittz
President

Attachment

it
 - DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R & D k %PW %J
4
IV efol 0firrifo" of title, ?,nfft* e J%.rar. 1,! Itdx- . nn suiu~7 er eted ,.ilw ý"e overall report It. cl 4 astflSh
National Academy of Sciences UNC
"2101 Constitutior Ave. N. 1 .1

Washington, D.C. 20418

3. F PO _ T,-_5

H9VMW OF THE UINIVERSITY OF COLO!.-)0 ?2?PORT 3N N41Di TIFIED MLY2G OBJi!cTr3

B! A PANEL OF T}iiE NAY'IO::AL ACADE::Y 0. S :-'S

4. DESCR:PT I . E ,Ij 7 ES '7' pe of repurt nsil liisvi' .ant

Scientific Special
S. AU TlO•0R(S (Firet! .rax. riddl, initial, last ,n:,.ra,,

Gerald M. Clemence, chairman

6. REPORT =ATE ' AL NO 0 FC-Tb. NO OF I.FFS

8 January 1969 9
8S. CONTIRACT OR CRAN{T NO 9n,. ORG'INATORS REPORT %U%IBt•(SI

F18600-67-C-0071 and AFOSIK OA-b-(:-U(,$

h. P ROJ EC ''I-)
9730
C. 61102F O ,-FR REPORT %0(51 (Ant- other numbers thit miar be assigned

d. 681310 ,. ,,,,o69 ____ -1 2 7 6 TRp

AR-2b
_0 S
DISTRIqUoiO• S-A-MENT1. This document has been approved for public release and sale;
AWs distribution is unlimited. The copyright notation does not prohibit the un-
"MLRited distribution of this report by the U.S. Government by reasons of the pro-
viions of contract F18600-67-C-0071 by and between the U.S. and the coovright holder
tI. SUPPLEI,'ENI AR - TES1 2 SP0'15ORING %.tLTARY A- T.VITY

(%
... " / H AFSO (SCGS for AFOSR)
"-. Andrews AFB
O - -" Washington, D.C. 20331
13. ABSTRAC-

"»ýThe ad hoc committee concurs 'with -he findings of the reporL of the University of
Colorado entitled "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects," Dr. Edward U.
Condon, Scieftific Director• Panel agrees that a study of UFOs in general is not
a promising way to expand scientific understaniing of the pheno-mena, and adds: "On
the basis of present knoowledge th3 least likely explanation of UFOs is the hypo-
thesis of extraterrestrial visita=ions bv intelligept beings."•%
provisions of the subject contract, the Government has acquired 1 necessary rights
in the forementioned report to per--t its unlimited reproduction and distribution
for any and all Guvernment purposes, notwithstanding the report's copyright notation:
"'Copyright, Natioial Academy of Scienccs, 1969".)

14. Keywords:

NAS review
Clemence report
UFOs
Condon report
University of Colorado report

DDI 1473
• ,@~~~ I.f.si
(C•* ,• {Ifl',fl