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Load Flow

This document describes a power flow program that uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve nonlinear load flow equations. It defines a 3 bus system and initializes variables. The Jacobian matrix is derived and used to iteratively update bus voltage angles and magnitudes until mismatches converge to less than 0.001 pu. Results including line flows and voltages are displayed.

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RajatAgrawal
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201 views

Load Flow

This document describes a power flow program that uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve nonlinear load flow equations. It defines a 3 bus system and initializes variables. The Jacobian matrix is derived and used to iteratively update bus voltage angles and magnitudes until mismatches converge to less than 0.001 pu. Results including line flows and voltages are displayed.

Uploaded by

RajatAgrawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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==========Power flow program using Newton-Raphson Method========= %


By:
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Abdul Wahab Korai @ University of Duisburg-Essen
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Date: 01/04/2015
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================================================================= %

%%
%------------------Important----------------------%
% load flow equations are non-linear in nature. To find the solution of such
equations, it is assumed that
% 1. solution exists thats is (f(x)=0)
% 2. equation are continuous and diffrentiable.
% How to solve these non-linear equations of power (P,Q) ?.
% one can solve these equations by considering assumptions 1 and 2 and using
linear
% approximation method (also known as newton-raphson method). also to be
% noted here is that the taylor series expnasion is the basis of the newtonraphson method.
% so if we have one equation whose solution we assume exists and is
% continuous and diffretiable then according to the newton-raphson
% f(x0)=-(x-x0)*f'(x0)
----(1)
% where x0 is our initial guess.Equation 1 here gives the linear
approximation of the function f(x) at point x0.
% this equation will always result in straight line (Tagent line of f(x) at
the x0)
% thus our solution in this case by manipulating equation 1 will be
% x = x0-f(x0)/f'(x0) ------ (2) (updated value of x0)

% It should be noted that the equation 1 is linear equation , and higher order
derivatives (higher than 1) are
% neglected. hence for the solution of f(x) (non- linear equation), an
% iterative method is required to match the solution we are looking for
(because we have truncted the non-linear
% equation after first derivative, so obivously the solution will not be
exact, so iterations are required to get the
% exact solution).
% Equation 1 can be used in matrix form, in that case, f'(x0), will be our
% Jacobian which is a matrix of a first order partial derivatives of the nonlinear
% function (P,Q) evaluated at x0.
%___________________________________________________________________________
%---------------Bascis-----------------%
% When applied to power flow problem, the newton raphson is used to solve
% for a vector of bus voltage magnitudes and angles i.e.
% x = [angle;abs(V)]

% Things to note :
% 1) the voltage and angle at the swing bus is specified and therefore not
part of the the solution vector
% 2) the bus voltage magnitudes at PV buses are specified and therefore not
% part of abs (V). Only the bus voltage magnitudes of PQ buses are included
% 3) angle includes all PQ and PV buses
% therefore vector x is an m*1 vector with
% m = 2*n_pq+n_pv
; Where n_pq are number of PQ buses and n_pv are number
% of PV buses
% __________________________________________________________________________

%------------------Start of load flow program--------------%


% Three bus system . Bus 1 = Slack, Bus 2 = PV and bus 3 = PQ
clear all
clc
j = sqrt(-1);
V = zeros(3,1);
S = zeros(3,1);
Mismatch = zeros(3,1);
%------------------ Base values----------------%
kVLL=345;
MVA3Ph=100;
Zbase=kVLL^2/MVA3Ph;
%%%%%%%---------- line parameters in ohms/km----------%
XL_km=0.376;
RL_km= 0.037; B_km=4.5;
%---------Line Susceptances--------%
B13_Micro_Mho=4.5*200; %200 km long
B12_Micro_Mho=4.5*150; %150 km long
B23_Micro_Mho=4.5*150; %150 km long
%---------Line impedances------------%
Z13_ohm=(RL_km+j*XL_km)*200; %200 km long
Z12_ohm=(RL_km+j*XL_km)*150; %150 km long
Z23_ohm=(RL_km+j*XL_km)*150; %150 km long
%------- line impedances in per unit--------%
Z13=Z13_ohm/Zbase;
Z12=Z12_ohm/Zbase;
Z23=Z23_ohm/Zbase;
%-------- susceptances in per unit----------%
B13=B13_Micro_Mho*Zbase*10^-6;
B12=B12_Micro_Mho*Zbase*10^-6;
B23=B23_Micro_Mho*Zbase*10^-6;
%---------- YBUS Creation-------------%
Y(1,1)=1/Z12 + 1/Z13;
Y(1,2)=-1/Z12;
Y(1,3)=-1/Z13;
Y(2,1)=-1/Z12;
Y(2,2)=1/Z12 + 1/Z23;
Y(2,3)=-1/Z23;
Y(3,1)=-1/Z13;

Y(3,2)=-1/Z23;
Y(3,3)=1/Z13 + 1/Z23;
Y; % Print Y=G+jB Admittance Matrix
%----------Conductance Values------------%
G(1,1)=real(Y(1,1));
G(1,2)=real(Y(1,2));
G(1,3)=real(Y(1,3));
G(2,1)=real(Y(2,1));
G(2,2)=real(Y(2,2));
G(2,3)=real(Y(2,3));
G(3,1)=real(Y(3,1));
G(3,2)=real(Y(3,2));
G(3,3)=real(Y(3,3));
%--------Susceptance Values----------%
B(1,1)=imag(Y(1,1));
B(1,2)=imag(Y(1,2));
B(1,3)=imag(Y(1,3));
B(2,1)=imag(Y(2,1));
B(2,2)=imag(Y(2,2));
B(2,3)=imag(Y(2,3));
B(3,1)=imag(Y(3,1));
B(3,2)=imag(Y(3,2));
B(3,3)=imag(Y(3,3));
%--------- Given Specifications in pu (Known)----------%
V1MAG=1.0;
ANG1=0;
V2MAG=1.05;
P2sp=2.0;
P3sp=-5.0;
Q3sp=-1.0;
% -------------Calulate ANG2, V3MAG and ANG3---------------%
% ----Solution Parameters----%
Tolerance= 0.001;
Iter_Max=25;
%----- Initialization-------%
Iter=0;
i=0;
ConvFlag=1;
delANG2=0;
delANG3=0;
delMAG3=0;
%-------------- to be determined (Flat start)-----------%%%%%%%%
ANG2=0;
ANG3=0;
V3MAG=1.0;
%------------------ Start Iteration Process for N-R-----------------%
while( ConvFlag==1 && Iter < Iter_Max)
Iter=Iter+1;
i=i+1;
%%----------- update the Voltage and Angles to calculate new jacobian---%
ANG2=ANG2+delANG2;
ANG3=ANG3+delANG3;
V3MAG=V3MAG+delMAG3;

%------- Creation of Jacobian J--------%


% ------ delP2/delANG2=J(1,1)
J(1,1) = V2MAG*(V1MAG*(B(2,1)*cos(ANG2-ANG1)-G(2,1)*sin(ANG2-ANG1))
+V3MAG*(B(2,3)*cos(ANG2-ANG3)-G(2,3)*sin(ANG2-ANG3)));
%%%%--------- delP2/delANG3 = J(1,2)------------%
J(1,2)=V2MAG*V3MAG*(G(2,3)*sin(ANG2-ANG3)-B(2,3)*cos(ANG2-ANG3));
%%%%%%%------ delP2/delV3Mag = J(1,3)--------%
J(1,3) = V2MAG*(G(2,3)*cos(ANG2-ANG3)+B(2,3)*sin(ANG2-ANG3));
%%%%%%%%%%%--- delP3/delANG2 = J(2,1)---------%%%
J(2,1) = V3MAG*V2MAG*(G(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2)-B(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2));
%%%%%%%%%%%-------delP3/delANG3 = J(2,2)-----------------%%
J(2,2)= V3MAG*(V1MAG*(B(3,1)*cos(ANG3-ANG1)-G(3,1)*sin(ANG3-ANG1))
+V2MAG*(B(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2)-G(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2)));
%%%%%%%%%%%----------delP3/delV3MAG = J(2,3)------%
J(2,3) = 2*G(3,3)*V3MAG+V1MAG*(G(3,1)*cos(ANG3-ANG1)+B(3,1)*sin(ANG3ANG1)+V2MAG*(G(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2)+B(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2)));
%%%%%%%%%--------------delQ3/delANG2 = J(3,1)--------%
J (3,1)= -V3MAG*V2MAG*(G(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2)+B(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2));
%%%%%%%%%% ----------------delQ3/delANG3 = J(3,2)--------%
J(3,2) = V3MAG*(V1MAG*(B(3,1)*cos(ANG3-ANG1)+G(3,1)*sin(ANG3-ANG1))
+V2MAG*(B(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2)+G(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2)));
%%%%%%%%%%-------------delQ3/delV3MAG = J(3,3)------%
J(3,3) = -2*B(3,3)*V3MAG+V1MAG*(G(3,1)*cos(ANG3-ANG1)-B(3,1)*sin(ANG3ANG1)+V2MAG*(G(3,2)*cos(ANG3-ANG2)-B(3,2)*sin(ANG3-ANG2)));
J = [J(1,1) J(1,2) J(1,3);J(2,1) J(2,2) J(2,3); J(3,1) J(3,2) J(3,3)];
%%%%%%% calculation of updated voltages with angles %%%%%%%%%%%%
V(1) = V1MAG*exp(1i*ANG1);
V(2)= V2MAG*exp(1i*ANG2);
V(3) = V3MAG*exp(1i*ANG3);
%%%%%%%----------- Current injections at each bus based on updated voltages
and angles----------%%%%%%%%%
I = Y*V;
%%%%%%%%%----------calculation of P and Q-----------%%%%%%%%%%%
S(1) = V(1)*conj(I(1));
S(2) = V(2)*conj(I(2));
S(3) = V(3)*conj(I(3));
%%%%%%%%%%%------------- Mistmatches--------------%%%%%%%%%%
Mismatch(1) = P2sp-real(S(2));
Mismatch(2) = P3sp-real(S(3));
Mismatch(3) = Q3sp-imag(S(3));
%%%%%%%-------- calculate the deltaANG and deltaVMAG-----------%%%%%%%
del=inv(J)*Mismatch; % for large matrices, this mathod is bad.
% Always use LU factorizazion to solve this linear equation.
delANG2 = del(1);
delANG3 = del(2);
delMAG3 = del(3);
%%%%%%%%%%%----------- Calculate power flow on transmission line-------%%
P12 = real(V(1))*conj((V(1)-V(2))/Z12);
P13 = real(V(1))*conj((V(1)-V(3))/Z13);
P21 = real(V(2))*conj((V(2)-V(1))/Z12);
P23 = real(V(2))*conj((V(2)-V(3))/Z23);

P31 = real(V(3))*conj((V(3)-V(1))/Z13);
P32 = real(V(3))*conj((V(3)-V(2))/Z23);
Q12
Q13
Q21
Q23
Q31
Q32
P1
Q1
P2
Q2
P3
Q3

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

imag(V(1))*conj((V(1)-V(2))/Z12);
imag(V(1))*conj((V(1)-V(3))/Z13);
imag(V(2))*conj((V(2)-V(1))/Z12);
imag(V(2))*conj((V(2)-V(3))/Z23);
imag(V(3))*conj((V(3)-V(1))/Z13);
imag(V(3))*conj((V(3)-V(2))/Z23);
real(S(1));
imag(S(1));
real(S(2));
imag(S(2));
real(S(3));
imag(S(3));

%%%%%%%%%%-----------Display the results -----------%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


fprintf('\n %s %2d %s \n', 'Iter ',Iter, ' Mismatch 1 Mismatch 2 Mismatch 3 ')
fprintf(' %7.4f %7.4f %7.4f \n', Mismatch(1),Mismatch(2), Mismatch(3) );
if max(abs(Mismatch)> Tolerance)
ConvFlag = 1;
else
ConvFlag = 0;
end
end
J;
%radians into degrees
ANG2DEG=ANG2*180/pi
ANG3DEG=ANG3*180/pi
V3MAG
V
T=zeros(3)
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
T(i,j)=V(i)*conj((V(i)-V(j))*(-Y(i,j)));
end
end;
T
X=zeros(3);
X(1,2)=T(1,2)+T(1,3)+T(3,2);
X(1,3)=T(1,3)+T(1,2)+T(2,3);
X(2,1)=T(2,1)+T(2,3)+T(3,1);
X(2,3)=T(2,3)+T(2,1)+T(1,3);
X(3,1)=T(3,1)+T(3,2)+T(2,1);
X(3,2)=T(3,2)+T(3,1)+T(1,2);
X

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