Model Answer 4 – MPZ 4230 – 2009

(1). (a). (p + q) (a,b) = (a, (p + q) b ) ------------- (1)

p(a, b) + q (a, b) = (a , pb) + (a , qb)
= (2a + (p + q) b) ---------- (2)

(1) ≠ (2)

Axiom 9 not satisfied

∴ V is not a vector space

(b). 1 (a , b) = (0, b) ≠ (a, b)

∴ Axiom 6 not satisfied
∴ V is not a vector space

(c). Let u = (a,b) & v =(c,d)

k(u + v) = k (ac, bd) = (kac, kbd) ------------- (1)
ku+kv =(ka,kb) + (kc + kd) = (k2ac + k2bd ) ------------ (2)

(1) ≠ (2)
∴ Axiom 8 not satisfied
∴ V is not a vector space

(2). (a). (i). W = { (a, b, c) & a ≥ 0 }

Let w ∈ W [w = (a, b, c) & a ≥ 0 }
-1 (a, b, c) = (-a, -b, -c) ∉ W
∴ W is not a subspace

(ii). W= {0, b, c }
Let u = (0, b1, c1) v = (0, b2 , c2) ∈ W
αu + βv = α (0, b1, c1) + p (0, b2, c2)
= (0, α b1 + β b2 , α c1 + β c2) ∈ W
∴ W is a subspace

(iii). W = { (1, b, c)}

Let u = (1, b, c) ∈ W
α u = α (1, b, c) = (α, αb, αc) ∉ W
∴ W is not a subspace
 0 a
(b). w = b c
d c

0 a1 0 a2
Let u = b1 c1 , v = b2 c2 ∈W
d1 e1 d 2 e2
0 αa 1 + β a 2
α u + βv = αb1 + β b 2 αc1 + βc 2 ∈ W
αd1 + β d 2 αe1 + βe 2
∴W is a subspace of M32

(3). We first express x = (x1, x2, x3) as a linear combination of v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 2, 3),
and v3 = (1, 0, 1)
(x1, x2, x3) = k1 (1, 1, 1) + k2 (1, 2, 3) + k3 (1, 0, 1)
x1 = k1 + k2 + k3 ----------------- (1)
x2 = k1 + 2k2 ----------------- (2)
x3 = k1 + 3k2 + k3 ----------------- (3)

(3) – (1) 2k2 = x3 – x1

x − x1
k2 = 3
2
by (2) k1 = x1 + x2 - x3
x − 2x 2 + x 3
by (3) k3 = 1
2
Taking linear Transformation

x 3 − x1 x − 2x 2 + x 3
T(x1, x2, x3) = (x1 + x2 – x3) T (1, 1, 1) + T (1, 2, 3) + 1 T (1, 0, 1)
2 2
x −x x − 2x 2 + x 3
= (x1 + x2 – x3) (3, 4, 4) + 3 1 (6,8,7) + 1 (2, 3, 2)
2 2
= ((3x1 +3x2 – 3x3 + 3x3 – 3x1 + x1 – 2x2 + x3),
3x1
(4x1 + 4x2 – 4x3 + 4x3 – 4x1 + -3x2 ),
2
7x 7x
4x1 + 4x2 – 4x3 + 3 − 1 + x 1 − 2 x 2 + x 3 ))
2 2
3x 1 3x 3 3x1 x
= (x1 + x2 + x3 , + x2 + , + 2x2 + 3 )
2 2 2 2
(b). ker T = { (x1 ,x2, x3) ∈ 3
: T (x1, x2, x3) = 0 }

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ------------ (A)
3x 1 3x
+ x 2 + 3 = 0 ------------- (B)
2 2
3x 1 x
+ 2x 2 + 2 = 0 ----------- (C)
2 2
3(A) – 2 (B)
x2 = 0
(C) – (B) x2 – x3 = 0
x3 = 0
by (1) x1 = -2x2 = 0
∴ ker T = { (0, 0, 0) }

(4) step 1
u1
v1 = = (1,0,0,0)
u1
step 2
u 2 − proj w1 u 2
v2 =
u 2 -proj w1 u 2
u2 – proj w1 u1 = u 2 − (u 2 .u1 ).v1
= (1, 2, 0, 1) -1(1, 0, 0, 0)
= (0, 2, 0, 1)
0 , 2 , 0, 1 2 1
v2 = = 0, , 0,
5 5 5

Step 3

u 3 − proj w 2 u 3
v3 =
u 3 − proj w 2 u 3
u3 – proj w 2 u 3 = u 3 − (u 3 . v1 ) v1 – ( u 3 . v2 ) v2
3 2 1
= (1, 1, 1, 1) – 1 (1, 0, 0, 0) − (0, ,0, )
5 5 5
6 3
= (1, 1, 1, 1) – (1, 0, 0, 0) − 0, , 0,
5 5
−1 2
= 0, ,1,
5 5
1
v3 = ( 0, −1,1, 2 )
30
 Step 4

u 4 − proj w 3 u 4
v4 =
u 4 -proj w 3 u 4

u4 – proj w3 – u4 = u4 – (u4 . v1) v1 – (u4 . v2 ) v2 – (u4 . v3) v3

1 2 1 2 −1 5 2
= (1, 0, 0, 1) -1 (1, 0, 0, 0) - 0, ,0 − 0, , ,
5 5 5 30 30 30 30
2 1 − 2 10 4
= (1, 0, 0,1) – (1, 0, 0, 0) – (0, ,0, ) - 0, , ,
5 5 30 30 30
−1 −1 2
= 0, , ,
3 3 3
−1 −1 2
v4 = 0, , ,
6 6 6
2 1
Consider v1 –=(1, 0, 0, 0) and v2 = 0, ,0, are orthogonal basis
5 5
2 1
v1 + v 2 = 1, ,0,
5 5
v1 + v 2 = 2
v1 = 1
v2 = 1
2 2 2
v1 + v 2 = v1 + v 2

16 − λ
0 0
29 12
(5). a) A − λI = 0 −λ
5 5
12 36
0 −λ
5 5
29 36 12 12
= (16 − λ ) −λ −λ −
5 5 5 5
29 × 36 65 144
= (16 − λ ) − λ + λ2 −
25 5 25
2
= (16 - λ) (36 - 13λ + λ )
= (16 - λ) ( λ - 9) (λ - 4)
λ = 16 or λ = 9 or λ = 4

Eigen values are 4, 9, and 16

b). (A - λI) x = 0

When λ = 4

16 − 4 0 0 a
29 12
0 −4 b =0
5 5
12 36 c
0 −4
5 5
12a = 0
9 12
b+ c =0
5 5
12 16
b+ c =0
5 5
4
a=0 b= c
3
a 0 0
1
b = c −4 = −4
3 3
c 1 3

When λ = 9
(A - λI) x = 0

16 − 9 0 0 a
29 12
0 −9 b =0
5 5
12 36 c
0 −9
5 5
7a = 0
16 12
− b+ c=0
5 5
12 9
b− c =0
5 5
3
a=0 b= c
4
a 0 0
3
b =c 3 = 3
4 4
c 1 4
When λ = 16
(A - λI)x = 0

16 − 16 0 0 a
29 12
0 − 16 b =0
5 5
12 36 c
0 − 16
5 5
0a=0
51 12
− b+ c=0
5 5
12 44
b+ c=0
5 5
A can be any value
∴a=t
51 12
b = c
5 5
12 44
b = c
5 5
b=c=0
a t 1
b = 0 =t 0
c 0 0
3 4 4 3
Eigen vectors are (1, 0, 0) , (0, , ), (0, - , )
5 5 5 5
c).
1
0 0
Let P = 0 3 −4
5 5
0 4 3
5 5
9 16
p =1 + =1
5 25

1 0 0
p-1 = 0 3 4
5 5
0 −4 3
5 5
 1 0 0 16 0 0 1 0 0
3 4 29 12 3 −4
P −1AP = 0 0 0
5 5 5 5 5 5
−4 3 12 36 4 3
0 0 0
5 5 5 5 5 5

16 0 0 1 0 0
135 180 3 −4
= 0 0
25 25 5 5
− 80 − 160 4 3
0 0
25 25 5 5
16 0 0
= 0 9 0
0 0 4

(d). let S = P-1 AP

SS-1 = (p-1AP)S-1
I = p-1 APS-1
PI = APS-1
A-1P-1 = PS-1
P-1AP = S-1
∴ S-1 = P-1A-1P

29 2 36 2 24
(e). Q(x) = 16 x12 + x2 + x3 + x2x3
5 5 5

16
0 0 x1
29 13
Given quadratic form is Q(x) = (x1, x2 , x3) 0 x2
5 5
12 36 x 3
0
5 5
16 0 0 y1
The new quadratic form is Q(y) = (y1, y2, y3) 0 9 0 y2
0 0 4 y3
(d). x = py
Q(x) = xT A x= xT pp −1 App −1 x

= xT p λ p-1 x
= x p λ pT x
T

Q(y) = yT λ y

Relation y = pT x
y = (p x)T
T T

xT p